Sabuntawa 10 a cikin Ma'ajiyar Makamashi

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1. Ajiye makamashi: mahimman ra'ayoyi

Kafin mu nutse cikin sabbin sabbin abubuwa, yana da mahimmanci mu fahimci menene ainihin ajiyar makamashi. A taƙaice, ajiyar makamashi yana nufin ɗaukar makamashin da aka samar a wani lokaci don amfani daga baya. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyoyi daban-daban, tun daga batir ɗin sinadarai zuwa tsarin injina ko na zafi.

Me yasa ajiyar makamashi ke da mahimmanci? Amsar ta ta'allaka ne a cikin tsaka-tsakin yanayi na yawancin hanyoyin makamashi masu sabuntawa. Rana ba koyaushe take haskakawa ba kuma iska ba koyaushe take busawa ba, amma muna buƙatar wutar lantarki 24/7. Ajiye makamashi yana aiki azaman gada, daidaita wadata da buƙatun wutar lantarki.

Babban nau'ikan ajiyar makamashi sun haɗa da:

1. Ma'ajiyar lantarki (batura)
2. Ma'ajiyar injina (pumping hydraulic, matsewar iska)
3. Ma'ajiyar thermal
4. Ma'ajiyar sinadarai (hydrogen)

Kowane ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin yana da nasa fa'ida da takamaiman aikace-aikace, kuma tare suna samar da nau'ikan yanayin muhalli daban-daban na hanyoyin ajiyar makamashi.

2. Batura na lithium-ion na zamani

Batura Lithium-ion sun daɗe suna aikin ajiyar makamashi mai ɗaukuwa, amma ci gaban baya-bayan nan yana ɗaukar wannan fasaha zuwa sabon matsayi. Zuwa 2024, muna duban batura masu yawan kuzarin kuzari da kuma tsawon rayuwa.

Ɗaya daga cikin sababbin sababbin abubuwa shine haɓaka batura masu ƙarfi. Waɗannan batura suna amfani da ingantaccen electrolyte maimakon ruwa ɗaya, yana mai da su mafi aminci da yuwuwar dorewa. Sakamakon? Motocin lantarki masu kewayon sama da kilomita 1000 akan caji guda da na'urorin lantarki waɗanda zasu iya aiki na kwanaki ba tare da buƙatar caji ba.

Amma ingantawar ba ta iyakance ga sinadaran baturi kadai ba. Ci gaban masana'antu da kayan da aka yi amfani da su suna sa batir lithium-ion su zama masu dorewa da kuma kare muhalli. Misali, wasu kamfanoni suna haɓaka hanyoyin sake sarrafa kusan kashi 100 na kayan batir da aka yi amfani da su, suna ƙirƙirar tattalin arziƙin madauwari don wannan fasaha mai mahimmanci.

A fagen wutar lantarki, manyan batura lithium-ion suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita grid da haɗa makamashin da ake sabuntawa. Ayyuka kamar 300MW "Babban Batir" a Victoria, Ostiraliya, sun nuna yuwuwar waɗannan fasahohin don canza yadda muke sarrafa hanyoyin wutar lantarki.

3. Thermal makamashi ajiya

Ma'ajiyar makamashi ta thermal (TES) tana fitowa a matsayin mafita mai ban sha'awa don magance ƙalubalen tsaka-tsaki a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa. Wannan fasaha tana amfani da zafi ko sanyi don adana makamashi, tana ba da ingantaccen kuma sau da yawa mai rahusa madadin batura na gargajiya.

Ɗaya daga cikin tsarin da ya fi ban sha'awa a wannan filin shine ajiyar makamashin zafi ta hanyar amfani da narkakkar gishiri. Wannan hanya tana amfani da gishiri mai zafi don adana makamashi a cikin yanayin zafi. Ta yaya yake aiki? A cikin yini, ana dumama gishirin ta amfani da makamashin hasken rana. Da daddare, wannan zafin yana fitowa don samar da tururi da kuma, bi da bi, wutar lantarki. An riga an yi amfani da wannan tsarin a masana'antar wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana a duniya, wanda ke ba da damar samar da wutar lantarki awanni 24 a rana.

Wata sabuwar dabarar ita ce ajiyar makamashi ta cryogenic. Wannan fasaha na amfani da wutar lantarki ne don sanyaya iska har sai ya zama ruwa, inda ake ajiye shi a cikin tankunan da aka rufe. Lokacin da ake buƙatar makamashi, iska mai ruwa tana zafi kuma tana faɗaɗawa, yana motsa injin turbin don samar da wutar lantarki. Babban fa'idar wannan hanyar ita ce ikon yin amfani da ragowar "sanyi" don aikace-aikacen firji, yana ƙara haɓaka aikinsa.

Haɗin ma'ajin zafi tare da makamashi mai sabuntawa yana buɗe sabbin dama don sarrafa grid na wutar lantarki. Alal misali, a Denmark, ana amfani da manyan tankunan ruwan zafi a matsayin "batura" don adana makamashin iska mai yawa, yana ba da dumama gidaje lokacin da ake bukata.

4. Green hydrogen: makamashi vector na gaba

Green hydrogen yana fitowa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mafita don ajiyar makamashi na dogon lokaci da kuma lalata sassan da ke da wuyar wutar lantarki. Amma menene ainihin koren hydrogen kuma me yasa yake haifar da farin ciki sosai?

Ana samar da Green hydrogen ta hanyar electrolysis na ruwa, ta yin amfani da wutar lantarki daga hanyoyin da ake sabuntawa. Wannan tsari yana raba kwayoyin ruwa zuwa hydrogen da oxygen, ba tare da fitar da CO2 a cikin tsari ba. Kyakkyawar wannan hanyar yana cikin iyawar sa: ana iya adana hydrogen, a kwashe da amfani da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa aikace-aikace na koren hydrogen shine a cikin sashin sufuri mai nauyi. Motocin hydrogen, jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na iya yin juyin juya hali na dabaru na duniya, suna ba da madadin mai tsabta ga burbushin mai. Misali, kamfanin Nel ASA na kasar Norway yana samar da tashoshin samar da iskar hydrogen wadanda za su iya sanya man fetur din motar hydrogen cikin sauri da sauki kamar mai da man fetur.

A cikin masana'antu, koren hydrogen yana da yuwuwar rage ayyukan da aka yi la'akari da su da wahala a iya samar da wutar lantarki, kamar samar da ƙarfe da siminti. Kamfanin kera karafa na kasar Sweden SSAB, alal misali, ya riga ya samar da karfen “babu burbushi” na farko a duniya ta amfani da koren hydrogen maimakon kwal.

Amma ajiyar hydrogen yana haifar da nasa kalubale. A halin yanzu ana binciko mafita da yawa, daga ma'auni mai ƙarfi zuwa amfani da masu ɗaukar ruwa na hydrogen (LOHCs). Waɗannan fasahohin za su iya ba da damar adana manyan adadin kuzarin da za a iya sabuntawa na dogon lokaci, suna aiki azaman nau'in "batir na zamani" don grid ɗin wutar lantarki.

5. Tsarin iska (CAES)

Tsarukan ma'ajin makamashin iska (CAES) da aka matsa suna wakiltar mafita mai hazaka don adana makamashi mai girma. Wannan fasaha, ko da yake ba sabuwa ba, tana samun sabuntawa saboda sabbin abubuwa da ke sa ta fi dacewa da dacewa.

Ta yaya CAES ke aiki? Ainihin, tana amfani da wutar lantarki a lokacin ƙarancin buƙata don damfara iska da adana shi a cikin kogo na ƙasa ko tankuna. Lokacin da bukatar wutar lantarki ta karu, sai a saki wannan iskar da aka danne da kuma zafi, ta fadada don tuka injin da ke samar da wutar lantarki.

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fa'idodin CAES shine ikonsa na adana yawan adadin kuzari na dogon lokaci. Misali, aikin Huntorf a Jamus, CAES na farko na kasuwanci a duniya, yana aiki tun 1978, yana nuna tsayi da amincin wannan fasaha.

Duk da haka, tsarin CAES na al'ada yana da lahani: sun rasa makamashi a cikin nau'i na zafi a lokacin da ake matsawa iska. Don magance wannan matsala, ana haɓaka tsarin adiabatic CAES na ci gaba waɗanda ke kamawa da adana wannan zafi don amfani da su daga baya, haɓaka ingantaccen tsari.

Misali mai ban sha'awa na ƙididdigewa a CAES shine aikin Hydrostor a Kanada. Wannan kamfani ya samar da wani tsari da ke amfani da kogon karkashin kasa da aka cika da ruwa domin adana iskar da ke danne. Lokacin da ake buƙatar makamashi, ana fitar da iska, ta hanyar maye gurbin ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Wannan tsarin ba wai kawai ya fi dacewa ba, har ma yana ba da damar gina wuraren CAES a wuraren da ba a samo asali na yanayin kasa ba.

6. Batura masu gudana

Batura masu gudana suna wakiltar hanya ta musamman kuma mai ban sha'awa ga manyan ma'ajin makamashi. Ba kamar batura na al'ada ba, inda ake adana makamashi a cikin ƙwararrun lantarki, batir masu gudana suna amfani da tankuna guda biyu na ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki da ake fitarwa ta hanyar kwayar halitta ta lantarki don samar da wutar lantarki.

Menene amfanin wannan tsarin? Na farko, ana iya ƙara ƙarfin ajiyar baturi mai gudana ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin electrolyte, yana sa su daidaita sosai. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan batura suna da tsawon rayuwa na musamman, suna iya jure dubunnan caji da zagayawa ba tare da lahani mai yawa ba.

Akwai nau'ikan batura masu gudana da yawa, amma vanadium-redox batura masu gudana (VRFB) a halin yanzu sun fi ci gaba da kasuwanci. Waɗannan batura suna amfani da jihohin oxidation daban-daban na vanadium a cikin maganin acid azaman electrolytes. Daya daga cikin mahimman fa'idodin VRFBBS shine cewa ta amfani da abu ɗaya a duka masu amfani, haɗarin gurbata giciye, matsala gama gari a cikin wasu nau'ikan batir na kwarara, an kawar da su.

Wani misali mai ban sha'awa na aikace-aikacen batura masu gudana shine aikin a Dalian, China, inda aka shigar da tsarin VRFB 200 MW/800 MWh, mafi girma a duniya. Wannan tsarin yana taimakawa wajen haɗa iska da hasken rana cikin grid ɗin lantarki, yana nuna yuwuwar batura masu kwarara don ajiyar makamashi na ma'aunin grid.

Abubuwan ci gaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin batura masu gudana suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka yawan kuzari da rage farashi. Misali, masu bincike a dakin gwaje-gwajen kasa na Pacific Northwest National Laboratory sun kirkiro wani sabon ilmin sinadarai na batir mai kwarara wanda ya dogara da kwayoyin electrolytes, wanda yayi alkawarin zama mai rahusa da dorewa fiye da batura masu kwarara na gargajiya.

7. Super capacitors

Supercapacitors, wanda kuma aka sani da ultracapacitors, suna fitowa a matsayin fasahar ajiyar makamashi mai dacewa ga batura na gargajiya. Waɗannan na'urori sun mamaye wani yanki na musamman a cikin yanayin yanayin ajiyar makamashi, suna ba da haɗin ƙarfi da sauri da caji / fitarwa wanda ya sa su dace don wasu aikace-aikace.

Amma menene ya bambanta supercapacitors daga batura na al'ada? Babban bambanci tsakanin supercapacitors da batura na al'ada shine yadda suke adana makamashi. Yayin da batura ke amfani da halayen sinadarai, masu ƙarfin ƙarfi suna adana makamashi a cikin wutar lantarki. Wannan yana ba su damar yin caji da fitarwa da sauri da sauri da jure yawan hawan keke ba tare da lalacewa ba.

A ina ake amfani da supercapacitors? Misali mai ban sha'awa shine cikin jigilar jama'a. A kasar Sin, ana iya cajin motocin bas masu amfani da wutar lantarki da ke dauke da na'urori masu karfin gaske cikin dakika kadan a kowace tasha, tare da kawar da bukatar dogon lokacin caji. Wannan tsarin ba wai kawai inganta ingantaccen sufurin jama'a ba ne, har ma yana rage buƙatar manyan batura masu nauyi.

A cikin duniyar masu amfani da lantarki, masu ƙarfin ƙarfi suna neman hanyar shiga cikin na'urori waɗanda ke buƙatar fashewar makamashi mai ƙarfi. Misali, wasu wayoyin hannu sun riga sun yi amfani da supercapacitors don kunna filasha kamara, suna ba da damar samun mafi yawan hotuna masu walƙiya ba tare da zubar da babban baturi ba.

Ci gaban kwanan nan a cikin kayan yana ɗaukar supercapacitors zuwa sabon tsayi. Graphene, alal misali, ana bincikensa a matsayin abu mai ban sha'awa don masu ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki saboda girman sararin samaniya da kyakkyawan aiki. Masu bincike a Jami'ar Surrey sun ƙirƙira manyan ƙarfin ƙarfin graphene waɗanda za su iya cajin na'urorin lantarki a cikin daƙiƙa guda kuma masu yuwuwar sauya motocin lantarki ta hanyar ba da damar caji cikin sauri.

8. Ma'ajiyar nauyi

Ajiye nauyi yana ɗaya daga cikin sabbin abubuwa kuma, a lokaci guda, ra'ayoyi masu sauƙi na ra'ayi a fagen ajiyar makamashi. Wannan fasaha tana amfani da ƙarfin nauyi don adanawa da sakin makamashi, yana ba da mafita mai yuwuwar adana makamashi na dogon lokaci.

Yaya daidai yake aiki? Ka yi tunanin hasumiya na tubalan kankare. Lokacin da yawan kuzari a cikin grid, ana amfani da shi don ɗaga waɗannan tubalan. Lokacin da ake buƙatar makamashi, ana zubar da tubalan, suna mai da makamashi mai ƙarfi zuwa wutar lantarki ta hanyar janareta. Sauti mai sauƙi, daidai? Amma wannan sauƙi shine ainihin abin da ke sa wannan fasaha ta zama kyakkyawa.

Ɗaya daga cikin kamfani da ke jagorantar cajin a wannan fanni shine Energy Vault. Tsarin su yana amfani da cranes don tara tubalan ton 35 a cikin hasumiya. Lokacin da ake buƙatar wuta, software tana sarrafa saukowar tubalan, tana mai da makamashi mai ƙarfi zuwa makamashin motsa jiki sannan zuwa wutar lantarki. Abu mai ban sha'awa game da wannan hanya shine cewa zai iya samar da ajiya na dogon lokaci ba tare da buƙatar kayan aiki masu ban sha'awa ba ko tsarin tsarin sinadarai masu rikitarwa.

Wani sabon ra'ayi a cikin ma'ajiyar nauyi ya ƙunshi amfani da jiragen ƙasa. Kamfanin Advanced Rail Energy Storage (ARES) na Amurka ya ƙera wani tsari wanda ke amfani da manyan jirage masu lodi a kan gangara. Jiragen kasan suna hawa kan gangara lokacin da wutar lantarki ta yi yawa kuma suna sauka lokacin da ake buƙatar wutar lantarki. Wannan tsarin zai iya samar da daruruwan megawatts na wuta da kuma adana makamashi na kwanaki ko ma makonni.

Menene fa'idodin ma'ajiyar gravitational? Na farko, yana da tsayin daka sosai saboda babu lalata sinadarai kamar a cikin batura. Bugu da ƙari, yana amfani da abubuwa masu yawa da arha, wanda zai iya sa ya sami riba mai yawa a kan babban sikelin. A ƙarshe, ana iya gina waɗannan tsarin kusan ko'ina, yana mai da su sosai.

9. Haɗuwa da tsarin ajiya a cikin grid mai kaifin baki

Haƙiƙanin juyin juya hali a cikin ajiyar makamashi ba kawai game da haɓaka fasahohin ɗaiɗaikun mutane bane, amma game da haɗa su cikin hankali cikin grid ɗin wutar lantarki. Smart grids, waɗanda ke amfani da fasahar dijital don sarrafa buƙatu da wadatar wutar lantarki, sune tushen wannan canji.

Ta yaya waɗannan grid masu wayo tare da haɗaɗɗiyar ajiya ke aiki? Ka yi tunanin wani birni inda batura na gida, motocin lantarki da manyan na'urorin ajiya duk suna da alaƙa da grid. Babban software na sarrafa makamashi yana daidaita waɗannan albarkatu, yana cajin su lokacin da yawan kuzarin da za'a iya sabuntawa da kuma fitar da su lokacin da buƙata ta yi yawa.

Misali mai ban sha'awa na wannan haɗin kai shine aikin Tesla's Virtual Power Plant a Kudancin Ostiraliya. Wannan aikin ya haɗu da dubban hasken rana da batura na gida na Powerwall don ƙirƙirar "tashar wutar lantarki ta zahiri" wanda zai iya ba da wutar lantarki ga grid lokacin da ake bukata. Ba wai kawai ya taimaka daidaita grid ba, amma kuma ya rage farashin wutar lantarki ga mahalarta.

Wani bincike mai ban sha'awa shi ne na tsibirin El Hierro a cikin tsibirin Canary. Wannan ƙaramin tsibiri ya sami wadatar makamashi ta hanyar haɗa wutar lantarki tare da tsarin ajiya mai dumama. Lokacin da ƙarfin iska ya wuce kima, ana zubar da ruwa a cikin tafki mai tsayi. Lokacin da iska ba ta tashi, ana fitar da ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki. Wannan tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya ba wa tsibirin damar yin aiki kusan akan makamashi mai sabuntawa.

Haɗin tsarin ajiya cikin grid masu wayo kuma yana buɗe sabbin dama don sa hannun masu amfani a cikin kasuwar makamashi. Misali, a wasu wurare, masu motocin lantarki na iya samun kuɗi ta hanyar barin a yi amfani da batir ɗin su don daidaita grid, ra'ayi da aka sani da "motar-to-grid" (V2G).

10. kalubale da dama na gaba

Duk da ci gaba mai ban sha'awa a cikin ajiyar makamashi, akwai sauran manyan kalubale da za a iya shawo kan su. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin shine farashi. Ko da yake farashin batir ya faɗi sosai cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, har yanzu muna buƙatar ƙarin ragi don yin tanadin makamashi ta hanyar tattalin arziki mai girma.

Wani kalubale mai mahimmanci shine dorewa. Yayin da fasahohi kamar ma'ajiyar nauyi suna da dorewa ta zahiri, wasu, kamar baturan lithium-ion, sun dogara da ƙarancin kayan aiki da matakan cirewa waɗanda zasu iya zama cutarwa ga muhalli. Haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su da kuma neman madadin kayan aiki sune mahimman wuraren bincike.

Dangane da manufofi da ka'idoji, muna buƙatar ginshiƙai waɗanda ke ƙarfafa saka hannun jari a ajiyar makamashi da sauƙaƙe haɗa shi cikin grid. Wasu kasashe ne ke kan gaba a wannan fanni. Misali, California ta tsara buƙatun buƙatun don tura makamashin makamashi, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙira da karɓar waɗannan fasahohin.

Hasashen kasuwa don ajiyar makamashi yana da matukar farin ciki. Dangane da rahoton da Bloomberg New Energy Finance ya fitar, ana sa ran kasuwar adana makamashi ta duniya za ta yi girma zuwa 942 GW/2,857 GWh nan da shekarar 2040, wanda zai jawo jarin dala biliyan 620. Wannan haɓakar za ta kasance ta hanyar faɗuwar farashin baturi, ƙara shigar da abubuwan sabuntawa da haɓaka buƙatar juriyar grid.

Ƙarshen ajiyar makamashi

Ajiye makamashi shine tsakiyar canji zuwa mafi tsabta kuma mafi dorewa makamashi nan gaba. Daga ci-gaba na batura lithium-ion zuwa sabbin tsarin ma'ajiyar nauyi, fasahohin da muka bincika a wannan labarin suna canza yadda muke samarwa, rarrabawa da cinye makamashi.

Wadannan mafita ba wai kawai suna sa makamashin da ake sabuntawa ya zama mai inganci da abin dogaro ba, suna kuma karfafawa masu amfani da karfi, inganta karfin karfin wutar lantarkin mu da bude sabbin hanyoyin sarrafa makamashi.

Yayin da muke duban 2024 da kuma bayan haka, yana da ban sha'awa don tunanin yadda waɗannan fasahohin ajiyar makamashi za su ci gaba da haɓakawa da sababbin sababbin abubuwa za su fito. Abu ɗaya tabbatacce ne: ajiyar makamashi zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara makomar makamashinmu.

Kuma ku, me kuke tunani game da waɗannan sababbin abubuwa a cikin ajiyar makamashi? Kuna tsammanin za su canza yadda muke amfani da su da tunani game da makamashi sosai? Raba wannan labarin tare da abokanka da dangi don fara tattaunawa game da makomar makamashi da yadda za mu iya ba da gudummawa ga duniya mai dorewa.