Lambar ASCII: Abin da yake, yadda yake aiki da mahimmancinsa

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ASCII yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tsarin ɓoye haruffa a cikin tarihin kwamfuta. Godiya gare shi, kwamfutoci da na'urorin lantarki na iya wakilta da sarrafa rubutu a daidaitaccen hanya. Ko da yake a yau akwai ƙarin ci-gaba madadin, fahimtar da Yadda ASCII ke aiki ya kasance mabuɗin a duniyar shirye-shirye da fasaha.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika abin da lambar ASCII take, inda ya fito, yadda aka tsara shi, wane nau'in haruffan ya ƙunshi, da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi a yau. Bugu da kari, za mu gani misalai masu amfani, alakar sa da sauran ka'idoji kamar Unicode da yadda ake canza rubutu zuwa ASCII da akasin haka.

Menene lambar ASCII?

ASCII, gagarabadau don 'Ƙa'idar Daidaitaccen Lambar Amurka don Musanya Bayanai', shine ma'auni na ɓoye haruffa bisa haruffan Latin. An haɓaka shi a cikin 60s kuma ya zama hanya mai mahimmanci don sadarwa tsakanin na'urorin kwamfuta.

Wannan lambar tana ba da ƙimar lamba ga haruffa, kyale kwamfutoci su fassara haruffa, lambobi da alamomi a ciki harshen binary. A cikin sigarsa ta asali, ta yi amfani da ragi 7 don wakiltar jimillar haruffa 128, kodayake daga baya aka ƙara shi zuwa ragi 8 don haɗa ƙarin haruffa kamar haruffa masu ƙarfi da sauran alamomi.

Asalin da tarihin lambar ASCII

Haɓaka lambar ASCII ta fara a cikin 1963, lokacin da aka ƙirƙira shi don inganta lambobin da ake amfani da su a cikin telegraphy. Ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin haɓaka wannan ma'auni ita ce Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Amirka (ASA), wanda daga baya zai zama Cibiyar Matsayin Ƙasa ta Amirka (ANSI).

Da farko, an tsara ASCII tare da kawai 6 ragowa, amma nan da nan aka fadada zuwa 7 ragowa don ba da damar ƙarin adadin haɗuwa. A cikin 1967, an ƙara ƙananan haruffa da sauran lambobin sarrafawa, suna ƙarfafa amfani da su. A shekarar 1968, shugaban kasar Amurka. Lyndon B. Johnson, ya umarci duk kwamfutocin gwamnati su kasance masu dacewa da ASCII, suna tabbatar da daidaiton su.

Tsarin lambar ASCII

Lambar ASCII tana tsara haruffanta zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su kamar haka:

• Haruffa masu sarrafawa (0-31 da 127): Ba za a iya bugawa ba kuma ana amfani da su don sarrafa na'urori da sarrafa kwararar bayanai. Sun haɗa da umarni kamar ciyarwar layi da komawar karusa.
• Haruffa masu bugawa (32-126): Sun haɗa da haruffa (babba da ƙarami), lambobi, alamomin lissafi da alamomin rubutu.
• Yaɗa ASCII (128-255): An haɗa haruffa daga wasu harsuna, kamar harafin ñ, lafazin da alamomi na musamman.

Misalan wakilcin ASCII

Lambar ASCII tana aiki ta hanyar sanya lamba ga kowane hali. Wasu misalan su ne:

• A: 0100 0001
• B: 0100 0010
• 5: 0011 0101
• @: 0100 0000
• Wurin sarari: 0010 0000

Amfani da lambar ASCII a cikin na'urorin lantarki

Har yanzu ana amfani da ASCII a cikin mahallin da yawa a cikin kwamfuta:

• Allon madannai: Kowane maɓalli yana da lambar ASCII da aka sanya wanda ke ba kwamfutoci damar fassara shigarwar mai amfani.
• Fayilolin rubutu: Shirye-shirye kamar Notepad da sauran masu gyara rubutu na asali suna amfani da ASCII azaman tsarin tsoho.
• Hanyoyin sadarwa da sadarwa: Ka'idoji irin su SMTP (email) da HTTP suna amfani da haruffan ASCII don aiki.

Juyawa tsakanin ASCII da binary

Don canza rubutu zuwa lambar ASCII, bi waɗannan matakan:

1. Gano haruffa ASCII: Kowace harafi, lamba ko alama tana da lambar ASCII mai dacewa.
2. Maida lambar ASCII zuwa binary: Kowane hali yana da wakilcin binary 8-bit.
3. Karanta fassarar: Ana wakilta rubutun ASCII a cikin binary don fahimtar da kwamfutoci.

Misali, idan muka dauki rubutu 'ABC', muna samun waɗannan wakilci:

• A → 01000001
• B → 01000010
• C → 01000011

Dangantaka tsakanin ASCII da Unicode

Ko da yake ASCII ya kasance ma'auni na asali, tare da ci gaban fasaha da buƙatar ya taso don wakiltar haruffa daga wasu harsuna. Haka aka haife shi Unicode, mizanin da ke faɗaɗa yawan adadin haruffan da ke da mahimmanci.

Unicode yana ba da damar wakilcin haruffa daga haruffa da yawa kuma yana amfani da tsarin ɓoye daban-daban, kamar UTF-8, wanda ya dace da ASCII amma yana faɗaɗa damarsa.

ASCII Art: Wani nau'i na Maganar Dijital

Amfani mai ban sha'awa na lambar ASCII shine ASCII fasaha. Wannan ya ƙunshi ƙirƙirar hotuna ta amfani da haruffan rubutu kawai. Irin wannan fasaha ya shahara a farkon zamanin kwamfuta, lokacin da aka iyakance mu'amalar hoto.

ASCII art misali:

:-) (fuskar murmushi) <3 (zuciya)

Masu fasahar dijital sun ƙirƙira hadaddun ayyuka ta amfani da haruffan ASCII, wasu ma ana kwafi su akan firintocin ɗigo.

Iyakance lambar ASCII

Kodayake ASCII ya sami babban tasiri akan kwamfuta, yana gabatarwa wasu iyakoki:

• Iyakance iyaka: Ya haɗa da haruffa kawai daga haruffan Ingilishi, ba tare da goyan baya ga wasu yarukan da ke amfani da ƙayyadaddun haruffa ko haruffa na musamman ba.
• Rage ƙarfi: Asalin sigar sa na iya wakiltar haruffa 128 ne kawai, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar ƙarin juzu'i.
• Rashin tsufa: Unicode yanzu ya maye gurbin ASCII a mafi yawan aikace-aikace, yana ba da damar ingantacciyar dacewa ta duniya.

Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da ASCII

Lambar ASCII ta bar alamarta akan tarihin kwamfuta. Wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa sun haɗa da:

• An yi amfani da ASCII a farkon wasannin bidiyo don wakiltar zane-zane akan allo.
• Har yanzu ana amfani da lambobin sarrafawa na ASCII a ciki kwafi da tashoshi na rubutu.
• An adana wasu tsoffin tsarukan aiki bayanin rubutu na musamman a ASCII.

Lambar ASCII ta kasance babban ginshiƙi na kwamfuta. Sauƙaƙanta da kasancewar duniya sun ba da damar daidaitaccen sadarwa tsakanin na'urori tsawon shekaru da yawa. Duk da cewa Unicode ta maye gurbinta da yawa, tana ci gaba da dacewa a wasu yankuna kamar shirye-shirye, ajiyar rubutu, da watsa bayanai.