Isticmaalka Haysashada MySQL: Hagaha Dhamaystiran

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Ma doonaysaa inaad barato sida loo isticmaalo faqradda lahaanshaha MySQL si aad u wanaajiso weydiimahaaga oo aad u hesho natiijooyin sax ah? Ma waxaad raadinaysaa hab aad ku gayso xirfadaha xogta xogtaada heerka xiga? Waxaad timid meeshii saxda ahayd!

Halkan waxaan ku tusinaynaa habab wax ku ool ah oo aad uga faa'iidaysan karto qalabkan xoogga badan. Qodobka Lahaanshaha waa sifo muhiim ah oo ku jirta MySQL kaas oo kuu ogolaanaya inaad si hufan u shaandhayso oo aad u falanqeyso xogta la isku daray. Lahaanshaha, waxaad ku dabaqi kartaa shuruudo adag natiijooyinkaaga weydiinta, iyagoo ku siinaya koontarool sax ah macluumaadka aad rabto inaad soo saarto.

Bal qiyaas inaad haysato kaydka kaydka iibka oo aad u baahan tahay inaad aragtiyo qiimo leh ka hesho waxqabadka alaabtaada ama qaybta macaamiishaada. Qodobka Lahaanshaha, waxaad ku kooxeyn kartaa xogtaada shuruudo gaar ah ka dibna aad kala shaandheyn kartaa kooxahaas si aad u hesho natiijooyin macno badan leh. Tusaale ahaan, waxaad heli kartaa qaybaha alaabta ee keenay wadarta iibka ee ka sarreeya xadka go'an, ama waxaad aqoonsan kartaa macaamiisha sameeyay tirada ugu yar ee wax iibsiga muddo cayiman.

Hordhac Lahaanshaha Clause ee MySQL

Bal qiyaas inaad haysato kaydka kaydka iibka oo aad rabto inaad hesho macluumaadka ku saabsan badeecadaha keenay wadarta iibka ee ka sarreeya xad gaar ah. Halkani waa halka uu ka soo galayo qodobka Lahaanshaha. Waxaad ku kooxeyn kartaa iibinta alaab ahaan ka dibna isticmaal inaad shaandhayso kaliya alaabta wadarta guud ee iibku ka badan tahay heerka la rabo.

SELECT columna1, columna2, ..., función_agregado(columna)
FROM tabla
GROUP BY columna1, columna2, ...
HAVING condición;

Farqiga u dhexeeya HALKEE iyo LAHAANSHAHA

SELECT categoria, SUM(ventas) AS total_ventas
FROM productos
WHERE precio > 100
GROUP BY categoria
HAVING SUM(ventas) > 1000;

Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah xeerar guud oo lagu go'aaminayo Goorta la isticmaalayo WHERE ama LAHEYSIIN:

• Isticmaal WHERE si aad u shaandhayso safka gaarka ah ka hor inta aanad kooxaynta.
• Isticmaal si aad u shaandhayso kooxaha safka ka dib kooxaynta.
• HALKEE aan loo tixraaci karin hawlaha guud, halka Lahaanshaha awoodo.
• Waxaad isticmaali kartaa labadaba HALKEE iyo Haysashada isku su'aal haddii loo baahdo.

Fahamka farqiga u dhexeeya HALKEE iyo Haysashada waxay kuu oggolaanaysaa inaad qorto su'aalo sax ah oo hufan, adigoo si buuxda uga faa'iidaysanaya awoodaha shaandhaynta MySQL.

Isticmaalka aasaasiga ah ee Lahaanshaha

SELECT columna1, columna2, ..., función_agregado(columna)
FROM tabla
GROUP BY columna1, columna2, ...
HAVING condición;

SELECT id_producto, SUM(cantidad) AS total_vendido
FROM ventas
GROUP BY id_producto
HAVING SUM(cantidad) > 100;

SELECT id_producto, SUM(cantidad) AS total_vendido
FROM ventas
GROUP BY id_producto
HAVING SUM(cantidad) > 100 AND SUM(cantidad) < 500;

Isku-dubarid Lahaanshaha iyo hawlaha guud

• SUM: Wuxuu xisaabiyaa wadarta qiyamka tiirka.
• COUNT: Wuxuu tiriyaa tirada safafka ama qiimayaasha aan waxba ka jirin ee tiirka.
• CCN: Wuxuu xisaabiyaa celceliska qiyamka tiirka.
• MAX: Soo celisa qiimaha ugu sarreeya ee tiirka.
• Min: Soo celisa qiimaha ugu yar ee tiirka.

1. Hel macaamiisha celceliska iibsigoodu ka badan yahay $100:

SELECT id_cliente, AVG(total) AS promedio_compras
FROM pedidos
GROUP BY id_cliente
HAVING AVG(total) > 100;

2. Tiri tirada dalabaadka macmiilkii oo tus kuwa leh in ka badan 5 dalab:

SELECT id_cliente, COUNT(*) AS total_pedidos
FROM pedidos
GROUP BY id_cliente
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

3. Soo hel badeecooyin qiimihiisu ugu badnaan ka yar yahay $50:

SELECT id_producto, MAX(precio) AS precio_maximo
FROM productos
GROUP BY id_producto
HAVING MAX(precio) < 50;

4. Muuji qaybaha alaabta oo leh wadarta iibka ka badan $10,000:

SELECT categoria, SUM(total) AS total_ventas
FROM ventas
GROUP BY categoria
HAVING SUM(total) > 10000;

SELECT categoria, SUM(total) AS total_ventas, AVG(precio) AS precio_promedio
FROM ventas
GROUP BY categoria
HAVING SUM(total) > 10000 AND AVG(precio) < 50;

Sifeynta shuruuda leh ee leh

• CASE: Waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad abuurto tibaaxo shuruudaysan oo leh shuruudo iyo natiijooyin badan.
• IF: shardi wuu qiimeeyaa oo soo celiyaa hal qiime haddii la buuxiyo iyo qiime kale haddii la buuxin waayo.
• Hawlwadeennada macquulka ah (IYO, AMA, MAYA): Isku dar xaalado badan si aad u abuurto tibaaxo macquul ah oo kakan.

1. U hel qaybaha badeecada leh wadarta iibka ka badan 10,000 kaliya alaabooyinka qiimahoodu ka weyn yahay 50:

SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
FROM ventas
WHERE precio > 50
GROUP BY categoria
HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > 10000;

2. U muuji macaamiisha celceliska wax iibsiga ee ka badan $100 kuwa dalbaday in ka badan 5:

SELECT id_cliente, AVG(total) AS promedio_compras
FROM pedidos
GROUP BY id_cliente
HAVING AVG(total) > 100 AND COUNT(*) > 5;

3. Soo hel qaybaha badeecada wadarta iibka ka badan 10,000 oo u kala saar inay yihiin “Sare” haddii wadarta guud ay ka weyn tahay 50,000, “Medium” haddii ay u dhexeyso 20,000 iyo 50,000, iyo “Low” haddii kale:

SELECT 
    categoria,
    SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas,
    CASE 
        WHEN SUM(total_ventas) > 50000 THEN 'Alto'
        WHEN SUM(total_ventas) BETWEEN 20000 AND 50000 THEN 'Medio'
        ELSE 'Bajo'
    END AS clasificacion
FROM ventas
GROUP BY categoria
HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > 10000;

4. Tus badeecadaha qiimahoodu ka badan yahay $100 kaliya haddii ay iibiyeen 30-kii maalmood ee la soo dhaafay:

SELECT 
    id_producto,
    AVG(precio) AS precio_promedio
FROM ventas
WHERE fecha >= DATE_SUB(CURDATE(), INTERVAL 30 DAY)
GROUP BY id_producto
HAVING AVG(precio) > 100;

SELECT 
    categoria,
    SUM(total) AS total_ventas
FROM ventas
GROUP BY categoria
HAVING SUM(total) > (
    SELECT AVG(total_ventas)
    FROM (
        SELECT categoria, SUM(total) AS total_ventas
        FROM ventas
        GROUP BY categoria
    ) AS subconsulta
);

Tusaalooyinka wax ku oolka ah ee weydiimaha leh

1. Hel waaxyada ay ka shaqeeyaan in ka badan 5 shaqaale oo muuji celceliska mushaharka waax kasta:

SELECT 
    departamento,
    COUNT(*) AS total_empleados,
    AVG(salario) AS salario_promedio
FROM empleados
GROUP BY departamento
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

2. Soo bandhig qaybaha alaabta oo leh wadarta iibka ka badan $10,000 iyo faa'iido ka badan 20%:

SELECT 
    categoria,
    SUM(total) AS total_ventas,
    (SUM(total) - SUM(costo)) / SUM(total) AS margen_ganancia
FROM ventas
GROUP BY categoria
HAVING 
    SUM(total) > 10000 
    AND (SUM(total) - SUM(costo)) / SUM(total) > 0.2;

3. Hel macaamiisha wax ku iibsatay ugu yaraan 3 qaybood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo wadartoodu ay ka badan yihiin $1,000:

SELECT 
    id_cliente,
    COUNT(DISTINCT categoria) AS total_categorias,
    SUM(total) AS total_compras
FROM ventas
GROUP BY id_cliente
HAVING 
    COUNT(DISTINCT categoria) >= 3 
    AND SUM(total) > 1000;

4. Tus alaabooyinka leh qiimeeyn celcelis ahaan ka weyn 4.5 oo helay ugu yaraan 10 qiimeyn:

SELECT 
    id_producto,
    AVG(calificacion) AS promedio_calificacion,
    COUNT(*) AS total_calificaciones
FROM calificaciones
GROUP BY id_producto
HAVING 
    AVG(calificacion) > 4.5 
    AND COUNT(*) >= 10;

5. Hel bakhaarrada leh wadarta iibka oo ka sarreeya celceliska iibka dhammaan dukaamada 30-kii maalmood ee la soo dhaafay:

SELECT 
    id_tienda,
    SUM(total) AS total_ventas
FROM ventas
WHERE fecha >= DATE_SUB(CURDATE(), INTERVAL 30 DAY)
GROUP BY id_tienda
HAVING 
    SUM(total) > (
        SELECT AVG(total_ventas)
        FROM (
            SELECT id_tienda, SUM(total) AS total_ventas
            FROM ventas
            WHERE fecha >= DATE_SUB(CURDATE(), INTERVAL 30 DAY)
            GROUP BY id_tienda
        ) AS subconsulta
    );

Hagaajinta Waxqabadka oo leh MySQL

1. Isticmaal tusmooyinka habboon:
   • Hubi in tusmooyinka ku yaal tiirarka loo isticmaalo faqradda GROUP BY iyo tiirarka ku lug leh shuruudaha qodobka Lahaanshaha.
   • Tusayaashu waxay si weyn u wanaajin karaan waxqabadka iyadoo la dhimayo cadadka xogta MySQL ay tahay inay baarto si ay u qabato kooxaynta.
2. Ka fogow xisaabaadka aan loo baahnayn Haysashada:
   • Haddii ay suurtagal tahay, isku day inaad samayso xisaabinta iyo shaandhaynta faqradda WHERE ka hor inta aanad kooxaynta.
   • Shaandhaynta safafka gaarka ah ka hor inta aan la kooxayn waxay yarayn kartaa cadadka xogta lagu farsameeyay qodobka Haysashada, kaas oo wanaajinaya waxqabadka.
3. Isticmaal su'aalo-hoosaadyo ama miisas ku-meel-gaar ah:
   • Xaaladaha qaarkood, waxa laga yaabaa inay aad u wanagsan tahay in la isticmaalo subqueries ama miisaska ku meel gaadhka ah si loo sameeyo xisaabinta dhexdhexaadka ah ka hor inta aan la isticmaalin faqradda Lahaanshaha.
   • Tani waxay ka fogaan kartaa baahida xisaabinta soo noqnoqda waxayna yareyn kartaa kakanaanta weydiinta ugu weyn.
4. Kor u qaad hawlaha guud:
   • Isticmaal hawlaha guud ee ku habboon baahiyahaaga. Tusaale ahaan, haddii aad u baahan tahay oo kaliya inaad tiriso tirada safafka, isticmaal COUNT(*) halkii aad ka isticmaali lahayd COUNT(column).
   • Iska ilaali inaad isticmaasho hawlaha guud ee aan loo baahnayn ama aan loo baahnayn ee ku jira faqradda Haysashada.
5. Xaddid tirada kooxaha:
   • Haddii ay suurtagal tahay, isku day inaad xaddido tirada kooxaha ay soo saartay GROUP BY faqradda.
   • Kooxihii yaraa ee abuurmay, xisaabinta iyo isbarbardhigga yar ee lagu sameeyay qodobka Haysashada, kaas oo wanaajinaya waxqabadka.
6. Isticmaal EXPLAIN si aad u falanqayso qorshaha fulinta:
   • Isticmaal bayaanka SHARAXA ka hor weydiintaada si aad u hesho macluumaadka ku saabsan sida MySQL u qorsheynayo inuu fuliyo.
   • Falanqee qorshaha fulinta si aad u ogaato caqabadaha iman kara ama meelaha lagu hagaajin karo, sida tusmooyinka maqan ama isticmaalka waxtarka leh ee agabka.
7. Tixgeli inaad isticmaasho qaybo:
   • Haddii aad la shaqaynayso miisas aad u waaweyn, tixgeli inaad isticmaasho qaybo si aad xogta u jebiso qaybo yaryar oo la maarayn karo.
   • Qaybuhu waxay hagaajin karaan waxqabadka iyagoo u oggolaanaya MySQL inay galaan oo ka baaraandegaan kaliya qaybaha khuseeya weydiin gaar ah.

Lahaanshaha isku darka ku biir

1. Hel macaamiisha wax iibsatay dhammaan qaybaha alaabta:

SELECT 
    c.id_cliente,
    c.nombre,
    COUNT(DISTINCT v.categoria) AS total_categorias
FROM clientes c
JOIN ventas v ON c.id_cliente = v.id_cliente
GROUP BY c.id_cliente, c.nombre
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT v.categoria) = (
    SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT categoria) FROM productos
);

2. Muuji lamaanayaasha alaabta la wada iibiyay ugu yaraan 10 dalab:

SELECT 
    v1.id_producto AS producto1,
    v2.id_producto AS producto2,
    COUNT(*) AS total_ordenes
FROM ventas v1
JOIN ventas v2 ON v1.id_orden = v2.id_orden AND v1.id_producto < v2.id_producto
GROUP BY v1.id_producto, v2.id_producto
HAVING COUNT(*) >= 10;

3. Hel qaybaha alaabta leh wadarta iibka oo ka sarreeya celceliska iibka dhammaan qaybaha, adoo tixgelinaya kaliya iibka 6 bilood ee la soo dhaafay:

SELECT 
    p.categoria,
    SUM(v.total) AS total_ventas
FROM productos p
JOIN ventas v ON p.id_producto = v.id_producto
WHERE v.fecha >= DATE_SUB(CURDATE(), INTERVAL 6 MONTH)
GROUP BY p.categoria
HAVING SUM(v.total) > (
    SELECT AVG(total_ventas)
    FROM (
        SELECT p.categoria, SUM(v.total) AS total_ventas
        FROM productos p
        JOIN ventas v ON p.id_producto = v.id_producto
        WHERE v.fecha >= DATE_SUB(CURDATE(), INTERVAL 6 MONTH)
        GROUP BY p.categoria
    ) AS subconsulta
);

Khaladaadka caadiga ah marka la isticmaalayo Having iyo sida looga fogaado iyaga

1. Isticmaalka tiirar aan wadar ahayn oo ku jira qodobka Lahaanshaha iyada oo aan lagu darin GROUP BY:
   • Khalad: Haddii aad isku daydo in aad tixraacdo tiir aan wadar lahayn oo ku jirta faqradda Haysashada adoon lagu darin KOOXDA faqradda, waxaad heli doontaa khalad.
   • Xalka: Hubi inaad ku darto dhammaan tiirarka aan-wadareed ahayn ee lagu sheegay qodobka Haysashada KOOXDA faqradda.
2. Jahwareerka HALKEE iyo Lahaanshaha shuruudo:
   • Khalad: Dhigista shuruudaha shaandhaynta ee faqradda lahaanshaha waa inay ku jirtaa qodobka WHERE, ama liddi ku ah.
   • Xalka: Xasuusnoow in meesha lagu dabaqo faqradda ka hor inta aan la kooxeynin waxaana loo isticmaalaa si loo shaandheeyo safka shaqsiga ah, halka qodobka Having lagu dabaqo kooxeynta ka dib waxaana loo isticmaalaa in lagu shaandheeyo kooxaha safafka ah.
3. Illowday in lagu daro KOOXDA faqradda:
   • Khalad: Haddii aad u adeegsato hawlaha guud ee su'aalahaaga adoon sheegin KOOXDA qodob, waxaad heli doontaa khalad.
   • Xalka: Hubi inaad ku darto KOOXDA faqradda oo qeex tiirarka aad doonayso inaad natiijooyinka ku ururiso.
4. Isticmaalka hawlaha guud ee jumlada WHERE:
   • Khalad: Hawlaha wadar ahaan sida SUM, COUNT, AVG, MAX, MIN, iwm., si toos ah looguma isticmaali karo faqradda WHERE.
   • Xalka: Haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad shaandhayso natiijooyinka ku salaysan natiijada shaqada la isku daray, isticmaal subquery ama u guuri xaaladda qodobka Lahaanshaha.
5. Aan si sax ah loo maamulin qiyamka aan jirin:
   • Bug: Hawlaha isku-darka ah waxay ula dhaqmaan qiyamka aan macnaha lahayn, taas oo u horseedi karta natiijooyin lama filaan ah haddii aan si sax ah loo maareynin.
   • Xalka: Isticmaal hawlaha sida COUNT(*) halkii aad ka isticmaali lahayd COUNT(column) haddii aad rabto in aad ku darto safaf leh qiimayaal aan waxba ahayn tirinta. Tixgeli isticmaalka hawlaha ay ka midka yihiin COALESCE ama IFNULL si aad u maareyso qiyamka aan jirin si habboon.
6. Rwaxqabad liidata oo ay ugu wacan tahay tusmooyinka maqan ama su'aalaha si liidata loo hagaajiyay:

• Khalad: Weydiinta la isticmaalayo Haysashada waxay noqon kartaa mid gaabis ah haddii tusmooyinka ku habboon aan la isticmaalin ama haddii xisaabinta aan loo baahnayn la sameeyo.
• Xalka: Hubi inaad haysatid tusmooyin ku yaal tiirarka loo isticmaalo GROUP BY clause iyo tiirarka ku lug leh shuruudaha ku jira faqradda. Wanaaji su'aalaha adiga oo iska ilaalinaya xisaabaadka aan loo baahnayn oo isticmaalaya su'aalo hoose ama miisaska ku meel gaarka ah marka ay habboon tahay.

7. Aan tixgelineynin sida ay u kala horreeyaan faqradaha:
   • Khalad: In qodobbada loo dhigo hab khaldan waxay keeni kartaa khaladaad syntax ama natiijooyin lama filaan ah.
   • Xalka: Hubi inaad raacdo nidaamka saxda ah ee faqradaha: XUL, FROM, HALKEE, GROUP BY, Haysashada, Dalbashada.
8. Isticmaalka shuruudo madmadow ama aan caddayn oo ku jira faqradda:
   • Qalad: Ku qorista xaaladaha adag ama aan caddayn ee qodobka Haysashada waxay ka dhigi kartaa furahaaga mid adag in la fahmo lana ilaaliyo.
   • Xalka: Ku qor shuruudo cad oo kooban qodobka Lahaanshaha. Haddii xaaladuhu aad u adag yihiin, tixgeli inaad u jebiso weydiinta su'aalo badan oo fudud ama adeegso su'aalo hoose si aad u horumariso akhriska.
9. Aan si fiican u tijaabin su'aalaha xogta kala duwan:
   • Khalad: Weydiimaha la isticmaalayo Haysashada waxaa laga yaabaa inay si sax ah ugu shaqeeyaan xogta tijaabada laakiin way ku guuldareystaan ​​ama waxay keenaan natiijooyin khaldan oo leh xog dhab ah ama ka weyn.
   • Xalka: Si fiican u tijaabi su'aalaha xogta kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan xaaladaha cidhifyada iyo xaaladaha xogta aan waxba ka jirin ama maqan. Isticmaal qalabyada falanqaynta qaladka iyo waxqabadka si aad u aqoonsato oo aad u xalliso dhibaatooyinka.
10. Aan si sax ah u diiwaangelin su'aalaha adag:
    • Cayayaanka: Dukumeenti la'aanta ama faallooyinka ku saabsan weydiimaha adag ee leh Lahaanshaha waxay ku adkeyn kartaa inay fahmaan oo ay ilaaliyaan horumariyeyaasha kale ama naftaada mustaqbalka.
    • Xalka: Ku dar faallooyin cad oo kooban oo sharxaya ujeedada qayb kasta oo weydiinta, gaar ahaan shuruudaha lahaanshaha. Qor wax kasta oo macquul ah oo adag ama shuruudaha ganacsi ee gaarka ah.

Beddelka Haysashada xaalado gaar ah

1. Su'aalaha:
   • Halkii aad isticmaali lahayd Lahaanshaha si aad u shaandhayso natiijooyin kooxaysan, waad awoodaa isticmaal su'aalo hoose si loo sameeyo xisaabinta lagama maarmaanka ah iyo shaandhaynta ka hor inta aan la kooxaysan.
   • Su'aalo-hoosaadyadu waxay si gaar ah faa'iido u yeelan karaan marka aad u baahan tahay inaad is barbar dhigto qiyamka isku-darka ah iyo qiyamka lagu xisaabiyay weydiimo gaar ah.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT *
     FROM (
         SELECT categoria, SUM(total) AS total_ventas
         FROM ventas
         GROUP BY categoria
     ) AS subconsulta
     WHERE total_ventas > 10000;
     

2. Aragtida:
   • Haddii aad qabto su'aal adag oo leh Haysashada inta badan la isticmaalo, waxaad samayn kartaa a eeg MySQL taas oo koobaysa macquulnimada weydiinta.
   • Aragtiyadu waxay bixiyaan hab lagu fududeeyo oo dib loogu isticmaalo weydiimaha adag, oo waxay wanaajin kartaa akhrinta koodka iyo joogteynta
   • Tusaale:

      CREATE VIEW ventas_por_categoria AS
     CREATE VIEW ventas_por_categoria AS
     SELECT categoria, SUM(total) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     GROUP BY categoria;
     
     SELECT *
     FROM ventas_por_categoria
     WHERE total_ventas > 10000;
     

3. Miisaska laga soo qaatay:
   • Si la mid ah su'aalo-hoosaadyada, miisaska la soo saaray ayaa kuu oggolaanaya inaad samayso xisaabinta iyo shaandhaynta su'aalaha gudaha ka dibna aad natiijooyinka ku isticmaasho weydiinta ugu weyn.
   • Miisaska la soo saaray ayaa faa'iido leh marka aad u baahan tahay inaad sameyso isku-dar badan ama shaandhayn adag ka hor inta aanad natiijooyinka ku darin miisaska kale.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT c.nombre, v.total_ventas
     FROM clientes c
     JOIN (
         SELECT id_cliente, SUM(total) AS total_ventas
         FROM ventas
         GROUP BY id_cliente
     ) AS v ON c.id_cliente = v.id_cliente
     WHERE v.total_ventas > 1000;
     

4. Hawlaha Daaqada:
   • Hawlaha daaqada sida ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), DENSE_RANK(), iwm. waxa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu sameeyo xisaabinta iyo shaandhaynta ku salaysan xogta qaybsiyada iyadoon la isticmaalin.
   • Hawlaha daaqadaha ayaa si gaar ah faa'iido u leh marka aad u baahan tahay inaad samayso xisaabinta ku salaysan kooxaha safafka la xidhiidha oo aad shaandhayso natiijooyinka ku salaysan xisaabaadkaas.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT *
     FROM (
         SELECT categoria, total, 
                ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY categoria ORDER BY total DESC) AS rn
         FROM ventas
     ) AS subconsulta
     WHERE rn <= 3;
     

Lahaanshaha xog aan jirin iyo qiimayaasha caadiga ah

1. Hawlaha Isku-darka ah iyo Qiimaha Wax-qabad:
   • Hawlaha isku-darka ah, sida SUM, AVG, COUNT, iwm., ula dhaqmaan qiyamka aan waxba ka jirin iyadoo ku xiran shaqada gaarka ah.
   • COUNT(*) waxaa ku jira dhammaan safafka tirinta, xitaa saf leh qiimayaal aan waxba ka jirin dhammaan tiirarka.
   • COUNT(column) waxa ay tirisaa safafka halka tiirka la cayimay aanu lahayn qiimo aan waxba ka jirin.
   • SUM iyo AVG waxay iska indhatiraan qiyamka aan waxba ka jirin oo waxay ku shaqeeyaan oo kaliya qiimayaal aan waxba jirin.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT departamento, COUNT(*) AS total_empleados, AVG(salario) AS salario_promedio
     FROM empleados
     GROUP BY departamento
     HAVING AVG(salario) > 5000;
     

2. Ku maaraynta qiyamka aan jirin COALESCE ama IFNULL:
   • Haddii aad leedahay tiirar ay ku jiri karaan qiimayaal aan waxba ahayn oo aad rabto inaad ku darto Haysashada xisaabinta ama shuruudaha, waxaad isticmaali kartaa COALESCE ama IFNULL hawlaha si aad u bixiso qiime aan caadi ahayn.
   • COALESCE(column, default_value) waxay soo celisaa qiimihii ugu horeeyay ee aan waxba ka jirin liiska doodaha.
   • IFNULL(column, default_value) waxay soo celisaa qiimaha caadiga ah ee la cayimay haddii tiirarka uu buray.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT departamento, AVG(COALESCE(salario, 0)) AS salario_promedio
     FROM empleados
     GROUP BY departamento
     HAVING AVG(COALESCE(salario, 0)) > 5000;
     

3. Shaandhaynta kooxaha leh qiimayaal aan waxba ahayn:
   • Haddii aad rabto inaad shaandhayso kooxaha iyadoo lagu saleynayo joogitaanka ama maqnaanshaha qiyamka null ee tiir gaar ah, waxaad isticmaali kartaa IS NULL ama MA NO NULL shuruudaha qodobka Lahaanshaha.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT departamento, COUNT(*) AS total_empleados
     FROM empleados
     GROUP BY departamento
     HAVING MAX(salario) IS NULL;
     

4. Qiimaha caadiga ah ee Haysashada shuruudaha:
   • Marka la barbar dhigo natiijooyinka hawlaha isku-darka ah ee qiimaha caadiga ah ee ku jira qodobka Lahaanshaha, ka taxdar macquulka xaaladda.
   • Hubi in qiyamka caadiga ah ee la isticmaalay ay la socdaan macquulnimada xaaladda oo bixi natiijooyinka la filayo.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT departamento, AVG(COALESCE(salario, 0)) AS salario_promedio
     FROM empleados
     GROUP BY departamento
     HAVING AVG(COALESCE(salario, 0)) > 0;
     

5. Tixgelinta waxqabadka oo leh qiimayaal aan waxba ahayn:
   • Wax ka qabashada qiyamka aan waxba ka jirin ee hawlaha guud iyo Haysashada shuruudo waxay saamayn kartaa waxqabadka weydiinta, gaar ahaan xogaha waaweyn.
   • Haddii aad haysato tiro badan oo qiimayaal aan waxba ahayn oo tiirar ah oo loo isticmaalo hawlaha guud, tixgeli isticmaalka tusmooyinka qayb ahaan ama xeeladaha sifaynta hore si loo horumariyo waxqabadka.
   • Tusaale:

      CREATE INDEX idx_empleados_salario ON empleados (salario) WHERE salario IS NOT NULL;
     

Dhaqamada wanaagsan marka la isticmaalayo Having

1. Adeegso magacyada tiirarka sharraxaadda iyo naanaynta:
   • U qoondee magacyo qeexitaan tiirar iyo magacyo ku jira jumlada SELECT si loo horumariyo akhriska weydiinta.
   • Isticmaal magacyo si cad uga tarjumaya ujeedada ama nuxurka tiir kasta ama tibaax kasta.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT departamento, COUNT(*) AS total_empleados, AVG(salario) AS salario_promedio
     FROM empleados
     GROUP BY departamento
     HAVING AVG(salario) > 5000;
     

2. Qor shuruudo cad oo kooban:
   • Ku qor shuruudo cad oo kooban faqradda Haysashada si aad u fududayso fahamka iyo ilaalinta koodhkaaga.
   • Ka fogow xaaladaha aadka u adag ama buulka ah, oo tixgeli inaad u jebiso weydiinta qaybo yaryar oo la maarayn karo haddii loo baahdo.
   • Tusaale:

      HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT categoria) > 3 AND SUM(total_ventas) > 10000;
     

3. Isticmaal hawlaha guud ee habboon:
   • Dooro hawlaha guud ee habboon ee ku salaysan baahiyahaaga iyo nooca xogta ee tiirarka.
   • Adeegso COUNT(*) si aad u tiriso dhammaan safafka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa leh qiimayaal aan waxba ahayn.
   • Wuxuu adeegsadaa COUNT(column) si uu u tiriyo safafka halka tiirka la cayimay aanu lahayn qiimo aan waxba ka jirin.
   • Isticmaal SUM, AVG, MAX, iyo MIN sida ugu habboon si aad u sameyso xisaabinta wadar ahaan.
   • Tusaale:

      HAVING COUNT(*) > 100 AND AVG(precio) < 50;
     

4. Codso filtarrada ku jira qodobka WHERE mar kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay:
   • Haddii aad shaandheyn karto safka gaarka ah ka hor inta aanad kooxaynta adeegsan adigoo isticmaalaya qodobka WHERE, samee si aad u yarayso cadadka xogta lagu farsameeyay qodobka Haysashada.
   • Shaandhaynta safafka ka hor kooxaynta waxay hagaajin kartaa waxqabadka weydiinta.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     WHERE fecha >= '2023-01-01' AND fecha < '2024-01-01'
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > 10000;
     

5. Isticmaal su'aalo-hoosaadyada ama miisaska la soo qaatay marka loo baahdo:
   • Haddii aad u baahan tahay inaad samayso xisaabin adag ama shaandhayn ku salaysan natiijooyinka wadarta guud, tixgeli inaad isticmaasho qoraal-hoosaadyo ama miisas la soo saaray.
   • Su'aalo-hoosaadyada iyo miisaska la soo saaray waxay hagaajin karaan akhrinta iyo waxqabadka su'aalaha adag.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT *
     FROM (
         SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
         FROM ventas
         GROUP BY categoria
     ) AS subconsulta
     WHERE total_ventas > (SELECT AVG(total_ventas) FROM ventas);
     

6. Dukumeenti oo faallo ka bixi koodkaaga:
   • Ku dar faallooyin cad oo kooban si aad u sharaxdo ujeedada iyo caqligalka qaybaha kala duwan ee weydiintaada, gaar ahaan qodobka Lahaanshaha.
   • Dukumeenti sax ah ayaa u sahlaysa horumariyayaasha kale iyo naftaadaba inay fahmaan oo ilaaliyaan koodkaaga mustaqbalka.
   • Tusaale:

      -- Obtener las categorías con un total de ventas superior al promedio
     SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > (SELECT AVG(total_ventas) FROM ventas);
     

7. Samee imtixaano baaxad leh:
   • Ku tijaabi su'aalahaaga Adigoo isticmaalaya noocyo kala duwan oo xog ah iyo kiisas tijaabo ah.
   • Xaqiiji in natiijooyinka la helay ay yihiin sidii la filayey iyo in weydiintu ay si sax ah u dhaqanto xaalado kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan kiisaska cirifka ah iyo xogta aan waxba ka jirin.
   • Isticmaal qalabyada falanqaynta qaladka iyo waxqabadka si aad u aqoonsato oo aad u xalliso dhibaatooyinka.
   • Tusaale:

      -- Prueba con diferentes umbrales de total de ventas
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > 10000;
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > 50000;
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > 100000;
     

8. Tixgeli waxqabadka iyo tayaynta:
   • Maskaxda ku hay waxqabadka marka aad qorayso su'aalaha adigoo isticmaalaya Hays, gaar ahaan xogta waaweyn.
   • Isticmaal tusmooyinka ku habboon tiirarka loo isticmaalo GROUP BY faqradda iyo Haysashada shuruudo lagu hagaajiyo xawaaraha weydiinta.
   • Ka fogow xisaabinta aan loo baahnayn ama aan loo baahnayn ee ku jirta qodobka Haysashada.
   • Tusaale:

      -- Utiliza índices en las columnas de agrupación y filtrado
     CREATE INDEX idx_ventas_categoria ON ventas (categoria);
     CREATE INDEX idx_ventas_fecha ON ventas (fecha);
     

9. Ilaali joogtaynta iyo habaynta:
   • Raac heshiisyada magac-u-dhigista iyo habaynta joogtada ah dhammaan weydiimahaaga oo leh Haysashada.
   • Adeegso qaab kood joogto ah, sida xaraf weynaynta ereyada muhiimka ah iyo galitaanka habboon.
   • Ilaali joogtaynta qaab dhismeedka waydiinta iyo siday u kala horeeyaan.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     WHERE fecha >= '2023-01-01' AND fecha < '2024-01-01'
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > 10000
     ORDER BY total_ventas DESC;
     

10. Lasoco oo wax ka baro bulshada:
    • Lasoco sifada MySQL cusub iyo horumarada laxidhiidha wax qabadka iyo wanajinta waydiinta
    • Wax ka baro bulshada horumarisa oo la wadaag aqoontaada iyo khibradaada.
    • Ka qayb qaado golayaasha, baloogyada iyo shirarka si aad u barato hababka ugu fiican oo aad uga sii gudubto isbeddellada ugu dambeeyay.
    • Tusaale:
    • Raac baloogyada iyo ilaha khadka ee ku saabsan weydiimaha.
    • Ka qayb qaado bulshooyinka horumariya oo su'aalo ku weydii golayaasha gaarka ah.
    • Ka qaybgal shirarka iyo webinars on MySQL iyo database-yada.

Weydiinta su'aalaha boggaga iyo kala-soocidda

1. Pagination leh LIMIT iyo OFFSET:
   • Pagination-ku wuxuu kuu oggolaanayaa inaad u qaybiso natiijooyinka weydiinta bogag yaryar oo la maareyn karo.
   • Isticmaal jumlada LIMIT si aad u qeexdo tirada ugu badan ee safafka lagu soo celinayo iyo qodobka OFFSET si aad u qeexdo tirada safafka si aad u booddo ka hor inta aanad bilaabin soo celinta natiijooyinka.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > 10000
     ORDER BY total_ventas DESC
     LIMIT 10 OFFSET 0;
     

2. Ku kala soocida AMARKA:
   • AMARKA QODOBKA waxaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu dalbo natiijada weydiinta iyadoo loo eegayo hal ama dhowr tiir.
   • Waxaad u kala sooci kartaa natiijooyinka kor u kaca (ASC) ama hoos udhaca (DESC).
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > 10000
     ORDER BY total_ventas DESC;
     

3. Is-dhexgalka u dhexeeya Haysashada, AMARKA IYO Xaddidaadda:
   • Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado sida ay u kala horreeyaan Haysashada, Amarka BY, iyo QODOBADA LIMIT.
   • Qodobka Lahaanshaha ayaa marka hore lagu dabaqaa si loo sifeeyo kooxaha safafka ah ee buuxiya shuruudaha la cayimay.
   • AMARKA QODOBKA ayaa markaa lagu dabaqaa si loo kala saaro natiijooyinka la sifeeyay.
   • Ugu dambeyntii, LIMIT iyo OFFET clauses ayaa lagu dabaqaa si loo xaddido tirada safafka la soo celiyay oo loo caddeeyo natiijooyinka.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > 10000
     ORDER BY total_ventas DESC
     LIMIT 10 OFFSET 20;
     

4. Tixgelinta Waxqabadka:
   • Markaad la shaqaynayso sets xog badan oo aad isticmaasho pagination iyo kala soocida iyadoo lala kaashanayo Lahaanshaha, waxaa muhiim ah in la tixgeliyo waxqabadka weydiinta.
   • Hubi inaad haysatid tusmooyin sax ah tiirarka loo isticmaalo KOOXDA faqradda, Haysashada shuruudo, iyo kala-soocidda tiirarka si loo horumariyo waxtarka weydiinta.
   • Maskaxda ku hay in server database Waa in aad habayso oo aad kala saartaa dhammaan natiijooyinka ka hor inta aanad codsan LIMIT iyo OFFSET, taas oo saamayn karta waxqabadka xog aad u weyn.
   • Tixgeli isticmaalka farsamooyin horumarsan oo pagination, sida cursor-ku-salaysan pagination ama pagination addoo isticmaalaya furayaasha aasaasiga ah, si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka xaaladaha gaarka ah.
5. Pagination iyo kala soocida codsiyada:
   • Marka la samaynayo codsiyada u baahan pagination iyo kala-soocidda oo ay weheliso Lahaanshaha, waxaa muhiim ah in la dejiyo xeelad ku habboon si loo maareeyo dhinacyadan si hufan.
   • U adeegso cabbirada weydiimahaaga si aad ugu oggolaato boggagaynta firfircoon iyo kala-soocidda ku salaysan dookhyada isticmaalaha.
   • Tixgeli in aad kaydiso natiijooyinka la kala soocay si aad uga fogaato su'aalaha soo noqnoqda oo aad u horumariso waxqabadka.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > ? 
     ORDER BY ? ?
     LIMIT ? OFFSET ?;
     

Sare u Kaca Isticmaalka Lahaanshaha Su'aalaha

1. Kala shaandheynta kooxaha ku salaysan natiijooyinka is-ururinta hoose:
   • Waxaad u isticmaali kartaa su'aalo hoose oo ku jira qodobka Haysashada si aad u shaandhayso kooxaha iyadoo lagu salaynayo natiijooyinka la isku daray ee waydiimo kale.
   • Tani waa mid faa'iido leh markaad u baahan tahay inaad isbarbardhigto qiimaha isku-darka koox kasta oo leh qiime la xisaabiyay ee subquery.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > (
         SELECT AVG(total_ventas)
         FROM (
             SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
             FROM ventas
             GROUP BY categoria
         ) AS subconsulta
     );
     

2. Kala shaandheynta kooxaha ku salaysan jiritaanka safafka hoose:
   • Waxaad isticmaali kartaa EXISTS clause marka lagu daro Lahaanshaha si loo shaandheeyo kooxaha ku salaysan jiritaanka saf ee hoosaadka la xidhiidha.
   • Tani waa mid faa'iido leh markaad rabto inaad ilaaliso oo kaliya kooxaha xiriirka gaarka ah la leh natiijooyinka xigashada.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING EXISTS (
         SELECT 1
         FROM productos
         WHERE productos.categoria = ventas.categoria
         AND productos.precio > 100
     );
     

3. Kala shaandheynta kooxaha ku salaysan xubinnimada dhawr qiyam:
   • Waxaad isticmaali kartaa IN clause marka lagu daro Lahaanshaha si aad u shaandhayso kooxaha ku salaysan xubin ka ahaanshaha go'an qiyam ah oo laga helay subquery.
   • Tani waa mid faa'iido leh markaad rabto inaad ilaaliso oo kaliya kooxaha kuwaas oo qiyamkooda isku-darka ah ay la mid yihiin qiyamka lagu qeexay hoosta.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING categoria IN (
         SELECT categoria
         FROM productos
         WHERE precio > 100
     );
     

4. Kala shaandheynta kooxaha iyadoo lagu saleynayo isbarbardhigga ugu yar ama ugu sarreeya:
   • Waxaad u adeegsan kartaa su'aalo-hoosaadyada ku jira qodobka Lahaanshaha si aad u shaandhayso kooxaha iyadoo lagu saleynayo isbarbardhigga ugu yar ama qiimaha ugu badan ee laga helay weydiin kale.
   • Tani waa mid faa'iido leh markaad rabto inaad ilaaliso kaliya kooxaha kuwaas oo qiyamkooda isku-darka ah ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha qaarkood ee ku saabsan kuwa ka baxsan.
   • Tusaale:

      SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
     FROM ventas
     GROUP BY categoria
     HAVING SUM(total_ventas) > (
         SELECT MAX(total_ventas)
         FROM (
             SELECT categoria, SUM(total_ventas) AS total_ventas
             FROM ventas
             GROUP BY categoria
         ) AS subconsulta
         WHERE categoria <> ventas.categoria
     );
     

Hagaajinta Lahaanshaha tusmooyin iyo qaybo

1. Isticmaalka tusmooyinka kooxaynta tiirarka:
   • Ku samee tusmooyinka tiirarka lagu isticmaalo faqradda GROUP BY si loo horumariyo hufnaanta kooxaynta.
   • Tusmooyinka ayaa u oggolaanaya MySQL inay si dhakhso ah u hesho safafka koox kasta ka tirsan, taas oo dedejisa habka kooxaynta.
   • Tusaale:

      CREATE INDEX idx_ventas_categoria ON ventas (categoria);
     

2. Isticmaalka tusmooyinka tiirarka shaandhada:
   • Ku samee tusmooyinka tiirarka loo isticmaalo xaaladaha qodobbada si loo hagaajiyo xawaaraha shaandhaynta.
   • Tusmooyinka waxay u oggolaanayaan MySQL inay si dhakhso leh u hesho safafka buuxiya shuruudaha lagu qeexay Haysashada.
   • Tusaale:

      CREATE INDEX idx_ventas_total ON ventas (total_ventas);
     

3. Isticmaalka tusmooyinka isku dhafan:
   • Samee tusiyaal isku dhafan oo ay ku jiraan tiirarka kooxaynta iyo tiirarka shaandhaynta.
   • Tusmooyinka isku dhafan waxay sii wanaajin karaan waxqabadka iyagoo u oggolaanaya MySQL inay sameyso baaritaanno hufan iyo shaandhooyin iyadoo la adeegsanayo hal tusi.
   • Tusaale:

      CREATE INDEX idx_ventas_categoria_total ON ventas (categoria, total_ventas);
     

 CREATE TABLE ventas (
id INT,
categoria VARCHAR(50),
total_ventas DECIMAL(10,2),
fecha DATE
)
PARTITION BY HASH(YEAR(fecha))
PARTITIONS 5;

Lahaanshaha deegaan sarifka sare leh

• Isticmaal heerarka dahaarka habboon:
  • Dooro heerka go'doominta ku haboon ee macaamiladaada ku lug leh su'aalaha lahaanshaha.
  • Heerka go'doominta ayaa go'aamiya sida isku dhacyada isdhaafsiga ah iyo joogtaynta xogta loo maareeyo.
  • Tusaale ahaan, heerka go'doominta AKHRISKA KU SOO NOQONAYSAA waxay hubisaa in wax-akhrinta soo noqnoqda ee wax kala iibsigu ay soo celiso natiijooyin isku mid ah, kana hortagaysa akhrinta fantastik ah.
  • Hagaajin heerka go'doominta iyadoo lagu saleynayo joogtayntaada iyo shuruudaha waxqabadka.
• Isticmaalka qufulyada safka ama miiska:
  • MySQL waxay isticmaashaa qufulo si ay u xakamayso marin u helka xogta iyo ka hortagga isku dhacyada.
  • Marka aad samayso su'aal adigoo isticmaalaya Lahaanshaha, MySQL waxay codsan kartaa quful saf ah ama heerka miiska si loo xaqiijiyo daacadnimada xogta.
  • Qufulyada safka ah waxay u oggolaanayaan heer sare oo isdhaafsi ah iyadoo la xirayo kaliya safafka gaarka ah ee ku lug leh weydiinta, halka qufulyada miiska ay qufulan yihiin miiska oo dhan.
  • Dooro heerka qufulka ku haboon ee ku salaysan lacagtaada iyo baahiyahaaga waxqabad
• Ku wanaaji su'aalaha adigoo:
  • Ku wanaaji su'aalaha adiga oo leh in la yareeyo wakhtiga fulinta oo la yareeyo xannibaadda.
  • Isticmaal tusmooyinka ku habboon kooxaynta iyo shaandhaynta tiirarka si aad u dedejiso raadinta iyo filtarrada.
  • Ka fogow xisaabinta aan loo baahnayn ama aan loo baahnayn ee ku jirta qodobka Haysashada.
  • Tixgeli inaad isticmaasho weydiimaha qaybsan ama weydiimaha barbar socda si aad u qaybiso culayska shaqada oo aad u horumariso waxqabadka.
• Isticmaalka wax kala iibsiga si habboon:
  • Ku duub su'aalaha Lahaanshaha gudaha wax kala iibsiga si loo ilaaliyo daacadnimada xogta loogana fogaado iswaafaq la'aanta.
  • Isticmaal bayaannada BEGIN, COMMIT, iyo ROLLBACK si aad u xakamayso bilawga, samaynta, iyo dib u celinta wax kala iibsiga.
  • Yaree muddada wax kala iibsiga si loo yareeyo xannibaadaha oo loo hagaajiyo isdhaafsiga.
  • Iska ilaali inaad haysato qufulo aan loo baahnayn wakhti dheer.
• La soco oo hagaaji waxqabadka:
  • Isticmaal qalabka la socodka iyo falanqaynta waxqabadka si aad u aqoonsato caqabadaha iyo arrimaha isdhaafsiga ee la xidhiidha weydiimaha Haysashada.
  • Wuxuu ilaaliyaa isticmaalka qufulka, qufulka wakhtiga, iyo wakhtiga dhiman.
  • Hagaajin goobaha server-ka MySQL, sida cabbirka kaydka kaydinta, cabbirka fadhiga, iyo cabbirrada isku xidhka, si kor loogu qaado waxqabadka deegaan-lacagta sare.
• Qiyaas Horizonally:
  • Tixgeli inaad si siman u miisaamayso xogta iyadoo la adeegsanayo farsamooyinka qaybinta ama ku-celinta.
  • Qaybintu waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad miis weyn u kala qaybiso qaybo yaryar oo aad culayska shaqada u qaybiso nood badan.
  • Ku celcelinta waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad haysato nuqulo dheeraad ah oo kaydka xogta ah ee server-yada kala duwan, taas oo kuu ogolaanaysa inaad qaybiso su'aalaha akhrinta iyo hagaajinta waxqabadka.

  Jadwalka Tusmada

  • Hordhac Lahaanshaha Clause ee MySQL
  • Farqiga u dhexeeya HALKEE iyo LAHAANSHAHA
  • Isticmaalka aasaasiga ah ee Lahaanshaha
  • Isku-dubarid Lahaanshaha iyo hawlaha guud
    • Sifeynta shuruuda leh ee leh
  • Tusaalooyinka wax ku oolka ah ee weydiimaha leh
    • Hagaajinta Waxqabadka oo leh MySQL
  • Lahaanshaha isku darka ku biir
    • Khaladaadka caadiga ah marka la isticmaalayo Having iyo sida looga fogaado iyaga
  • Beddelka Haysashada xaalado gaar ah
  • Lahaanshaha xog aan jirin iyo qiimayaasha caadiga ah
  • Dhaqamada wanaagsan marka la isticmaalayo Having
  • Weydiinta su'aalaha boggaga iyo kala-soocidda
  • Sare u Kaca Isticmaalka Lahaanshaha Su'aalaha
  • Hagaajinta Lahaanshaha tusmooyin iyo qaybo
  • Lahaanshaha deegaan sarifka sare leh