Yadda Google's Quantum Echoes algorithm ke aiki

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La Ƙididdigar lissafi ba kawai ka'ida ba ce don fara shigar da kanta cikin tattaunawa game da magani, kayan ci gaba, ko tsaro na intanet. Google ya kwashe shekaru yana ƙoƙarin nuna hakan kwamfutocin su na adadi Waɗannan ba samfurori ne kawai masu ɗaukar ido ba, amma kayan aiki tare da aikace-aikacen ainihin duniya. Tare da Quantum Echoes algorithm da guntun Willow ɗin sa, kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin cimma ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan cibiyoyi waɗanda za su iya canza saurin wannan tseren fasaha.

Wannan sabon algorithm, a mai daidaitawa mara tsari An ƙera shi don nazarin yadda bayanan ƙididdigewa ke yaduwa a cikin hadaddun tsarin, ba kawai sauri ba ne: bisa ga bayanan da aka buga, yana aiki kusan sau 13.000 cikin sauri fiye da mafi kyawun kwamfutoci na gargajiya don daidaitaccen aiki. Amma abin da ya fi ban sha'awa shi ne cewa algorithm ne mai tabbatarwa, ma'ana ana iya maimaita sakamakonsa kuma a duba shi akan wasu na'urori masu kama da juna - mahimmin mahimmanci idan muna son wannan fasaha ta wuce dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Menene ainihin Quantum Echoes kuma me yasa kowa ke magana game da shi?

Quantum Echoes shine a OTOC-nau'in ƙididdiga algorithm (Mai daidaita oda-lokaci-lokaci). Babban aikinsa shine auna yadda yanayin qubit ke canzawa bayan ƙaddamar da tsarin ƙididdigewa zuwa jerin ayyuka sannan "sake" juyin halittarsa. A aikace, yana aiki azaman ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na jimla hargitsi: yana nazarin yadda ake tarwatsa bayanai a cikin jeri na qubits ta hanyar auna adadi kamar magnetization, yawa, igiyoyi, da sauri.

Abin da Google ke ba da shawara shine amfani da wannan algorithm azaman nau'in a tsanake ƙidayar jimla amsaNa farko, guntu Willow yana karɓar siginar ƙididdiga mai rikitarwa wanda ke haifar da tsarin. Sa'an nan kuma, an shigar da ƙaramar damuwa a cikin wani takamaiman qubit, sa'an nan kuma, ana aiwatar da jerin ayyuka na baya don ƙoƙarin soke aikin. A ƙarshen wannan gabaɗayan tsari, tsarin yana dawo da adadin "sarrafawa" na yanayin farko, wanda, godiya ga tsangwama mai ma'ana, yana haɓakawa kuma yana bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da abin da ya faru a hanya.

Daga mahangar ka'ida, ana amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan masu daidaitawa waɗanda ba su da tsari don yin nazari yadda bayanai ke haɗuwa da yaɗuwa a cikin sarƙaƙƙiyar tsarinkamar samfura waɗanda ke bayyana ramukan baƙar fata ko kayan ƙididdigewa. Wani sabon abu a nan shi ne, a karon farko, an dauke su daga ka'idar zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da gwajin da za a iya maimaitawa da kuma tantancewa, wanda kuma ya nuna takamaiman aikace-aikacen jiki.

Google ya gabatar da waɗannan sakamakon a cikin ƙarin takardu guda biyu: ɗaya da aka buga a ciki NatureWata takarda tana mai da hankali kan nuna algorithm da fa'idar kididdigar ta, yayin da wani, wanda aka buga akan ma'ajiyar arXiv, ya fi karkata ga yuwuwar aikace-aikace a cikin sinadarai da spectroscopy. Daga cikin wadanda suka sanya hannu kan labarin Nature akwai Michel Devoret, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a Physics na 2025 kuma babban jigo a cikin ci gaban superconducting qubits.

A cewar injiniyoyin kamfanin. Quantum Echoes yana aiki sau 13.000 cikin sauri a kan guntu Willow cewa mafi kyau daidai na gargajiya algorithm kashe akan manyan kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi a duniya. A zahiri, abin da injin gargajiya zai ɗauki dubban ko tiriliyan shekaru don warwarewa, Willow ya cim ma a cikin 'yan mintuna kaɗan, yana ketare iyakar abin da ake ɗaukar cikakkiyar fa'ida.

Tushen ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don fahimtar algorithm

Don samun cikakken ra'ayi na yadda Quantum Echoes ke aiki, yana da daraja tunawa da hakan Kwamfuta ta ƙididdigewa ba ta aiki tare da bits na gargajiya.amma da qubits. Yayin da bit zai iya zama 0 ko 1 kawai, qubit zai iya kasancewa cikin babban matsayi na jihohin biyu a lokaci guda. Wannan yana ba da damar saitin qubits don wakiltar adadi mai yawa na haɗuwa na sifilai da waɗanda.

Ana aiwatar da Qubits ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin jiki kamar photons, electrons, ions trapped, atoms, ko superconducting circuitsGoogle, kamar sauran kamfanoni, yana saka hannun jari a cikin superconducting qubits, zuriyar kai tsaye na gwaje-gwajen a cikin da'irar ƙididdiga na macroscopic wanda Devoret da sauran masu bincike suka ƙaddamar a cikin 1980s. Waɗannan qubits za su iya zama maɓalli, wato, raba yanayin adadi na gama-gari, kuma su samar da tsarin gamayya inda yuwuwar ta haɗu kamar raƙuman ruwa.

A cikin wannan mahallin, ƙididdiga algorithm ba kome ba ne face a jerin ƙofofin dabaru waɗanda ake amfani da su a hanyar sadarwa ta qubits masu haɗaka da junaYayin da da'irar ke tasowa, haɓakar yuwuwar tana ƙarfafa ko soke juna ta hanyar tsangwama. Dabarar ita ce zayyana algorithm don haka, a ƙarshe, an haɓaka madaidaitan mafita kuma su zama mafi yuwuwa yayin auna tsarin.

Tsangwama mai mahimmanci, ɗaya daga cikin maɓallan Quantum Echoes, yana faruwa lokacin Ƙwayoyin igiyoyin ruwa suna daidaitawa a cikin lokaci kuma suna taruwa maimakon soke juna. Idan da'irar da aka tsara da kyau, wannan sakamako ya sa "echo" na ƙarshe na algorithm ya fito fili daga murya na baya kuma yana ba da damar karantawa sosai game da yadda bayanin ya yada a cikin tsarin, koda kuwa tsarin tsaka-tsakin ya kasance mai rudani sosai.

Duk wannan yana da ƙarfi sosai, amma kuma yana zuwa da matsala mai tsanani: rashin ƙarfi na tsarin ƙididdiga a fuskar hayaniyaƘananan bambance-bambance a cikin zafin jiki, rawar jiki, hasken lantarki, ko tsangwama na waje na iya shigar da kurakurai a cikin qubits, karya tsarin tsarin, kuma ya lalata lissafin. Don haka, sarrafa kuskuren ƙididdigewa da raguwar ɓarna abubuwa biyu ne daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen masana'antar.

Yadda Quantum Echoes ke aiki mataki-mataki akan guntun Willow

Willow shine na ƙarshe Google's superconducting quantum guntuKuma guntun kayan masarufi ne wanda Quantum Echoes ke gudanar da shi. Wannan na'ura ta riga ta sami hankali ta hanyar kammala gwaje-gwajen ma'auni don yin samfurin da'irori na bazuwar cikin ƙasa da mintuna biyar-ayyukan da babban kwamfutoci na al'ada ba zai iya cim ma su ba cikin dubun-duba-biyu na shekaru. Tare da Quantum Echoes, Willow yana sake ɗaukar matakin tsakiya.

Za'a iya fahimtar ainihin makircin algorithm a matsayin juzu'i na "sakewa lokaci", ko da yake Ba a aika komai zuwa bayaTsarin ya ƙunshi aiwatar da jerin ayyuka zuwa tsarin, gabatar da ƙaramar damuwa zuwa takamaiman qubit, sannan aiwatar da jeri iri ɗaya a baya tare da madaidaici. Idan an daidaita komai da kyau, tsarin zai dawo kusa da asalinsa kuma yana fitar da amsawar interferometric mai ɗauke da tarin bayanai.

A cikin sauƙaƙan hanya, hanyar tana bin manyan matakai guda uku: na farko, a yanayin farko mai sarrafawa da kyau a cikin saitin qubitsSa'an nan, an ba da izinin wannan jihar ta samo asali ta hanyar jerin ƙofofin ƙididdiga waɗanda ke sa ta zama mai rikitarwa da hargitsi; A ƙarshe, ana aiwatar da jujjuyawar lokacin da'irar, an canza qubit a tsakiyar tsarin, kuma ana lura da yadda wannan ɓarna ke shafar amsawar ƙarshe.

Kyakkyawan wannan saitin shine cewa amsawar da aka auna a ƙarshen ba rarrauna ba ce, amma sigina da aka haɓaka ta tsangwama mai ma'anaDaidai saboda wannan dalili, dabarar tana da matuƙar kula da ƙananan canje-canje a cikin tsarin tsarin. Google ya yi amfani da wannan azancin don rage tasirin kuskuren guntu, yana samun sakamako ƙasa da madaidaicin inda babban kuskuren gyara zai zama mai yiwuwa.

A wasu gwaje-gwajen da aka kwatanta, na'urar kididdigar ta sami damar magance matsalar a cikin sama da sa'o'i biyu kacal, yayin da Frontier supercomputer-daya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a duniya-zai buƙaci. kimanin shekaru 3,2 na ci gaba da sarrafa kwamfuta don aiwatar da daidaitaccen code na gargajiya. Wannan babban gibin aikin, haɗe tare da gaskiyar cewa ana iya maimaita sakamakon akan Willow ko wasu na'urori masu inganci iri ɗaya, shine tushen abin da ake kira "tabbataccen fa'idar jimla".

Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idar da Google ke amfani da shi Ba ya zama motsa jiki mai sauƙi a cikin ƙimar ƙima ba tare da aikace-aikace baBa kamar gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata ba, waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan matsalolin ilimin lissafi na wucin gadi waɗanda ke da wahalar fassarawa zuwa duniyar gaske, a nan ana amfani da algorithm don kwaikwaya takamaiman matakai na zahiri: tsari da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na gaske kuma sun yi nazari tare da haɓakar maganadisu na nukiliya.

Tabbatacce fa'idar jimla: me yasa wannan ci gaban ya bambanta

Har ya zuwa yanzu, yawancin sanarwar "mafi girma" sun sami zargi saboda Ba a san yadda za a tabbatar da sakamakon da kansa ba ko kuma wace amfani da matsalolin da aka warware suke da su. Babban ci gaba na Google na 2019, alal misali, ya ƙunshi yin ƙididdigewa akan samfuran da'irar bazuwar wanda babu wani babban kwamfuta da zai iya yin kwafi cikin lokaci mai ma'ana, amma kuma ba shi da wani amfani a wajen dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Tare da Quantum Echoes, kamfanin yana ƙoƙarin daidaita wannan muhawara tare da gwajin da aka tsara tun daga farko tabbatacciya kuma maimaita dabara ga duk wanda yake soAn aiwatar da algorithm tare da sigogi da saiti waɗanda sauran ƙungiyoyin bincike, tare da na'ura mai kama da ƙididdiga, za su iya ƙoƙarin yin kwafi. Bugu da ƙari, ana kwatanta sakamakon simintin ƙididdigewa tare da ma'aunin jiki na gargajiya da aka samu ta amfani da ingantattun dabaru.

“Tabbacin kididdigar” da Google ke da’awar ya dogara ne akan ginshiƙai biyu: na farko, gaskiyar cewa ana iya sake yin lissafin akan wasu na’urori masu kama da juna; na biyu, yiwuwar kwatanta fitowar algorithm tare da bayanan gwaji Nukiliya Magnetic resonance imaging ko na gargajiya a cikin al'amuran da har yanzu suna yiwuwa. Wannan tabbatarwa sau biyu yana ba da nauyi ga ikirari cewa ba kawai mu'amala da dabarar lissafi ke da wahalar tantancewa ba.

Don irin wannan nunin ya zama mai yiwuwa, kayan aikin dole ne su haɗu ayyuka masu sauri tare da ƙananan ƙananan ratesDuk wani karkacewa a cikin jerin juyowar lokaci yana lalata amsawar ƙarshe. Gaskiyar cewa Willow ya sami damar shawo kan wannan ƙalubalen ba tare da rugujewa ba yana nuna cewa ikon sarrafa qubits ya kai matsayi mai ban mamaki, wanda ya fi girma fiye da 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.

Duk da haka, masana da yawa suna yin kira da a yi taka tsantsan. Masu bincike irin su Carlos Sabín, daga Sashen ilimin kimiyyar ka'ida a Jami'ar Madrid mai zaman kanta, sun nuna cewa. An riga an sanar da wasu fa'idodin ƙididdiga, waɗanda daga baya sun cancanci. Yayin da wasu ƙungiyoyin suka inganta algorithms na yau da kullun ko kuma gano hanyoyin da za su iya kimanta sakamakon ta hanyar amfani da kwamfutoci na al'ada, ƙungiyar kimiyya yanzu tana kan aiwatar da tantancewa har zuwa lokacin da gwajin Google ya ke da iyaka.

Aikace-aikace a cikin ilmin sunadarai: kwayoyin, NMR da mafarkin "quantoscope"

Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki na Quantum Echoes shine amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki don simulation na sinadarai da ƙididdiga spectroscopyTare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar California a Berkeley, Google ya gudanar da algorithm a kan Willow don nazarin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu: daya tare da atom 15 da kuma wani tare da 28, ta yin amfani da bayanan gwaji na nukiliya (NMR) a matsayin ma'anar kwatanta.

MRI, dan uwan ​​spectroscopic na likitancin maganadisu na likita, yana aiki azaman a microscope na kwayoyin halitta bisa magnetic "spins" na atomic nuclei. Ta hanyar gano yadda waɗannan juzu'o'in ke amsawa ga filayen maganadisu da sigina na mitar rediyo, masana kimiyya za su iya zana matsayin dangi na atom kuma, saboda haka, tsarin kwayoyin halitta. Kayan aiki ne na asali a cikin sinadarai, ilmin halitta, da kimiyyar kayan aiki.

Matsalar ita ce, lokacin da kwayoyin halitta suka yi girma ko kuma hulɗar tsakanin spines ya zama mafi rikitarwa, da Hanyoyin gargajiya don fassarar bayanan NMR sun zama masu tsada sosai Daga mahangar lissafi. Wannan shine inda Quantum Echoes ke shigowa: ikonsa na bin diddigin yanayin ƙididdigewa na cikin tsarin hargitsi yana ba shi damar yin ƙima sosai tsakanin jujjuyawar nesa mai nisa.

A cikin tabbacin ra'ayi da aka yi tare da Berkeley, sakamakon da aka samu tare da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga Sun yi daidai da ma'aunin MRI na al'ada. don duka kwayoyin halitta, waɗanda ke wakiltar farkon ingantaccen ingantaccen tsarin. Amma ƙari, ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa ya bayyana ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin juzu'in da ba za a iya samun su ta hanyar dabarun gargajiya ba, yana nuna mafi girman hankali.

Masu bincike kamar Ashok Ajoy, mai haɗin gwiwa tare da Google Quantum AI kuma farfesa a Berkeley, sun riga sun yi magana game da makomar gaba. "Quantum spectroscopy" mai iya wuce iyaka na yanzuA cikin wannan yanayin, haɗuwa da NMR na gwaji tare da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga kamar Quantum Echoes na iya zama kayan aiki na sama don gano sababbin magunguna, mafi kyawun fahimtar cututtuka masu rikitarwa kamar Alzheimer's, ko ƙirƙira kayan haɓaka don batura, polymers, ko ma superconducting qubits kansu.

Tasiri mai yuwuwa akan magani, kimiyyar kayan aiki, da sauran masana'antu

Idan alkawuran Google sun cika, Quantum Echoes na iya zama matakin farko mai tsanani zuwa ga kwamfutoci masu yawa tare da aikace-aikace na zahiri na zahiriƘarfin yin ƙirar ƙididdige tsarin jimi-jiki da yawa yana da tasiri kai tsaye a fagage kamar ilmin sinadarai na lissafi, inda keɓance hadaddun mu'amalar lantarki kusan matsala ce ta haramtawa ga lissafin gargajiya.

A cikin filin biomedical, wannan yana fassara zuwa yiwuwar don bincika sararin ƙwararrun ɗan takarar miyagun ƙwayoyi da inganci sosaiMaimakon gwada dubunnan mahadi a makance, kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa zai iya taimakawa wajen hango ko wane tsarin ya dace da takamaiman manufa ta ilimin halitta, yana haɓaka haɓakar jiyya don cututtukan neurodegenerative, ciwon daji, ko wasu hadaddun cututtuka.

A kimiyyar kayan aiki, dabaru iri ɗaya ya shafi tsara sabon mahadi tare da takamaiman kaddarorinIngantattun na'urori masu ƙarfi, kayan baturi tare da mafi girman ƙarfin ƙarfi, polymers na ci gaba, ko galoli masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Sarrafa kan juzu'i masu ƙarfi a matakin ƙananan ƙwararru yana haifar da bambanci tsakanin gwada haɗuwa bazuwar da daidaita sakamako tare da ingantaccen siminti.

Ƙara ga duk wannan shine yuwuwar tasirin tasiri akan fannoni kamar tsaro na intanet. Kodayake Quantum Echoes kanta ba shi da nufin karya ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen abu ne Gudun ci gaba iri ɗaya wanda ke kawo injunan ƙididdiga kusa da zama masu amfaniJami'an tsaro sun riga sun yi magana game da dabarun "girbi a yanzu, zazzagewa daga baya": satar bayanai a yau don yanke shi lokacin da kwamfutoci masu yawa ke wanzu waɗanda ke da ikon karya algorithms na yanzu, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyi irin su Tarayyar Turai da ENISA don tsara tsarin canji zuwa tsarin juzu'i.

A matakin geopolitical, yunƙurin Google ya dace da wani Gasa mai tsanani tare da ƙwararru kamar IBM, Microsoft da kuma 'yan wasan Sin da yawaDandali irin su Wukong na kasar Sin, ko kuma ci gaban da IBM ya samu a fannin sarrafa ma'auni da kuma ma'ana mai tsayi, ya nuna cewa babu wanda ke son a bar shi a baya. Fa'idar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da Google ke ikirarin ita ce, ban da ci gaban kimiyya, saƙon dabaru game da matsayinsa a cikin wannan tseren.

Iyakoki na yanzu da shakku a cikin al'ummar kimiyya

Ba duk wasan wuta ba ne. Kodayake gwajin Quantum Echoes yana wakiltar ci gaba daga abubuwan da suka faru a baya, masana da yawa sun jaddada hakan Har yanzu muna a fili a cikin wani lokaci na gwaji.A yanzu, an gudanar da zanga-zangar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma da'irori na ƙididdiga waɗanda, ko da yake suna da ban sha'awa, har yanzu suna da nisa daga abin da ake buƙata don magance manyan matsalolin masana'antu.

Dangane da kiyasin da Google ta tattara kanta, don isa ga kwayoyin da ke buƙatar tsari na 50 qubits na zahiri na abubuwan da suka daceWannan yana buƙatar gudu tsakanin ɗaruruwan dubbai da ƙofofin ƙididdiga miliyan da yawa. Wannan adadin ya yi nisa sama da ƙofofin 792 da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gwaje-gwaje na yanzu, kuma dabarun rage kurakurai waɗanda ke aiki a cikin wannan tsarin ba za su iya yin girma sosai zuwa zurfin da'irori ba.

Ɗaya daga cikin sukar da ake maimaitawa shine, ko da yake nunin yana nuna fa'ida ta gaske, Har yanzu ba a tabbatar da amfani mai tasiri mai tasiri baA wasu kalmomi, algorithm ɗin ya yi aiki don ingantattun hanyoyin da kuma nazarin tsarin da za a iya sarrafa su tare da ingantattun fasahohin gargajiya, amma har yanzu bai warware matsalar da ba za a iya samun ta gaba ɗaya don lissafin gargajiya a cikin takamaiman masana'antu ko mahallin likita ba.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, batun gyara kurakurai ya kasance matsala. Yin aiki da manyan kwamfutoci ƙididdiga yana buƙatar Ƙaƙƙarfan qubits masu ma'ana waɗanda aka gina daga qubits na zahiri da yawata yadda za a iya gano kurakuran daidaikun mutane tare da gyara su ba tare da rasa bayanai ba. Google ya gano wannan buri a matsayin mataki na 3 na taswirar taswirar sa na adadi: cimma dogon lokaci mai dorewa wanda zai iya jure bukatun gudanar da hadadden algorithms ba tare da faduwa ba.

Duk da waɗannan abubuwan da aka ajiye, har ma da muryoyin da suka fi hankali sun yarda da hakan Quantum Echoes na iya zama muhimmin mataki na farko a cikin jagorancin nuna amfani mai amfani. Makullin zai kasance don ganin ko wasu dakunan gwaje-gwaje za su iya sake yin gwajin, inganta algorithms na gargajiya, kuma, sama da duka, auna waɗannan fasahohin zuwa tsarin tare da ƙarin qubits da ƙarin ƙofofi ba tare da kurakurai suna tashi ba.

Duban babban hoto, Quantum Echoes yana tsarawa har ya zama a bayyanannen alamar cewa jimlar hardware da software suna gaba a layi dayaWillow yana nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a yi aiki tare da ƙarancin kuɗi kaɗan don ba da izinin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin jujjuyawar lokaci, yayin da algorithm ɗin yana buɗe ƙofar zuwa aikace-aikacen da ke magance matsalolin zahiri na zahiri. Har yanzu akwai doguwar hanya a gaba, amma an fara jin ƙararrawar farko na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta ƙididdigewa da ƙarfi.

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