Yintoni iModeli ye-OSI kwaye kutheni ibalulekile kuthungelwano lwekhompyuter?

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Kwindalo yonke yetekhnoloji, uthungelwano lwekhompyutha lilaphu elidibanisa ihlabathi lethu ledijithali. Kodwa ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba olu nxibelelwano lusebenza njani ngokwenene? Zeziphi iindlela ezivumela idatha ukuba ihambe ngaphandle komthungo ukusuka kwesinye isixhobo ukuya kwesinye? Impendulo yale mibuzo isithatha ngokuthe ngqo entliziyweni yesihloko sethu: imodeli ye-OSI.

Yintoni iModeli ye-OSI kwaye kutheni ibalulekile kuthungelwano lwekhompyuter?

Intshayelelo

Imodeli ye-OSI, okanye imodeli ye-Open Systems Interconnection, isisiseko sonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi yanamhlanje. Esi sikhokelo sombono asisincedi nje ukuba siqonde indlela ulwazi oluhanjiswa ngayo phakathi kwezixhobo, kodwa luseka umgangatho wendalo yonke woyilo kunye nokusebenza kothungelwano lwekhompyutha.

Kweli nqaku, siza kungena kwihlabathi elinomdla le imodeli ye-OSI. Siza kufumanisa ukuba zeziphi iinethiwekhi zekhompyuter ngokwembono yale modeli, siphonononge iileya zayo ezisixhenxe kwaye sibone ukuba nganye kuzo idlala njani indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yonxibelelwano. Ukongeza, siza kuxubusha ukuba kutheni imodeli ye-OSI ihlala ifanelekile kwixesha le-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT) kunye nendlela echaphazela ngayo uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji entsha yenethiwekhi.

Lungele uhambo ngokusebenza kwangaphakathi konxibelelwano lwedijithali, apho umaleko ngamnye we-OSI imodeli iya kutyhila iimfihlo malunga nokuba izixhobo zethu zilawula njani "ukuthetha" omnye komnye. Masiqalise!

Imodeli ye-OSI: Inkcazo kunye neNjongo kwiiNethiwekhi zeKhompyutha

Imodeli ye-OSI, emele i-Open Systems Interconnection, sisikhokelo sengqiqo esichaza indlela ulwazi oluhamba ngayo ukusuka kwisicelo kwisixhobo esinye ukuya kwisicelo kwesinye isixhobo kuthungelwano. Kodwa oku kuthetha ukuthini ngokwenene kwaye kutheni kubaluleke kangaka?

Khawucinge ukuba uthumela i-imeyile. Kubonakala kulula, akunjalo? Ubhala umyalezo wakho, cofa "thumela" kwaye voilà, umyalezo wakho ufikelela kummkeli. Nangona kunjalo, emva kobu lula obubonakalayo, kukho inkqubo entsonkothileyo kunye necwangciswe ngobuchule. Kulapho imodeli ye-OSI ingena khona.

Imodeli ye-OSI iyahlula le nkqubo yonxibelelwano ibe ngamacandelo asixhenxe ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linemisebenzi ethile. Ezi maleko zisebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo wakho uthunyelwa ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo kwinethiwekhi. Kufana neqela elihambelanayo elilungelelanisiweyo, apho ilungu ngalinye linomsebenzi othile kwaye lidlulisa i-baton (kule meko, idatha yakho) ukuya kwelinye.

Kodwa kutheni sifuna imodeli enzima kangaka? Impendulo ifumaneka kwiiyantlukwano zothungelwano lwekhompyutha. Zininzi iintlobo zothungelwano lwekhompyuter, ukusuka kwiinethiwekhi ezincinci zasekhaya ukuya kuthungelwano olukhulu lweshishini kunye ne-Intanethi. Ngamnye unokusebenzisa itekhnoloji eyahlukeneyo kunye neeprothokholi. Imodeli ye-OSI inikezela ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo kunye nesakhiwo esisemgangathweni esivumela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ukuba zinxibelelane omnye nomnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi i-architecture ephantsi.

Ukongeza, imodeli ye-OSI iququzelela kakhulu uphuhliso lwenethiwekhi kunye nokusombulula ingxaki. Ngokwahlula inkqubo yonxibelelwano ngokwemigangatho, iinjineli zinokuyila kunye nokwandisa umaleko ngamnye ngokuzimeleyo. Ukuba kuvela ingxaki, kulula ukuchonga ukuba loluphi umaleko olwenzeka kuwo kwaye ulungise ngokuthe ngqo.

Ngokwenyani, imodeli ye-OSI ifana neplani yoyilo yothungelwano lwekhompyuter. Inika umbono ocacileyo wokuba ulwazi kufuneka luhambe njani kwaye zeziphi iinkqubo ekufuneka zenzeke kwinqanaba ngalinye lonxibelelwano. Ngaphandle kwale modeli, ukusebenzisana phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunye nothungelwano kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukufikelela.

Kula macandelo alandelayo, siza kuphonononga kuluhlu ngalunye kusixhenxe lwemodeli ye-OSI, siphonononge imisebenzi yabo ethile kunye nendlela abanegalelo ngayo ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kothungelwano lwekhompyuter. Zilungiselele ukufumanisa ihlabathi elinomdla elifihlwe emva kocofa lonke kunye ne-byte yedatha ehamba kwiwebhu.

Imvelaphi kunye nokuvela kwemodeli ye-OSI kwihlabathi lezonxibelelwano

Imbali yemodeli ye-OSI luhambo olunomdla ngokuvela kwezonxibelelwano kunye nothungelwano lwekhompyuter. Ukuqonda ngokwenene ukubaluleka kwalo mzekelo, kufuneka sibuyele emva kwixesha le-1970, xa i-networking landscape yayihluke kakhulu kwinto esiyaziyo namhlanje.

Ngelo xesha, uthungelwano lwekhompyutha lwaluselusana. Umenzi ngamnye uphuhlise iiprothokholi zakhe kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano, ezikhokelela kwisiphithiphithi sokwenyani sokungahambelani. Yiba nomfanekiso welizwe apho ifowuni yakho inokunxibelelana nezinye iifowuni zohlobo olufanayo. Leyo yindlela ilizwe lothungelwano lwekhompyuter elaliqhekeka ngayo.

Kwakulo mongo ukuba i-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) izimisele ukudala umgangatho wehlabathi jikelele wonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi. Ngo-1977, baqala ukusebenza kwinto eya kuba yimodeli ye-OSI. Injongo yayinamabhongo: ukwenza isakhelo esiya kuvumela nayiphi na inkqubo ukuba inxibelelane nayo nayiphi na enye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngumenzi okanye iteknoloji ephantsi.

Emva kweminyaka yophuhliso kunye nengxoxo-mpikiswano, imodeli ye-OSI ekugqibeleni yapapashwa kwi-1984. Nangona ekuqaleni yayikhunjwe njengomgangatho wokuphunyezwa, ngokukhawuleza yaba yimodeli yengcamango kunye nemfundo ngenxa yobunzima bayo kunye nokuvela kwezinye iiprotocol ezisebenzayo, ezifana ne-TCP / IP.

Nangona imodeli ye-OSI ayizange iphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo kwimo yayo yasekuqaleni, impembelelo yayo kwihlabathi lothungelwano ibe nzulu kwaye ihlala njalo. Ibonelele ngolwimi olufanayo kunye nesakhelo sokucinga esiphembelele uyilo phantse zonke iiprothokholi zothungelwano zanamhlanje.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, imodeli ye-OSI iye yavela ukuze ihlale ifanelekile kwindawo yetekhnoloji ehlala iguquka. Ngokomzekelo, ngokufika kweenethiwekhi ezingenazintambo kunye neeselfowuni, ukulungiswa kwemodeli kuye kwacetywayo ukujongana neenkcukacha zobu buchwepheshe.

Namhlanje, nangona uthungelwano lwale mihla lungayilandeli ngokungqongqo imodeli ye-OSI ekuphunyezweni kwayo, iikhonsepthi ezazisayo zisabalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba zisebenza njani iinethiwekhi zekhompyuter. Iingcali ze-IT zisebenzisa imodeli ye-OSI njengesixhobo sokucinga sokuyila, ukuphumeza, kunye nokulungisa iingxaki zothungelwano lwabo bonke ubungakanani kunye neentlobo.

Ngamafutshane, imodeli ye-OSI ibubungqina bamandla omgangatho kunye nentsebenziswano kwihlabathi leteknoloji. Nangona yazalwa ngexesha lokuqhekeka nokungahambelani kwayo, iye yanceda ekuveliseni ihlabathi apho unxibelelwano phakathi kwezixhobo lusebenza ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Njengoko sisiya kwikamva eliqhagamsheleneyo, imigaqo ye-OSI imodeli iya kuqhubeka nokukhokela uphuhliso lothungelwano lwekhompyuter, ukulungelelanisa kunye nokuguquka ukuhlangabezana nemingeni yangomso.

Iimaleko ezisi-7 zemodeli ye-OSI: Uhambo olusuka kwisicelo ukuya kwindawo ebonakalayo

Imodeli ye-OSI ifana nesakhiwo esinemigangatho esixhenxe, apho umgangatho ngamnye ubonisa umaleko kunye nemisebenzi ethile kwinkqubo yokunxibelelana. Ezi maleko zisebenza ngokuhambelanayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha ihamba ngokufanelekileyo nangokukhuselekileyo kuyo yonke inethiwekhi. Makhe sihlolisise nganye kwezi maleko, siqale ukusuka phezulu (lowo unxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nomsebenzisi) ukuya kwelona lisezantsi (elijongene nokuhanjiswa kwedatha ngokwasemzimbeni).

1. Uluhlu lweSicelo: Lo ngumaleko okufutshane kumsebenzisi wokugqibela. Apha kulapho usetyenziso olunje ngezikhangeli zewebhu, abaxumi be-imeyile, okanye usetyenziso lwemiyalezo ekhawulezileyo lunxibelelana nenethiwekhi. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukubonelela ngeenkonzo zenethiwekhi kwizicelo zomsebenzisi.
2. Uluhlu lweNgcaciso: Olu luhlu lunoxanduva lwendlela idatha enikezelwa ngayo kuluhlu lwesicelo. Imisebenzi yayo ibandakanya ukuguqulelwa kwedatha, ufihlo kunye noxinzelelo. Umzekelo, guqula idatha ukusuka kwi-ASCII ukuya kwifomathi ye-EBCDIC ukuba kuyimfuneko.
3. Uluhlu lweSeshini: Njengoko igama libonisa, olu maleko luseka, lugcina, kwaye luphelisa iiseshoni phakathi kwezicelo. Yiba nomfanekiso wakho njengomqhubi weokhestra onxibelelanisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo.
4. Uluhlu lwezoThutho: Olu maleko lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha ihanjiswa ngokuthembekileyo. Inoxanduva lokwahlulahlula idatha, ulawulo lokuqukuqela kunye nokulungiswa kweempazamo. Iiprothokholi ze-TCP kunye ne-UDP zisebenza kulo maleko.
5. Ileya yeNethiwekhi: Kulapho uthungelwano lwedatha lwenzeka khona. Lo maleko umisela eyona ndlela ilungileyo yeepakethi zedatha ukufikelela apho ziya khona. Iprotocol ye-IP isebenza kulo maleko.
6. Umaleko wekhonkco ledatha: Lo maleko ujongene nokuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kwedatha phakathi kwezixhobo ezibini kuthungelwano olufanayo. Uchonga kwaye ulungise iimpazamo ezinokuthi zenzeke kumaleko womzimba.
7. Umaleko woMzimba: Lo ngowona mgangatho uphantsi wemodeli ye-OSI. Ijongana nogqithiso kunye nolwamkelo lwedatha ekrwada, engacwangciswanga ngaphaya kwendlela ebonakalayo yenethiwekhi, nokuba yintambo, i-optical fiber okanye umoya (kwimeko yothungelwano olungenazingcingo).

Nganye kwezi maleko emodeli ye-OSI idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kothungelwano lwekhompyuter. Basebenza kunye, bedlulisela idatha ukusuka kwenye ukuya kwenye, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi luhamba ngokufanelekileyo ukusuka kumthumeli ukuya kummkeli.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba xa idatha ihamba ukusuka kwesinye isixhobo ukuya kwesinye, idlula kuzo zonke ezi maleko ngokuhla ngokulandelelana kwisixhobo sokuthumela, kwaye emva koko ngokunyuka komyalelo kwisixhobo esifumanayo. Kuba ngathi idatha ipakishwe umaleko ngokomaleko ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe, ize emva koko ikhutshwe ngokulandelelana xa ifunyenwe.

Imodeli ye-OSI isinika indlela eyakhiweyo yokuqonda nokuhlalutya inkqubo enzima yonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi. Ngokwahlulahlula le nkqubo ngokwemaleko, sinokulungisa iingxaki ezithile kwinqanaba ngalinye, senze kube lula ukuyila, ukuphumeza, kunye nokusombulula iingxaki kwiinethiwekhi zekhompyuter.

Kumacandelo ambalwa alandelayo, siza kuphonononga nzulu kwiqela ngalinye leeleya, siphonononga imisebenzi yazo ethile kunye nendlela ezinegalelo ngayo ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kothungelwano lwekhompyuter. Zilungiselele ukufumana iimfihlo ezifihliweyo emva kwayo yonke intwana yedatha ehamba kwinethiwekhi!

Usetyenziso, unikezelo, kunye noMaleko weSeshini: ISoftware eSebenzayo

Imigangatho emithathu ephezulu yemodeli ye-OSI - isicelo, umboniso, kunye neseshoni - isondele kumsebenzisi wokugqibela kwaye ijongana ngokukodwa nemisebenzi yesofthiwe. Ezi maleko zisebenza kunye ukunika ujongano phakathi kosetyenziso lomsebenzisi kunye nenethiwekhi esisiseko. Makhe sihlolisise nganye kuzo ngokweenkcukacha:

Uluhlu lweSicelo

Uluhlu lwesicelo lolona luhlu luphezulu kwimodeli ye-OSI kwaye lusondele kumsebenzisi wokugqibela. Apha kulapho usetyenziso lufikelela kwiinkonzo zenethiwekhi. Eminye imizekelo yeprothokholi esebenza kolu maleko ibandakanya:

• HTTP/HTTPS kukhangelo lwewebhu
• I-SMTP, i-POP3 kunye ne-IMAP ye-imeyile
• FTP yogqithiselo lwefayile
• DNS yesisombululo segama lesizinda

Lo maleko ubonelela ngojongano lwezicelo ukufikelela kwinethiwekhi, ebavumela ukuba bathumele kwaye bafumane idatha. Umzekelo, xa uvula isikhangeli sakho sewebhu kwaye undwendwele iphepha, unxibelelana noluhlu lwesicelo.

Uluhlu lweNgcaciso

Umaleko wokubonisa, njengoko igama libonisa, unoxanduva lokubonisa idatha. Imisebenzi yayo ephambili ibandakanya:

1. Uguqulo: Iguqula idatha ukusuka kwifomathi esetyenziswa sisicelo ukuya kwifomathi eqhelekileyo yenethiwekhi kwaye ngokuphambanayo.
2. Uxinzelelo: Yehlisa ubungakanani bedatha yosulelo olusebenzayo.
3. Uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo: Ikhusela idatha yosulelo olukhuselekileyo.

Umzekelo, xa uthumela isincamatheliso kwi-imeyile, umaleko weprezenteyishini unokuwucinezela ukuze unciphise ubungakanani bawo kwaye ufihlwe ukukhusela imixholo yawo.

Uluhlu lweSeshini

Umaleko weseshoni useka, ugcina, kwaye uphelisa uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwezicelo. Imisebenzi yayo ephambili ibandakanya:

1. Ukusekwa kweseshoni: Ukuqalisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwezicelo.
2. Ukugcinwa kweSeshini: Iqinisekisa ukuba uqhagamshelwano luhlala lusebenza ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwedatha.
3. Ukupheliswa kweseshoni: Kuvala uqhagamshelwano ngendlela elungeleleneyo xa unxibelelwano luphelile.

Ukongezelela, uluhlu lweseshini lunokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokuvumelanisa, ukuvumela izicelo ukuba ziphinde ziqalise ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ukusuka apho ushiye khona xa kwenzeka ukuqhawulwa okungalindelekanga.

Ezi maleko zithathu zingasentla zemodeli ye-OSI zisebenzisana ngokusondeleyo ukubonelela ngamava agudileyo nafanelekileyo omsebenzisi. Umzekelo, xa usenza umnxeba wevidiyo, umaleko wesicelo uphatha ujongano lomsebenzisi kunye nokubanjwa kweaudiyo kunye nevidiyo, umaleko wokubonisa uphatha ukucinezela kunye nokubethela idatha, kwaye umaleko weseshoni ugcina unxibelelwano lusebenza kuyo yonke ifowuni.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kuthungelwano lwekhompyuter yanamhlanje, ezi maleko zihlala ziphunyezwa kunye kwiiprotocol zesicelo. Ngokomzekelo, i-protocol ye-HTTPS idibanisa imisebenzi evela kuzo zontathu iileya: ukubonelela ngesicelo (ukukhangela iwebhu), umboniso (ufihlo), kunye neseshoni (ukugcinwa koqhagamshelwano) iinkonzo.

Umaleko wezoThutho: Ibhulorho ePhakathi kweNgqiqo kunye neMzimba

Uluhlu lwezothutho lubalulekile kwimodeli ye-OSI, esebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kweendlela eziphezulu ezijoliswe kwisicelo kunye neengqimba ezisezantsi ezijoliswe kwinethiwekhi. Lo maleko unoxanduva lokubonelela ngogqithiso lwedatha oluthembekileyo nolusebenzayo phakathi kwezixhobo zomthombo kunye nendawo ekuyiwa kuyo.

Imisebenzi ephambili yoluhlu lwezothutho ibandakanya:

1. Ukwahlula kunye nokudibanisa kwakhona: Ukwahlula idata ukusuka kumaleko aphezulu abe ngamacandelo amancinci ukuze asasazeke kwaye aphinde ahlanganiselwe kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo.
2. Ulawulo lokuqukuqela: Ilawula isantya sothumelo lwedatha ukuthintela isidluliseli esikhawulezayo ekulayisheni kakhulu umamkeli ocothayo.
3. Ulawulo lwempazamo: Ifumanisa kwaye ilungise iimpazamo kuthumelo, iqinisekisa ukuba idatha ifika injalo kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo.
4. Multiplexing: Ivumela usetyenziso oluninzi kwisixhobo esinye ukusebenzisa inethiwekhi ngaxeshanye.

Ehlabathini lothungelwano lwekhompyuter, zimbini iiprothokholi eziphambili ezisebenza kumaleko wezothutho:

• I-TCP (iProtokholi yoLawulo loThutho): Yiprotocol ejolise kunxibelelwano eqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kwedatha. I-TCP iseka uxhumano ngaphambi kokudlulisa idatha, iqinisekisa ukuba zonke iipakethi zifika ngokulandelelana, kwaye zicela ukuhanjiswa kweepakethi ezilahlekileyo.
• I-UDP (iProtokholi yeDatha yoMsebenzisi): Yinkqubo yonxibelelwano engasebenziyo engaqinisekisi ukuhanjiswa kwedatha. I-UDP ikhawuleza kune-TCP, kodwa ingathembeki kangako, ngoko isetyenziswe kwizicelo apho isantya sibaluleke ngaphezu kokuchaneka, njengokusasazwa kwevidiyo yexesha langempela.

Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-TCP kunye ne-UDP kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zesicelo. Umzekelo, kukhangelo lwewebhu kunye ne-imeyile, apho ukuthembeka kwedatha kubalulekile, i-TCP isetyenziswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumdlalo we-intanethi okanye ukusasazwa kwevidiyo ephilayo, apho isantya sibaluleke kakhulu, i-UDP ikhethwa.

Uthungelwano, ikhonkco ledatha kunye neengqimba zomzimba: Iziseko zonxibelelwano

Iingqimba ezintathu ezisezantsi zemodeli ye-OSI - inethiwekhi, ikhonkco yedatha, kunye nomzimba - yenza umqolo weziseko zonxibelelwano kwiinethiwekhi zekhompyutheni. Ezi maleko zinoxanduva losasazo olusebenzayo lwedatha kwinethiwekhi ebonakalayo.

Ileya yeNethiwekhi

Umaleko wothungelwano unoxanduva lokujonga idilesi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwedatha. Imisebenzi yayo ephambili ibandakanya:

1. Idilesi: Inika iidilesi ze-IP kwizixhobo ukuze zichonge kwinethiwekhi.
2. Indlela: Imisela eyona ndlela ilungileyo yeepakethi zedatha ukufikelela kwindawo eziya kuyo.
3. Ukwahlulahlula: Ukwahlulahlula iipakethi ezinkulu zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci ukuba kuyimfuneko ukusasaza.

Iprotocol eyaziwa kakhulu esebenza kolu maleko yi IP (Internet Protocol). IPv4 kunye ne IPv6 zezona nguqulelo zixhaphakileyo zale protocol.

Umaleko wekhonkco ledatha

Olu luhlu lunoxanduva lokudluliselwa okuthembekileyo kwedatha phakathi kwezixhobo ezibini eziqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo. Imisebenzi yayo ephambili yile:

1. Ukusakhelo: Ulungelelanisa amasuntswana umaleko abe ziiyunithi ezinengqiqo ezibizwa ngokuba ngezakhelo.
2. Idilesi yendawo: Isebenzisa iidilesi ze-MAC ukuchonga izixhobo kwinethiwekhi yendawo.
3. Ulawulo lwemposiso: Ifumanisa kwaye ilungise iimpazamo ezinokuthi zenzeke kumaleko womzimba.
4. Ulawulo lokuqukuqela: Iqinisekisa ukuba isixhobo esinye asithumeli idatha ngokukhawuleza kunokuba esinye sinokuyiqhuba.

Imizekelo yeprothokholi kolu maleko iquka i-Ethernet yothungelwano oluneengcingo kunye ne-Wi-Fi yeenethiwekhi ezingenazingcingo.

Umaleko woMzimba

Umaleko womzimba ngowona maleko usezantsi kwimodeli ye-OSI kwaye ujongana nokusasazwa kwamasuntswana ngaphezulu kwendawo ebonakalayo. Uxanduva lwabo lubandakanya:

1. Inkcazo yeempawu ezibonakalayo ze-transmission medium (ikhebula, i-fiber optical, umoya weenethiwekhi ezingenazintambo).
2. Inkcazo yeempawu zombane zothumelo (ii-voltages, ii-bit rates).
3. Inkcazo yeempawu zemishini yezixhumi kunye neentambo.

Olu luhlu alujongani nentsingiselo yedatha, kuphela ukuhanjiswa kwayo ngokomzimba.

Ezi maleko zithathu zingezantsi zisebenza kunye ukubonelela ngesiseko apho amaleko angaphezulu asebenza kuwo. Umzekelo, xa uthumela i-imeyile, umaleko womnatha umisela indlela eza kuthatha idatha, umaleko wekhonkco ledatha ulungelelanisa idatha kwizakhelo zokuhanjiswa, kwaye umaleko womzimba uguqula idatha ibe yimiqondiso yombane, i-optical, okanye irediyo ukuze idluliselwe ngaphaya kwendawo ebonakalayo.

Kutheni imodeli ye-OSI ibalulekile ekuqondeni nasekuyileni uthungelwano lwekhompyuter?

Imodeli ye-OSI idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwihlabathi lothungelwano lwekhompyutha, kwaye ukubaluleka kwayo akunakujongelwa phantsi. Apha ndicacisa ukuba kutheni le modeli isisiseko:

1. Ukubekwa emgangathweniImodeli ye-OSI ibonelela ngesakhelo esisemgangathweni soyilo lothungelwano kunye neeprotocol zonxibelelwano. Oku kuququzelela ukusebenzisana phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchwepheshe, ukuvumela izixhobo ezivela kubavelisi abahlukeneyo ukuba banxibelelane omnye nomnye.
2. IimodyuliNgokwahlula inkqubo yonxibelelwano ibe ngamacandelo, imodeli ye-OSI ivumela ukuba uluhlu ngalunye luphuhliswe kwaye luphuculwe ngokuzimeleyo. Oku kuququzelela ukusungulwa kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe obutsha bothungelwano.
3. Ukusombulula ingxakiImodeli ye-OSI ibonelela ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokusombulula iingxaki kwinethiwekhi. Abalawuli bothungelwano banokwahlula iingxaki kwiileya ezithile, ukwenza lula ukuxilongwa kunye nenkqubo yokusombulula.
4. Imfundo kunye nokwakheka:Imodeli ye-OSI isebenza njengesixhobo sokufundisa esigqwesileyo sokuqonda indlela iinethiwekhi zekhompyuter ezisebenza ngayo. Ibonelela ngesakhelo sengqiqo esinceda abafundi kunye neengcali ziqonde iinkqubo ezinzima ezibandakanyekayo kunxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi.
5. Uyilo lweprothokholi:Nangona iiprothokholi zanamhlanje zingayilandeli ngokungqongqo imodeli yeOSI, iikhonsepthi zayo ziyaqhubeka nokuphembelela uyilo lweprothokholi ezintsha zothungelwano kunye nobuchwepheshe.
6. UkutsalaImodeli ye-OSI ibonelela ngokutsalwa okuluncedo kweenkqubo zothungelwano ezintsonkothileyo, okwenza kube lula ukuqonda kunye nokuyila iinkqubo zenethiwekhi.
7. Ukuzinza: Imodeli ye-OSI ivumela ukuziphendukela kwezobuchwepheshe ngokuzimeleyo kwinqanaba ngalinye. Umzekelo, sinokutshintsha ukusuka kwi-Ethernet ukuya kwi-fiber optics kumaleko womzimba ngaphandle kokuchaphazela iileya eziphezulu.

Isishwankathelo, imodeli ye-OSI isisiseko kuba ibonelela ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo kunye nesakhelo sengqikelelo yokuqonda, ukuyila, kunye nokulungisa iingxaki kwiinethiwekhi zekhompyuter. Ulwakhiwo lwayo olucwangcisiweyo luvumela ukuba sijongane nobunzima bothungelwano ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo necwangcisiweyo, siququzelela zombini uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nolawulo lweenethiwekhi ezikhoyo.

I-OSI Model Use Cases kwi-Network Troubleshooting

Imodeli ye-OSI ayisosixhobo nje sethiyori; ineenkqubo ezibalulekileyo zokulungisa iingxaki kwinethiwekhi. Makhe sijonge iimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa:

1. Imiba yoqhagamshelwano olusisiseko: Ukuba isixhobo asikwazi ukuqhagamshelwa kuthungelwano, igcisa liza kuqala kumaleko abonakalayo (Uluhlu loku-1). Ngaba zonke iintambo ziqhagamshelwe kakuhle? Ngaba kukho ukukhanya kwiizibuko ze-Ethernet? Ukuba yonke into ilungile kumaleko womzimba, uya kufudukela kuluhlu lwekhonkco lwedatha (Uluhlu 2) ukujonga iingxaki ngeedilesi ze-MAC okanye utshintshe uqwalaselo.
2. Iingxaki zokufikelela kwi-Intanethi: Ukuba isixhobo sinokuqhagamshela kwinethiwekhi yendawo kodwa hayi kwi-Intanethi, ingxaki mhlawumbi ikumaleko wothungelwano (Uluhlu 3). Igcisa liza kujonga useto lwe-IP, isango elingagqibekanga, kunye noseto lwe-DNS.
3. Iingxaki ezithile zesicelo: Ukuba umsebenzisi unokukhangela iwebhu kodwa akakwazi ukuthumela i-imeyile, ingxaki mhlawumbi ikwimigangatho ephezulu (5-7). Igcisa liza kukhangela izicwangciso zomxhasi we-imeyile kunye namazibuko asetyenziswa yi-SMTP protocol.
4. Imiba yokusebenza:Ukuba inethwekhi iyacotha, igcisa lingajonga umaleko ngamnye. Ngaba kukho ukuxinana kumaleko womzimba? Ngaba kukho ukungqubana okugqithisileyo kumaleko wekhonkco ledatha? Ngaba kukho imiba yendlela kumaleko wothungelwano? Ngaba ulawulo lokuhamba kuluhlu lwezothutho lusebenza ngokuchanekileyo?
5. Imiba yezokhuseleko: Ukuba uhlaselo lwenethiwekhi luyakrokrelwa, imodeli ye-OSI inokunceda ukuchonga ukuba uhlaselo lwenzeka kweliphi na umaleko. Ngokomzekelo, ukuhlaselwa kwenkonzo (DoS) kunokuthi kwenzeke kwi-network layer, ngelixa uhlaselo lwe-phishing luya kusebenza kuluhlu lwesicelo.
6. Ukuphunyezwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha: Xa uphunyezwa iteknoloji entsha, njengeVoIP, imodeli ye-OSI ikunceda ukuba uqonde indlela le teknoloji isebenzisana ngayo neenkqubo ezikhoyo kwinqanaba ngalinye.
7. Ukulungisa ingxaki kwinkomfa yevidiyo:Ukuba kukho iingxaki ngenkomfa yevidiyo, igcisa linokuhlola umaleko womnatha wemiba ye-bandwidth, umaleko wezothutho wemiba ye-latency, kunye neseshoni kunye neengqimba zesicelo kwimiba ethile kwisicelo senkomfa yevidiyo.

Ezi meko zokusetyenziswa zibonisa indlela imodeli ye-OSI ibonelela ngayo ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokucombulula iingxaki kwinethiwekhi. Ngokuphula inkqubo yonxibelelwano ibe ngamacandelo, amagcisa angakwazi ukuhlukanisa kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ngokufanelekileyo, ukugcina ixesha kunye nezixhobo.

Imodeli ye-OSI vs. I-TCP / IP: Ukufana, ukungafani kunye nokubaluleka kwangoku

Nangona imodeli ye-OSI ibalulekile ekuqondeni uthungelwano lwekhompyutheni, ekusebenzeni ezininzi iinethiwekhi zanamhlanje zisekelwe kwimodeli ye-TCP / IP. Makhe sithelekise le mifuziselo mibini:

Ukufana:

1. Zombini ziyimodeli yereferensi echaza indlela idatha ekufuneka ihambe ngayo kwinethiwekhi.
2. Zombini zahlula unxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi ngokwemigangatho.
3. Zombini zichaza imigangatho yonxibelelwano phakathi kwezixhobo.

Ukungafani:

1. Inani leeleya: Imodeli ye-OSI inemigangatho ye-7, ngelixa imodeli ye-TCP / IP inemigangatho emi-4.
2. Gxi ninisa:Imodeli ye-OSI yeyona ithiyori kwaye isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuqonda inethiwekhi. Imodeli ye-TCP/IP isebenziseka ngakumbi kwaye isetyenziswa ekuphunyezweni kwangempela kwenethiwekhi.
3. UkuzinzaImodeli ye-OSI ingqongqo ngakumbi kwinkcazo yayo yokuba yeyiphi imisebenzi eyeyomaleko ngamnye. Imodeli ye-TCP / IP iguquguquka ngakumbi.
4. Phuhliso:Imodeli ye-OSI yaphuhliswa ngaphambi kokuba iiprothokholi ziphunyezwe, ngelixa i-TCP / IP yaphuhliswa emva kokuba iiprotocol sele zisetyenziswa.

Ukufaneleka kwangoku: Nangona i-TCP/IP yeyona modeli isetyenziswa kakhulu ekusebenzeni, imodeli ye-OSI ihlala ifanelekile ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi:

1. Isixhobo semfundo: Imodeli ye-OSI ibonelela ngesakhelo esineenkcukacha ngakumbi sokuqonda iinkqubo zenethiwekhi.
2. Ukusombulula ingxakiI-7-layer structure ye-OSI imodeli inika indlela ye-granular yokuxilonga iingxaki zenethiwekhi.
3. Ukuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha:Iingcinga zemodeli ye-OSI ziyaqhubeka nokuphembelela uyilo lweprotocol ezintsha zenethiwekhi kunye nobuchwepheshe.
4. Umgangatho wonxibelelwano: Imodeli ye-OSI inikezela ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo lokuxoxa ngemisebenzi yenethiwekhi phakathi kweengcali ze-IT.

Isishwankathelo, nangona i-TCP / IP ingumgangatho we-de facto wokuphunyezwa kwenethiwekhi, imodeli ye-OSI ihlala isisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokuqonda, ukuyila, kunye nokulungisa iingxaki kwiinethiwekhi zekhompyutha. Iingcali ze-IT zihlala zisebenzisa iikhonsepthi kuzo zombini iimodeli kumsebenzi wazo wemihla ngemihla.

Ukuzivelela kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemodeli ye-OSI ngexesha le-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT)

I-Intanethi yezinto (IoT) izise imingeni emitsha kunye namathuba othungelwano lwekhompyuter. Nangona imodeli ye-OSI yaphuhliswa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-IoT, imigaqo yayo isasebenza kwaye ilungiswa kule paradigm entsha. Makhe sibone ukuba njani:

1. Umaleko woMzimbaNge-IoT, i-layer ye-physical layer iye yanda ukuze ibandakanye iintlobo zeendaba zonxibelelwano ezintsha, ezifana neBluetooth Low Energy (BLE), i-Zigbee, kunye ne-LoRaWAN, ezilungele kangcono izixhobo zokuxinzelela amandla.
2. Umaleko wekhonkco ledatha: Iiprothokholi kulo maleko zilungelelaniselwe ukuphatha unxibelelwano phakathi kwezixhobo ze-IoT ezinokuthi zibe nezixhobo ezinqongopheleyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-protocol ye-6LoWPAN yenza ukuba kusetyenziswe i-IPv6 kuthungelwano lwe-sensor yamandla aphantsi.
3. Ileya yeNethiwekhi: Ngokwanda kwezixhobo ze-IoT, ukuncipha kwedilesi ye-IPv4 kuye kwakhawuleza, kuqhuba ukwamkelwa kwe-IPv6. Ukongeza, iiprothokholi ezithile zendlela ziye zaphuhliswa kuthungelwano lwe-IoT sensor.
4. Uluhlu lwezoThutho: Iiprothokholi ezintsha ezifana ne-MQTT kunye ne-CoAP ziye zaphuhliswa, ezikhaphukhaphu kune-TCP kwaye zifaneleke ngakumbi kwizixhobo ze-IoT ezinobuncwane.
5. Iseshini kunye noMaleko weNgcacisoKwiinkqubo ezininzi ze-IoT, ezi zingqimba zidityanisiwe kunye nomaleko wesicelo ukwenza lula istaki seprotocol.
6. Uluhlu lweSicelo: Iiprothokholi ezintsha ze-IoT ezichanekileyo ziye zavela, ezifana ne-MQTT-SN kunye ne-LwM2M, ezenzelwe ukuba zibe yi-bandwidth kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla.

Ukongeza, imodeli ye-OSI ihlengahlengiswa ukujongana nemingeni emitsha kwi-IoT:

• Khu selekoNgezigidi zezixhobo eziqhagamshelweyo, ukhuseleko sele lubalulekile. Izisombululo ezitsha zokhuseleko ezithatha iileya ezininzi zemodeli ye-OSI ziyaphuhliswa ukukhusela izixhobo ze-IoT kunye nedatha.

• Ukwahluka:Imodeli ye-OSI ilungiselelwe ukuphatha isikali esikhulu sothungelwano lwe-IoT, olunokubandakanya amawaka okanye izigidi zezixhobo.
• Ukusebenza kwamandla: Iiprothokholi ezintsha kunye nobuchule ziyaphuhliswa kwiileya ezahlukeneyo zemodeli ye-OSI ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwezixhobo ze-IoT, ezihlala zisebenza ngebhetri.
• Edge Computing: Ukulungiswa kwedatha kumda womnatha (kufuphi nalapho idatha iveliswa khona) ifumana ukubaluleka kwi-IoT. Oku kukhokelela ekuchazeni kwakhona indlela iileya ze-OSI imodeli ehanjiswa ngayo kuzo zonke izixhobo kunye neziseko zothungelwano.
• Ukungasebenzi: Imodeli ye-OSI isetyenziswa njengesiseko sokuphuhlisa imigangatho eyenza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqonga e-IoT ahlukeneyo kunye ne-ecosystems.

Ngaphandle kolu tshintsho, imigaqo esisiseko yemodeli ye-OSI ihlala ifanelekile. Ulwakhiwo olunamaleko luyaqhubeka nokubonelela ngesakhelo esixabisekileyo sokuqonda kunye nokuyila iinkqubo ze-IoT ezinzima. Ukongeza, indlela yemodyuli yemodeli ye-OSI ivumela ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kumanqanaba athile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuyila ngokutsha inkqubo yonke, ebaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi elivela ngokukhawuleza le-IoT.

Ukuqukumbela, nangona i-IoT itshintsha indlela esicinga ngayo ngamanethiwekhi, imodeli ye-OSI ihlala isisixhobo esisisiseko. Iyaziqhelanisa kwaye iyaphuhla ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno zeli xesha litsha, kwakhona ingqina ixabiso layo elihlala lihleli kwicandelo lothungelwano lwekhompyutha.

Umzekelo we-OSI: Ilifa eliGqibeleleyo kubuNjineli beNethiwekhi

Kulo lonke eli nqaku, sihlolisise imodeli ye-OSI nzulu, ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo ukuya kwisicelo sayo kuthungelwano lwanamhlanje kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwayo kwi-Intanethi yeZinto. Kucacile ukuba nangona kukho utshintsho olukhulu oluye lwenziwa itekhnoloji yenethiwekhi ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo, imodeli ye-OSI ihlala ilitye lembombo ekuqondeni nasekuyilweni kweenethiwekhi zekhompyutha.

Imodeli ye-OSI ibonakalise ukuba ingaphezulu nje kwesakhelo sethiyori. Sisixhobo esisebenzayo esiqhubelekayo ukubumba indlela esiyila ngayo, esisalela ngayo, kunye nokusombulula iingxaki zothungelwano. Ulwakhiwo lwayo olunamaleko lubonelela ngendlela yemodyuli eye yavumela ukuqhubekeka kokutsha kubuchwephesha bothungelwano ngelixa igcina isiseko esiqinileyo nesihambelanayo.

Ukususela kumfundi othatha amanyathelo akhe okuqala kwihlabathi lothungelwano ukuya kwinjineli enamava eyila iinkqubo ezinzima, imodeli ye-OSI ibonelela ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo kunye nesakhelo sokucinga esenza kube lula ukuqonda kunye nokunxibelelana ngeekhonsepthi zenethiwekhi ezinzima.

Ukujonga phambili, kuyacaca ukuba imodeli ye-OSI iya kuqhubeka ifanelekile. Njengoko sisiya kwihlabathi eliya liqhagamshelene, kunye ne-Intanethi yeZinto, i-computing yefu, kunye neenethiwekhi ze-5G nangaphezulu, imigaqo esisiseko yemodeli ye-OSI iya kuqhubeka nokukhokela uphuhliso kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kobu buchwepheshe.

Ngamafutshane, imodeli ye-OSI ingaphezulu kwento eyenziwe yimbali. Bubungqina bombono kunye nokucinga kwexesha elide kuyilo lweenkqubo. Ikhono layo lokuziqhelanisa kunye nokuhlala lifanelekile kumhlaba wezobuchwepheshe ovela ngokukhawuleza bubungqina boyilo lwayo olomeleleyo noluguquguqukayo.

Kubasebenzi bonxibelelwano kunye nabathandi betekhnoloji ngokufanayo, imodeli ye-OSI ihlala isisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokuqonda, ukuyila, kunye nokuphucula uthungelwano lwekhompyuter. Ilifa lakhe liyaqhubeka, kwaye impembelelo yakhe iya kuqhubeka nokubumba ikamva lonxibelelwano lwedijithali kwiminyaka ezayo.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo malunga nemodeli ye-OSI kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuthungelwano

Zeziphi iileya ezisi-7 zemodeli ye-OSI? Iileyile ezisi-7 zemodeli ye-OSI, ngokwehlayo, zezi: Isicelo, iNgxelo, iSeshini, iThutho, iNethiwekhi, iDatha yeDatha, kunye nePhysical. Umaleko ngamnye unemisebenzi ethile esebenza kunye ukuququzelela unxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi.

Kutheni imodeli yeOSI ibalulekile kuthungelwano lwekhompyuter? Imodeli ye-OSI ibalulekile kuba ibonelela ngesakhelo esisemgangathweni sokuqonda kunye nokuyila uthungelwano. Iququzelela ukusebenzisana phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, yenza lula ukulungisa iingxaki, kwaye isebenza njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokufundisa ukuqonda iinkqubo zonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi.

Ingaba imodeli yeOSI inxulumana njani nemodeli yeTCP/IP? Nangona imodeli ye-OSI inemigangatho ye-7 kunye ne-TCP / IP ine-4, zombini ichaza indlela idatha kufuneka ihambe ngayo kwinethiwekhi. Imodeli ye-OSI ingaphezulu kwethiyori kwaye ineenkcukacha, ngelixa i-TCP / IP iyasebenza kwaye iphunyezwe ngokubanzi kwiinethiwekhi zangempela.

Inceda njani imodeli yeOSI ekuxazululeni iingxaki kwinethiwekhi? Imodeli ye-OSI ivumela amagcisa ukuba ahlukanise iingxaki kwiileya ezithile zenethiwekhi. Umzekelo, ukuba kukho umba woqhagamshelo, banokuqala ngokujonga umaleko womzimba kwaye emva koko basebenze ngendlela yabo ukuya kumaleko bade bachonge kwaye basombulule ingxaki.

Ngaba imodeli ye-OSI isasebenza kwixesha le-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT)? Ewe, imodeli ye-OSI isasebenza kwixesha le-IoT. Nangona iiprothokholi ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe ziphuhliswa kwi-IoT, imigaqo esisiseko ye-OSI imodeli iyaqhubeka nokukhokela ukuyila kunye nokuphunyezwa kwezi zisombululo zitsha.

Zeziphi iintlobo zenethiwekhi zekhompyuter kwaye zinxulumana njani nemodeli yeOSI? Kukho iindidi ezininzi zothungelwano lwekhompyutha, njenge-LAN, WAN, MAN, kunye nePAN. Imodeli ye-OSI isebenza kuzo zonke ezi ntlobo zothungelwano, ukubonelela ngesakhelo esiqhelekileyo sokuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo, kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani babo okanye ububanzi.

Ingaba imodeli yeOSI isetyenziswa njani kukhuseleko lwenethiwekhi? Imodeli ye-OSI isetyenziswa kukhuseleko lwenethiwekhi ukuchonga kunye nokujongana nobuthathaka kwinqanaba ngalinye. Umzekelo, ukhuseleko lomaleko wesicelo unokubandakanya uqinisekiso lomsebenzisi, ngelixa ukhuseleko lomaleko wothungelwano lunokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kodonga lomlilo.

Siyathemba ukuba le FAQ incede ukucacisa amanqaku athile aphambili malunga nemodeli ye-OSI kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiinethiwekhi zanamhlanje zekhompyuter.

Isiphelo: Yintoni i-OSI Model kwaye kutheni ibalulekile kuthungelwano lwekhompyuter?

Ukuqukumbela, imodeli ye-OSI ihlala isisixhobo esisisiseko kwihlabathi lothungelwano lwekhompyuter. Ulwakhiwo lwayo olunamaleko lubonelela ngesakhelo esixabisekileyo sokuqonda, ukuyila, kunye nokulungisa iingxaki kwiinethiwekhi zazo zonke iindidi. Nangona ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nokuvela kweeparadigms ezintsha ezifana ne-Intanethi yeZinto, imigaqo ye-OSI imodeli iyaqhubeka ifanelekile kwaye iguquguquke.

Njengabasebenzi be-IT, abafundi, okanye abathanda iteknoloji, ukuqonda imodeli ye-OSI kusivumela ukuba sibe nombono ocacileyo kunye nolungelelwaniso lwendlela uthungelwano lwekhompyutha lusebenza ngayo. Isinika ulwimi olufanayo lokuxoxa ngeekhonsepthi zothungelwano kunye nesiseko esiluqilima sokwakhela kuso ulwazi nezakhono zethu kulo mmandla usoloko uvela.

Njengoko sisiya kwikamva eliqhagamshelene ngakumbi, imodeli ye-OSI iya kuqhubeka isisikhokelo esixabisekileyo, isinceda sijonge ubunzima bothungelwano lwangoku kwaye siphuhlise izisombululo zonxibelelwano lwangomso.