I-10 Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo Nge-Biography ka-Isaac Newton

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Umlando ka-Isaac Newton uwukulandisa okuthakazelisayo okuhlanganisa okungaphezu kwemibono yakhe edumile yesayensi. Lesi sihloko sizokuhambisa empilweni yomunye wososayensi abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni, kusukela ekuqaleni kwakhe okuthobekile kuya ekukhuphukeni kwakhe njengomuntu obalulekile kuNguquko Yezesayensi. Sizohlangana nomuntu olawula imithetho yokunyakaza namandla adonsela phansi endaweni yonke, sihlola izimpumelelo zakhe, izinselele kanye nomongo womlando owalolonga ingqondo yakhe emangalisayo.

Isaac Newton Biography

U-Isaac Newton wazalwa ngo-December 25, 1642 eWoolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, eLincolnshire, eNgilandi. Impilo yakhe yayiphawuleka ngelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi kanye nekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuhlakanipha okwamholela ekutholeni izinto ezibalulekile ku-physics, mathematics kanye ne-astronomy.

UNewton wakhulela epulazini, indodana yomlimi ocebile owashona ngaphambi kokuba azalwe. Ukukhula kwakhe kwakungelula: unina waphinde washada lapho eneminyaka emithathu ubudala, wamshiya ngaphansi kokunakekela kukagogo wakhe. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwasekuqaleni kokulahlwa mhlawumbe kube nomthelela ekusunguleni isimilo sakhe esingenalwazi kanye nokuthambekela kwakhe ekusebenzeni yedwa.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele zokuqala, u-Isaac osemusha wazibonakalisa engumfundi okhaliphile. Wangena eTrinity College, eCambridge ngo-1661, lapho aqala khona ukuthuthukisa imibono yakhe yoguquko. Kwakuphakathi neminyaka yakhe eseCambridge lapho uNewton abeka khona izisekelo zemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu, kuhlanganise nezifundo zakhe zokukhanya, ukuthuthukiswa kwezibalo, kanye nemibono yakhe yokuqala mayelana namandla adonsela phansi.

Umsebenzi kaNewton waqala ngempela ngo-1687 ngokushicilelwa kwe-magnum opus yakhe, i-Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Le ncwadi yashintsha unomphela ukuqonda kwethu ngendawo yonke, yamisa imithetho yokunyakaza kanye nomthetho wamandla adonsela phansi wendawo yonke. Lokhu okutholakele akuchazanga nje kuphela ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi nezinto eziseMhlabeni, kodwa futhi kuhlangene i-physics yasemhlabeni neyesibhakabhaka okokuqala ngqa emlandweni.

Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, uNewton wayenezikhundla eziphakeme kakhulu, kuhlanganise noProfesa waseLucasian eCambridge kanye noMongameli weRoyal Society. Ubuye wasebenza njengomqondisi weMint, lapho alwa khona ngamandla nokwenziwa komgunyathi.

UNewton washona ngo-March 20, 1727, eshiya ifa lesayensi elingenakuqhathaniswa elisaqhubeka lithonya isayensi yanamuhla. Impilo nomsebenzi Wakhe kuwubufakazi bamandla obuhlakani bomuntu kanye nokubaluleka kwelukuluku nokubekezela ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi.

Iminyaka Yokuqala: Ukuzalwa Kwengcweti

Ngo-December 25, 1642, phakathi neMpi Yombango YamaNgisi, u-Isaac Newton wazalelwa edolobhaneni laseWoolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth. Ukufika kwakhe emhlabeni kwakungakabi yisikhathi, futhi akekho owayengacabanga ukuthi lolu sana oluntekenteke lungaba omunye wososayensi abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni.

U-Isaka wazalelwa emkhayeni omi kahle wabalimi, kodwa uyise, okuthiwa u-Isaka, washona ezinyangeni ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba azalwe. Leli qiniso laphawuleka ngokujulile ebuntwaneni bakhe. Unina, u-Hannah Ayscough, waphinde washada lapho u-Isaka omncane eseneminyaka emithathu ubudala, emshiya enakekelwa ugogo wakhe ozala umama.

Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala kokulahlwa kwaba nomthelela omkhulu kubuntu bukaNewton. Wakhula njengengane enesizungu futhi engenabantu, kodwa enelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi ngezwe elimzungezile. Kusukela esemncane, wabonisa ikhono eliyingqayizivele lokubuka kanye nokwakhiwa kwamamodeli emishini.

Esikoleni sendawo, uNewton akazange aqale avelele njengomfundi okhaliphile. Nokho, umalume wakhe ozala unina, umfundisi ofunde eCambridge, waqaphela ikhono lika-Isaac osemncane futhi wamkhuthaza ukuba azilungiselele ukuya enyuvesi. Lokhu kusekelwa kubonakale kubalulekile ekusaseni lesayensi.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-18, uNewton wangena eTrinity College, eCambridge. Lapho, wathola indawo yokuhlakanipha eshukumisayo eyamvumela ukuba athuthukise amakhono akhe angavamile. Nakuba aqale wabhalisela ukwenza izifundo zomthetho, ngokushesha wakhangwa izibalo nefilosofi yemvelo (lokho esingakubiza ngokuthi i-physics namuhla).

Phakathi neminyaka yakhe eCambridge, uNewton waqala ukuthuthukisa imibono yakhe yokuguqula izinto . Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho abeka khona isisekelo somsebenzi wakhe ngokubala okulula, okuncane kakhulu, kanye namandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, kwakuyisenzakalo esingalindelekile esamnika ithuba lokuzicwilisa ngokugcwele ocwaningweni lwakhe: iGreat Plague ka-1665–1666.

Inyuvesi yavala iminyango yayo ngenxa yalolu bhubhane, futhi uNewton wabuyela eWoolsthorpe. Le minyaka emibili, eyaziwa ngokuthi “iminyaka yezimangaliso,” yayikhiqiza ngendlela emangalisayo. Kude neziphazamiso zempilo yasenyuvesi, u-Isaac osemncane wazinikela ngokujulile ezifundweni zakhe nasekucwaningeni.

Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho, ngokusho kwe-anecdote edumile, u-Newton wabona i-apula liwela ensimini yomndeni, okwamkhuthaza ukuba acabange ngesimo samandla adonsela phansi. Nakuba le ndaba cishe iyinganekwane kuneqiniso, ibonisa kahle indlela ingqondo kaNewton eyayihlale imatasa ngayo ekwembuleni izimfihlakalo zendawo yonke.

Lapho ebuyela eCambridge ngo-1667, uNewton wayesekulungele ukuguqula umhlaba wesayensi. Iminyaka yakhe yokuqala yayizakhele isimilo nengqondo yengcweti eyayizoshintsha ukuqonda kwethu ngendawo yonke unomphela.

I-Scientific Revolution: Iminikelo kaNewton

Iminikelo ka-Isaac Newton kwisayensi inkulu kakhulu futhi iyisisekelo kangangokuthi kunzima ukugcizelela umthelela wayo. Umsebenzi wakhe awuzange nje uguqule i-physics nezibalo zesikhathi sakhe, kodwa futhi wabeka izisekelo zesayensi yesimanje njengoba siyazi namuhla.

Imithetho yokunyakaza kanye ne-Universal Gravitation

Mhlawumbe igalelo likaNewton elaziwa kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe wokunyakaza namandla adonsela phansi. Encwadini yakhe yobuciko yobuciko, i- Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1687, uNewton wethula imithetho yakhe emithathu yokunyakaza:

1. Umthetho we inertia
2. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla, isisindo kanye nokusheshisa (F = ma)
3. Umthetho wesenzo nokusabela

Le mithetho ebonakala ilula yanikeza incazelo enembile yezibalo yokunyakaza kwezinto, eMhlabeni nasemkhathini.

Kodwa uNewton waqhubeka. Wakha umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni wonke, ochaza indlela yonke imizimba endaweni yonke edonselana ngayo ngamandla alingana nobuningi bayo futhi alingana ngokuphambene nesikwele sebanga eliphakathi kwayo. Lo mthetho awuzange uchaze kuphela ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi azungeze iLanga, kodwa futhi wahlanganisa i-physics yasemhlabeni neyezulu okokuqala emlandweni.

I-Optics kanye nethiyori yombala

UNewton uphinde waba negalelo elibalulekile emkhakheni wezokubona. Ubonise ukuthi ukukhanya okumhlophe kwakhiwe ngayo yonke imibala ye-spectrum ebonakalayo, ukutholakala akuthola ngokudlulisela umsebe wokukhanya ku-prism. Lo msebenzi wabeka isisekelo sokuqonda kwethu kwanamuhla ukukhanya nombala.

Ukwengeza, u-Newton waklama futhi wakha isibonakude sokuqala esisebenzayo esibonisayo, into esunguliwe eyashintsha isayensi yezinkanyezi futhi iseyisisekelo sezibonakude zanamuhla ezinamandla kakhulu.

I-Cálculo Infinitesimal

Kumathematika, u-Newton (kanye no-Gottfried Leibniz) benze i-calculus engapheli. Leli thuluzi lezibalo elinamandla lavumela ososayensi ukuba bachaze futhi bahlaziye ushintsho oluqhubekayo, okuthile okuyisisekelo ku-physics nakwezinye isayensi. I-calculus ka-Newton yayihlanganisa imiqondo efana nokuphuma kokunye nokuhlanganisayo, okuhlala kuyizinsika zezibalo ezithuthukisiwe.

Indlela yesayensi

Nakuba ingabonakali kangako kuneminye iminikelo yakhe, indlela kaNewton yophenyo lwesayensi yayinenguquko ngokufanayo. Ugcizelele ukubaluleka kokuhlola nokubhekisisa ngokucophelela, okuhlanganiswe nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo okuqinile. Le ndlela yabeka isisekelo sendlela yesimanje yesayensi.

Ifa Elihlala Njalo

Iminikelo kaNewton yayibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi yabusa imibono yesayensi amakhulu eminyaka. Umsebenzi wakhe unikeze uhlaka lwethiyori olwavumela izizukulwane zososayensi ukuba ziqonde futhi zibikezele izinhlobonhlobo zezenzakalo zemvelo.

Ngisho nanamuhla, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kuka-300, izinkolelo-mbono zikaNewton ziseyisisekelo se-physics yasendulo futhi zisetshenziswa ezintweni eziningi ezingokoqobo, kusukela kwezobunjiniyela kuya ekuhloleni umkhathi.

Inguquko Yesayensi eyaqalwa nguNewton yaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi yanamuhla kwesayensi . Ifa lakhe alikho nje kuphela ekutholeni kwakhe okuthile, kodwa futhi nasendleleni ashintshe ngayo ukuqonda kwethu indawo yonke kanye nekhono lethu lokuyichaza ngokwezibalo.

Indoda Engemuva Kwengqondo: Ubuntu bukaNewton

Ngemva kwezinto zakhe ezihlakaniphile azitholile kanye nemibono yezinguquko, u-Isaac Newton wayeyindoda eyinkimbinkimbi futhi evame ukuphikisana. Ubuntu bakhe, obulotshwe okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ekuphileni nokuphishekela kwakhe ulwazi ngokungakhathali, buthakazelisa ngendlela aphumelele ngayo ngokwesayensi.

U-Newton wayaziwa ngokuba umuntu ongenalwazi nokuba yedwa. Wayencamela ukusebenza yedwa, evame ukukhohlwa ukudla noma ukulala lapho egxile ocwaningweni lwakhe. Lokhu kuthambekela kokuzihlukanisa cishe kwaqala kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe, okuphawulwa ngokushiywa unina ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nobuhlobo obukude nosingayise.

Naphezu kobuhlakani bakhe, noma mhlawumbe ngenxa yako, uNewton wayevame ukutholakala njengomuntu ongalondekile futhi ekhathazekile ngokugxekwa. Wayezwela kakhulu kunoma yikuphi ukubuzwa ngomsebenzi wakhe futhi wayengasabela ngokucasuka kulokho ayekubona njengokuhlaselwa kwesithunzi sakhe. Lokhu kungazethembi kwamholela ekubeni ahileleke ezingxabanweni ezimbi nabanye ososayensi, njengokuncintisana kwakhe okudumile noGottfried Leibniz mayelana nokusungulwa kwezibalo.

Kuyaxaka ukuthi uNewton wayaziwa nangokuthobeka kwakhe ezicini ezithile. Amazwi akhe adumile athi, “Uma ngike ngabona okunye yingoba ngimi emahlombe emidondoshiya,” kukhombisa ukuqaphela kwakhe isikweletu ayesikweleta ososayensi abamandulele.

Esinye isici sikaNewton esasingaziwa kangako sasiyisithakazelo esijulile emfundisweni yenkolo ne-alchemy. Wanikela isikhathi sakhe esiningi ezifundweni zeBhayibheli futhi wabhala kakhulu ngokuhunyushwa kweziprofetho. Wabuye wenza ucwaningo oluningi lwe-alchemical, efuna itshe lesazi sefilosofi kanye ne-elixir yokuphila. Lezi zithakazelo, namuhla ezingase zibonakale zingqubuzana nokuqina kwakhe kwesayensi, zaziyingxenye kaNewton yokufuna iqiniso nolwazi.

U-Newton akazange ashade noma abe nezingane, futhi wagcina ubungane abambalwa obuseduze phakathi nokuphila kwakhe. Nokho, ngasekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, waba nobuhlobo bobaba nomshana wakhe uCatherine Barton nomyeni wakhe uJohn Conduitt, ababemnakekela eminyakeni yakhe yakamuva.

Naphezu kobuntu bakhe obuvame ukuba nzima, uNewton wayehlonishwa futhi ethandwa abantu besikhathi sakhe. Ukuqokwa kwakhe njengoMongameli weRoyal Society kanye nokuba yiqhawe okwalandela yiNdlovukazi u-Anne kuwubufakazi bokuhlonishwa akuthola ngesikhathi esaphila.

Ubuntu bukaNewton, nabo bonke ubunkimbinkimbi nokungqubuzana kwabo, busikhumbuza ukuthi ngisho nezihlakaniphi ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, empeleni, zingabantu. Impilo yakhe isikhombisa ukuthi ubukhulu besayensi abuphikisani nemizabalazo yomuntu siqu kanye nezici zobuntu bakhe. Eqinisweni, kungaphikiswana ngokuthi kwakuyinhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yobuhlakani, ukuzimisela kanye nokugqama okwenza u-Newton abe ngusosayensi wezinguquko ayenguye.

Ifa LikaNewton: Ithonya Kusayensi Yesimanje

Umthelela ka-Isaac Newton kwezesayensi ujule kakhulu futhi uhlala njalo kangangokuthi kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi umhlaba wethu ubuyoba njani ngaphandle kweminikelo yakhe. Ifa lakhe lidlulela ngalé kwalokho akutholile, lithonya cishe zonke izici zesayensi yesimanje.

Okokuqala nje, imithetho kaNewton yokuhamba kanye namandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni wonke isalokhu iyisisekelo ku-physics yakudala. Le mithetho ayichazi nje kuphela ukunyakaza kwezinto eziseMhlabeni, kodwa futhi ivumela ososayensi ukuba babikezele ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasemkhathini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-NASA isebenzisa izibalo zikaNewton ukuze ibale imikhondo yemikhumbi-mkhathi.

I-Calculus, eyathuthukiswa ngokuzimela nguNewton noLeibniz, iyithuluzi elibalulekile lezibalo cishe kuzo zonke izigaba zesayensi nobunjiniyela. Kusukela ku-physics kanye ne-chemistry kuya kwezomnotho kanye ne-biology, i-calculus inikeza indlela yokwenza amamodeli nokuhlaziya izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezishintshayo.

Kwezokubona, okutholwe nguNewton mayelana nemvelo yokukhanya nombala kwabeka isisekelo sentuthuko yakamuva emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengokuthwebula izithombe, i-spectroscopy kanye nobuchwepheshe bokubonisa.

Kodwa mhlawumbe ifa likaNewton elibaluleke kakhulu yindlela ashintsha ngayo ukuqonda kwethu indawo yonke. Ngaphambi kukaNewton, izenzakalo zasemhlabeni nezasezulwini zazibhekwa njengezihluke kakhulu. UNewton wabonisa ukuthi imithetho efanayo yendalo iyasebenza kuyo yonke indalo, ngaleyo ndlela ihlanganisa umbono wethu ngendawo yonke.

Indlela yesayensi kaNewton, ehlanganisa ukuqaphela ngokucophelela, ukuhlola, nokuhlaziya izibalo, iseyindinganiso yocwaningo lwesayensi namuhla. Indlela yakhe eqinile nehlelekile yokwembula izimfihlakalo zemvelo yabeka izinga elisha lokuphumelela kwesayensi.

Nakuba i-physics yesimanje idlulele ngale kwemibono kaNewton, ngokuhlobana kuka-Einstein kanye ne-quantum mechanics, imibono kaNewton isalokhu iyisisekelo okwakhelwe kuso lolu lwazi olusha. Eqinisweni, i-Newtonian physics ihlala yanele ngokuphelele ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.

Ifa likaNewton lidlulela nasezikhungweni zesayensi. Ubumongameli bakhe beRoyal Society baphakamisa igama laleso sikhungo futhi babeka isibonelo emiphakathini yesimanje efundile. Umsebenzi wakhe eMint waba nomthelela kuzinqubomgomo zezimali nezezimali.

Ngamafuphi, ifa likaNewton likhona yonke indawo kusayensi yesimanje. Imibono yakhe, izindlela nezindlela zokwenza kuye kwakha ukuqonda kwethu ngendawo yonke futhi iyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela ososayensi nonjiniyela emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba imbongi u-Alexander Pope yasho: “Imvelo nemithetho yayo kufihlwa ebusuku. UNkulunkulu wathi, 'Makube nguNewton!' Futhi konke kwakukhanya. "

I-Curiosities kanye ne-Anecdotes nge-Newton's Life

Impilo ka-Isaac Newton igcwele ama-anecdotes ahehayo kanye nezinto ezithokozisayo ezengeza umbala emfanekisweni wongqondongqondo besayensi. Ezinye zalezi zindaba zaziwa kakhulu, kanti ezinye azaziwa kangako, kodwa zonke zisisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono indoda esungule le mibono.

I-apula elidumile

Mhlawumbe i-anecdote edume kakhulu ngoNewton indaba ye-apula elawa esihlahleni, elimkhuthaza ukuba acabange ngamandla adonsela phansi. Nakuba abaningi bekholelwa ukuthi le ndaba iyinganekwane, empeleni inesisekelo esithile eqinisweni. U-Newton ngokwakhe utshele abangani abambalwa ukuthi ukubona i-apula liwela engadini yomndeni wakubo e-Woolsthorpe kwamholela ekubeni azindle ngokuthi kungani izinto zihlale ziwela emgqeni oqondile zibheke enkabeni yoMhlaba. Nokho, umbono wokuthi i-apula lamshaya ekhanda uyihaba kamuva.

Diamond inja

Kuthiwa uNewton wayenenja okuthiwa nguDiamond ayeyithanda kakhulu. Ngolunye usuku, ngenkathi u-Newton engekho, u-Diamond washayisa ikhandlela, elavutha futhi lacekela phansi iminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi wombhalo wesandla wososayensi. Ngokwenganekwane, uNewton wamane wabubula: “O, Diamond, Diamond, mncane, uyawazi umonakalo owenzile. Le ndaba, nakuba mhlawumbe ingekho eBhayibhelini, iye yasetshenziswa kaningi ukuze kufanekiswe isineke nokuqiniseka kukaNewton.

Umfundi ophakathi

Naphezu kokukhalipha kwakhe kamuva, uNewton wayengeyena umfundi ovelele eminyakeni yakhe yokuqala. Eqinisweni, lapho engena eTrinity College, eCambridge, wakwenza lokho “njengengane encane,” okungukuthi, umfundi okwakudingeka asebenze njengenceku yabanye abafundi abacebile ukuze akhokhele izifundo zakhe. Nokho, ngokushesha wabonisa ukubaluleka kwakhe kwengqondo futhi wagcina ethweswe iziqu.

Usopolitiki omanqikanqika

Ngo-1689, uNewton wakhethwa ukuba amele iNyuvesi yaseCambridge ePhalamende. Nokho, umsebenzi wakhe wezombangazwe wawumfushane futhi ungaphawuleki. Kuthiwa uke wakhuluma kanye ngesikhathi sakhe, lokho bekuwukucela kuvalwe iwindi ngoba bekunogwaja.

I-Mint Detective

Lapho uNewton emiswa njengoMphathi weMint ngo-1696, wawuthatha ngokungathi sína lo msebenzi. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukwenza izinto zomgunyathi kwakuyinkinga enkulu eNgilandi. UNewton uzinikele yena mathupha ekuphishekeleni abakhohlisi, waze wafika emathaveni ecashile ukuze aqoqe imininingwane. Imizamo yakhe yaholela ekuboshweni nasekubulaweni kwabenzi bomgunyathi abambalwa abadume kabi.

I-alchemist eyimfihlo

Nakuba namuhla ekhunjulwa njengomunye wokhokho besayensi yesimanje, uNewton wanikela isikhathi sakhe esiningi namandla ku-alchemy. Wenza izivivinyo eziningi ze-alchemical ngasese, efuna itshe lesazi sefilosofi kanye ne-elixir yokuphila. Lezi zifundo, ezibhekwa njengezingezona ezesayensi namuhla, zaziyingxenye ebalulekile kaNewton ekufuneni kwakhe ulwazi lwendawo yonke.

Ukuncintisana noHooke

UNewton walondoloza umbango onzima noRobert Hooke, omunye usosayensi owayedumile wangaleso sikhathi. Le ngxabano yafinyelela eqophelweni kangangokuba, ngokusho kokunye ukulandisa, uNewton wabambezela ukunyathelisa umsebenzi wakhe womshini wokubona amehlo kwaze kwaba ngemva kokushona kukaHooke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho uNewton eba umongameli weRoyal Society, kuthiwa nguye kuphela owasusa isithombe sikaHooke esaziwayo.

UNewton owayengekho

Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukube uNewton wazalwa ezinyangeni eziyishumi ngaphambili, cishe wayengeke aqanjwe ngokuthi u-Isaka. Uyise, naye ogama lakhe lingu-Isaac, washona ezinyangeni ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba uNewton azalwe. Ukube u-Isaka osemncane wazalwa uyise esaphila, cishe wayeyonikezwa elinye igama ukuze agweme ukudideka.

Lawa ma-anecdotes nama-curiosities asibonisa uhlangothi lomuntu ka-Newton. Zisikhumbuza ukuthi ngisho nezihlakaniphi ezihlakaniphe kakhulu zinezici, ubuthakathaka, kanye nezikhathi zobuntu. Impilo kaNewton, nazo zonke izingqinamba zayo, iyaqhubeka nokuthakazelisa izazi-mlando nososayensi ngokufanayo, yengeza ukujula ekuqondeni kwethu omunye wongqondongqondo onethonya elikhulu emlandweni.

I-Newton's Masterpieces: Uhambo Ngezincwadi Zakhe Ezibaluleke Kakhulu

Umsebenzi ka-Isaac Newton wesayensi wakhiqiza ezinye zezincwadi ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni wesayensi. Lezi zincwadi azizange ziguqule nje ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba obonakalayo, kodwa futhi zabeka izindinganiso ezintsha zocwaningo lwesayensi. Ake sihlole imisebenzi ka-Newton ephawuleka kakhulu nomthelela wayo ohlala njalo.

I-Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)

Ngokungangabazeki umsebenzi kaNewton owaziwa kakhulu futhi onethonya uthi "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Izimiso Zezibalo Zefilosofi Yemvelo), eyaziwa ngokuthi "Principia". Yanyatheliswa ngo-1687, lo msebenzi oyisikhumbuzo wabeka izisekelo zemishini yakudala.

Ku-"Principia," u-Newton wethule imithetho yakhe emithathu yokunyakaza kanye nomthetho wamandla adonsela phansi wendawo yonke. Le mithetho yanikeza incazelo enembile yezibalo yokunyakaza kwezinto, eMhlabeni nasemkhathini. Lo msebenzi wawuhlanganisa nokwakhiwa kwezibalo kwemithetho kaKepler yokunyakaza kweplanethi.

Ukubaluleka kwe-"Principia" angeke kugcizelelwe. Akugcinanga nje ngokuhlanganisa i-physics yasemhlabeni neyesibhakabhaka, futhi yanikeza uhlaka lwezibalo lokuchaza cishe zonke izenzakalo zemishini ezaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Umsebenzi usalokhu uyisisekelo ku-physics yakudala futhi abaningi bawubheka njengencwadi yesayensi ebaluleke kakhulu eyake yabhalwa.

I-Optics (1704)

Incwadi yesibili enkulu kaNewton ethi, “Optics,” yanyatheliswa ngo-1704. Kule ncwadi, uNewton wethula lokho akutholile mayelana nemvelo yokukhanya nombala. Wachaza ukuhlola kwakhe ngamaprism, ebonisa ukuthi ukukhanya okumhlophe kwakhiwe ngayo yonke imibala ye-spectrum ebonakalayo.

I-"Opticks" iphinde ibe nencazelo yesibonakude sokuqala esisebenzayo, esasungulwa ngu-Newton. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ncwadi iqukethe ukuqagela mayelana nemvelo ye-corpuscular yokukhanya, umqondo wokuthi, nakuba ungalungile ngokuphelele, wawubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwakamuva kwe-quantum theory.

Ngokungafani ne-Principia, eyayibhalwe ngesiLatini futhi igcwele izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-Opticks yayibhalwe ngesiNgisi futhi yayifinyeleleka kalula kubabukeli abaningi. Lokhu kwasiza ekwenzeni imibono kaNewton yaziwe futhi kwasungula idumela lakhe njengomunye wososayensi ababaluleke kakhulu besikhathi sakhe.

Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo zetemu zezinombolo ezingapheli (1711)

Nakuba ungaziwa kakhulu kune-Principia ne-Opticks, lo msebenzi ubalulekile emlandweni wezibalo. Kuyo, u-Newton wethula umsebenzi wakhe wokubala okungapheli, okuhlanganisa nezindlela zokuthola izindawo ezingaphansi kwamajika nokubala ama-tangent kuya kumajika.

Nakuba lo msebenzi wabhalwa kudala kakhulu, awuzange ushicilelwe kwaze kwaba ngu-1711. Ukubambezeleka kokushicilelwa kwaholela empikiswaneni ebuhlungu noGottfried Leibniz ngokuthi ubani owasungula i-calculus kuqala. Namuhla, kuyaqashelwa ukuthi bobabili bathuthukise i-calculus ngokuzimela.

I-Methodus fluxion et serierum infinitarum (1736)

Lo msebenzi, owashicilelwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe, unikeze incazelo ephelele kakhulu yendlela kaNewton yokuguquguquka, inguqulo yakhe ye-calculus. Nakuba umsebenzi kaLeibniz ekugcineni waba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni okulandelayo kwe-calculus, indlela kaNewton isabalulekile emlandweni wezibalo.

Eminye imisebenzi nemibhalo yesandla

Ngaphezu kwalezi zincwadi ezinkulu, uNewton wabhala kabanzi ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nemfundiso yenkolo ne-alchemy. Eminingi yale mibhalo ayizange ishicilelwe ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe futhi eminye ayizange ingaziwa kwaze kwaba yilapho eseshonile.

Ngokwesibonelo, ethi “Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended” (1728) kanye nethi “Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John” (1733) zanyatheliswa ngemva kokufa futhi zembula isithakazelo esijulile sikaNewton emlandweni nasemfundisweni yenkolo.

Imisebenzi kaNewton ayizange nje iguqule isayensi yesikhathi sakhe, kodwa yahlala iyisisekelo se-physics nezibalo amakhulu eminyaka. Ngisho nanamuhla, lapho isayensi yemvelo yesimanje isidlulele ngale kwemibono kaNewton, imisebenzi yakhe isaqhubeka icwaningwa futhi ithakaselwa ngenxa yokuqina kwayo, ukucaca kanye namandla ayo okuchaza. Ifa lalezi zincwadi liwubufakazi bobuhlakani bukaNewton nomthelela wakhe ohlala njalo emlandweni wesayensi.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Nge-Biography ka-Isaac Newton

1. Wazalwa nini futhi kuphi u-Isaac Newton?

U-Isaac Newton wazalwa ngo-December 25, 1642 (ikhalenda likaJulian, elihambisana no-January 4, 1643 ekhalendeni lamanje likaGregory) eWoolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, eLincolnshire, eNgilandi. Wazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi, ngokusho kokulandisa, wayemncane kangangokuthi wayengangena kujeke.

2. Yimiphi imithetho emithathu kaNewton yokunyakaza?

Imithetho emithathu kaNewton yokunyakaza yile:

1. Umthetho Wokuqala (Law of inertia): Into ihlala iphumule noma inyakaza ngendlela efanayo emgqeni oqondile ngaphandle uma kwenziwa amandla angaphandle.
2. Umthetho wesibili: Ukusheshisa kwento kuhambisana ngokuqondile namandla engqikithi asebenza kuyo futhi ngokuphambene ngokulingana nesisindo sayo (F = ma).
3. Umthetho wesithathu: Kuso sonke isenzo kukhona ukusabela okulinganayo nokuphambene.

3. Uyini umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi endaweni yonke?

Umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi endaweni yonke uthi yonke inhlayiya endaweni yonke idonsa zonke ezinye izinhlayiya ngamandla alingana nomkhiqizo wobuningi bazo futhi ngokuphambene ngokulinganayo nesikwele sebanga eliphakathi kwezikhungo zazo. Ngokwezibalo, ivezwa ngokuthi F = G(m1m2)/r^2, lapho u-F engamandla adonsela phansi, u-G uwukuguquguquka kwendawo yonke, u-m1 kanye no-m2 ubuningi bezinto, futhi u-r ibanga phakathi kwezikhungo zazo.

4. Ingabe ihhabhula lawela ngempela ekhanda likaNewton?

Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi i-apula lawela ngqo ekhanda likaNewton. Nokho, uNewton watshela abangani abambalwa ukuthi ukubona ihhabhula liwela engadini yomndeni wakubo kwamkhuthaza ukuba acabange ngamandla adonsela phansi nokuthi kungani izinto zihlale ziwela emgqeni oqondile maphakathi noMhlaba. Indaba ye-apula elishaya ikhanda lakhe cishe iyihaba kamuva.

5. Imiphi eminye imikhakha, ngaphandle kwe-physics nezibalo, uNewton ayifunda?

Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yakhe edumile ye-physics nezibalo, uNewton wachitha isikhathi esiningi ekutadisheni i-alchemy nemfundiso yenkolo. Wenza izivivinyo eziningi ze-alchemical futhi wabhala kakhulu ekuchazeni iziprofetho zeBhayibheli. Wayenesithakazelo futhi emlandweni wasendulo nokulandelana kwezenzakalo.

6. Kungani uNewton engazange ashade?

Ayikho impendulo eqondile yalo mbuzo. UNewton akakaze ashade noma abe nobudlelwano bothando obaziwayo. Ezinye izazi-mlando zisikisela ukuthi wayegxile kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe kangangokuthi wayengenaso isikhathi sobuhlobo bomuntu siqu. Abanye baye baqagela mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi u-asexuality. Kunoma yikuphi, uNewton wabonakala ethanda ukuphila okuzinikele ngokuphelele kwezesayensi nokufunda.

Isiphetho se-Biography ka-Isaac Newton: Ifa Elingaboli LeNhlakanipho

U-Isaac Newton, nengqondo yakhe ekhaliphile nelukuluku elingakhathali, washiya uphawu olungenakucimeka kwezesayensi nangale kwayo. Impilo nomsebenzi wakhe, okuyingxenye ye-biography ka-Isaac Newton, kusikhumbuza amandla okuguqula ingqondo yomuntu kanye nokubaluleka kokubhekisisa ngokucophelela nokuhlaziya okuqinile ekufuneni ulwazi.

Imibono kaNewton mayelana nokunyakaza kanye namandla adonsela phansi ayizange nje iguqule i-physics yesikhathi sakhe, kodwa futhi yabeka isisekelo seningi lesayensi yesimanje. Igalelo lakhe kwezokubona kanye nezibalo likhulise kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba wemvelo. Ngisho nasemikhakheni ebonakala ikude njengezomnotho nefilosofi, imibono kaNewton iye yaba nethonya elihlala njalo.

Kodwa mhlawumbe ifa likaNewton elikhulu kunawo wonke yindlela ashintsha ngayo umbono wethu ngendawo yonke. Ngokubonisa ukuthi imithetho efanayo yemvelo iyasebenza Emhlabeni njengasezulwini, uNewton wasinika umbono onobunye wendawo yonke esaqhubeka ukhuthaza ososayensi nabacabangi kuze kube namuhla. I-biography ka-Isaac Newton isikhumbuza futhi ukuthi ubuhlakani buvame ukuza nezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuphikisana. Ukuzinikela kwakhe ngokungananazi emsebenzini wakhe, izingxabano zakhe nabanye ososayensi kanye nezithakazelo zakhe emikhakheni efana ne-alchemy netheology kusibonisa indoda enezici eziningi, eqhutshwa ukomela ulwazi ngazo zonke izinhlobo.

Ekugcineni, i-biography ka-Isaac Newton ingaphezu kwendaba yososayensi omkhulu. Kuwubufakazi bamandla elukuluku lomuntu, ukubaluleka kokuphikelela, kanye nomthelela waphakade umqondo okhaliphile ongaba nawo emhlabeni. Njengoba siqhubeka nokwakhela phezu kwesisekelo uNewton asibeka, ifa lakhe lisaqhubeka, likhuthaza izizukulwane ezintsha zososayensi, ongqondongqondo nabaphuphayo ukuthi babheke ngale kwaziwayo futhi babuze okubonakala kungangabazeki.

Kwangathi impilo nomsebenzi kaNewton kungasebenza njengesikhuthazo sokuqhubeka nokuhlola, ukubuza kanye nokufuna ukuqonda izimfihlakalo zendawo yonke esizungezile. Phela, njengoba uNewton ngokwakhe asho: “Esikwaziyo ithonsi, esingakwazi ulwandle.”