Indlela yokuvula amachweba ku-router yakho isinyathelo ngesinyathelo futhi ngaphandle kwezingozi

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Indlela yokuvula amachweba ku-router yakho isinyathelo ngesinyathelo futhi ngaphandle kwezingozi

Uma uke wabhekana nobunzima ngomdlalo oku-inthanethi, uhlelo lokulanda (Indlela yokuvula i-torrent isinyathelo ngesinyathelo) noma ikhamera ye-IP engenakubonwa ungaphandle kwendlu, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi inkinga ihlobene ne ama-port e-router nokuthi uwalungiselele kanjaniKuzwakala sengathi kukhona onjiniyela benethiwekhi abangakwenza, kodwa ngokubekezela okuncane ungakwazi ukuzilawula ngokwakho ngaphandle kokuhlanya.

Emigqeni elandelayo sizobona Ayini ngempela ama-router ports, kufanele nini ukuwavula, nokuthi ungakwenza kanjani isinyathelo ngesinyathelo? Lokhu kusebenza cishe kunoma iyiphi idivayisi yasekhaya, kusukela kuma-router e-ISP (i-Movistar, i-Orange, i-Vodafone, i-Yoigo, i-MásMóvil, i-Jazztel…) kuya kumamodeli avela kumikhiqizo efana ne-ASUS noma i-D-Link. Uzofunda futhi ngezingozi zokuphepha, okufanele uzigweme, nokuthi ungaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi konke kuvuliwe kahle futhi kuyasebenza.

Ayini ama-router ports futhi ahlelwe kanjani?

Ukuze ukuqonde kalula, cabanga ukuthi inethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya iyisakhiwo samafulethi kanti i-router iyi- umgcini wesango osabalalisa wonke amaphakheji avela ku-inthanethiIsevisi ngayinye (iwebhu, i-imeyili, umdlalo we-inthanethi, ikholi yevidiyo, njll.) ine-"ringer" yayo noma isango lezinombolo: lelo yi-port. Uma umuntu eshayela i-port ethile, i-router inquma ukuthi iyiphi idivayisi kunethiwekhi yakho okufanele ithole idatha.

Yonke i-router yasekhaya inayo Amachweba angu-65.536 anezinombolo ezisukela ku-0 kuya ku-65.535Ngeke uzisebenzise zonke, hhayi ngokushesha, kodwa eziningi zinomsebenzi ojwayelekile okufanele uhlonishwe. Le nhlangano iphethwe yi-IANA, echaza amazinga ahlukene ngokusetshenziswa okukhethekile kakhulu.

Lezi zimbobo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu anemisebenzi ehlukile, futhi ukwazi ukuthi ububanzi ngabunye benzani kukusiza ukuthi uqonde Kungani ezinye kungafanele neze uzithinte, kanti ezinye yizo ozozivula emidlalweni noma ezinhlelweni zokusebenza?.

Uhlelo lusebenza kanje: ama-port aphansi asetshenziswa uhlelo kanye namaphrothokholi ayisisekelo, ama-port aphakathi avame ukugcinelwa izinhlelo ezithile, kanti ama-port aphezulu asetshenziswa njengama-port aguquguqukayo noma ayimfihlo okuxhumana ngezikhathi ezithile namaseva angaphandle.

Ngokuningiliziwe, amabanga asatshalaliswa kanje, futhi kuyalulekwa ukuthi uwalawule ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukulungisa:

• Amachweba 0-1023 (amachweba aziwayo noma esistimu)Lokhu kugcinelwe uhlelo lokusebenza kanye namaphrothokholi ayisisekelo. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka: 20 (FTPS), 21 (FTP), 22 (SSH), 25 (SMTP), 53 (DNS), 80 (HTTP), kanye no-443 (HTTPS). Kungcono ukungazisebenzisi kabusha ngokungahleliwe ukuze udale izinsizakalo zakho ezenziwe ngokwezifiso.
• Amachweba 1024-49.151 (abhalisiwe)Lezi zisetshenziswa izinhlelo nemidlalo oyifakayo. Eziningi zilungiselelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Isibonelo, i-port 1194 ku-OpenVPN. amaseva e-NAS asekhaya noma i-6881 ku-BitTorrent.
• Amachweba 49.152-65.535 (ayimfihlo noma aguquguqukayo)Lokhu kunikezwa okwesikhashana ukuxhumana okuphumayo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ezixhumana namaseva akude. Yizo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kumasevisi asekhaya.

Kungani ngezinye izikhathi udinga ukuvula ama-port ku-router yakho?

Ngaphandle kwebhokisi, ama-router amaningi asekhaya alungiselelwe vimba cishe yonke ithrafikhi engenayo evela ku-inthanethiUma kwenzeka ithrafikhi ephumayo, akukho nkinga: ngenxa ye-NAT (Network Address Translation), amadivayisi akho angaphequlula i-inthanethi, adlale imidlalo, noma abuke i-Netflix ngaphandle kokuvula noma yini. Inkinga iqala uma ufuna ukuxhumana okungenayo okuvela ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi.

Uma umdlalo, uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-P2P, noma iseva yasekhaya idinga abanye ukuthi baxhumeke kuyo besebenzisa i-inthanethi, kuyadingeka ukutshela i-router ukuthi iyiphi "imbobo" okufanele ivumele leyo thrafikhi ukuthi idlule. Uma leyo mbobo ingalungiselelwanga kahle, Ulwazi lubhajwa ku-router ngoba alwazi ukuthi luthunyelwe kuyiphi idivayisi yangaphakathi.Futhi yilapho izimpawu ezivamile zivela khona: i-NAT eqinile kukhonsoli, ukulanda okuhamba kancane, izinkinga zokubamba imidlalo, ukuhoxiswa kwezingcingo zevidiyo, njll.

Yilapho imithetho yokudlulisela imbobo isebenza khona: utshela i-router ukuthi Konke okungena ngembobo ethile kuqondiswa kabusha ekhelini langaphakathi le-IP ledivayisi.Uma weqa lesi sinyathelo noma usenza ngendlela engafanele, uxhumano oluvela ngaphandle ngeke lusungulwe ngisho noma uhlelo lufakwe kahle.

Ngakho-ke, uma ufaka into encike ekuxhumekeni okungenayo, kunezinto ezimbili ezibalulekile ezenzekayo: ngakolunye uhlangothi, idivayisi izama ukusebenzisa imbobo enamandla; ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-router ingenawo umthetho ocacile ohlobene naleyo mbobo, Izokwenqaba lezo zicelo ezingenayo "ngezizathu zokuphepha."Ukuvula amachweba kusho ukutshela i-router ukuthi yenzeni ngaleyo thrafikhi esikhundleni sokuyilahla.

Amachweba, i-NAT kanye nokuphepha: okufanele ukwazi ngaphambi kokuthinta noma yini

I-NAT ubuchwepheshe obuvumela amadivayisi amaningi ekhaya lakho abelana ngeyodwa IP YomphakathiUma ubheka ngaphandle, kubonakala ikheli le-IP le-router kuphela, kuyilapho ngaphakathi wonke umuntu esebenzisa amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo (njenge-192.168.1.X). I-router yenza leli phakethe lokuhumusha ngephakethe.

Uma uxhumano luqala kusuka ngaphakathi kuya ku-inthanethi (ukuphequlula, ukubuka i-Netflix, ukudlala imidlalo ngokuxhuma kuseva yangaphandle…), i-router idala ithebula langaphakathi elinembobo yomthombo futhi iyazi ukuthi ingathumela kanjani impendulo kudivayisi efanele. Akudingeki uvule amambobo ngesandla kulokhu.

Udinga ukuvula ama-port kuphela uma ukuxhumana kuqala. kusuka ngaphandle kuya kunethiwekhi yakho yendawoLokhu kufaka phakathi ukubamba iseva ye-FTP, ukufinyelela inethiwekhi yakho nge-SSH, ukusetha i-VPN, ukubuka amakhamera e-IP ungaphandle, noma ukuthuthukisa i-NAT kuma-consoles ukuze uvumele abanye baxhumane nawe. Kulezi zimo, udinga ukudala igebe elilawulwayo ku-firewall ye-router yakho ukuze uvumele le thrafikhi.

Kodwa-ke, imbobo ngayinye evulekile ingomunye umnyango abangazama ukungena ngawo. Izigebengu ze-inthanethi zisebenzisa amathuluzi okuskena ukuze ziwathole. Amachweba avulekile kanye nezinsizakalo ezisengoziniUkusuka lapho, qala ukuhlasela kwe-brute force, usebenzise ubuthakathaka, noma ngisho nokuhlasela kwe-DDoS uma i-port ifanelekile.

Ngakho-ke, maqondana nokuphepha, umthetho wegolide ucacile kakhulu: Vula kuphela amachweba adingekayo ngokuphelele, isikhathi esifushane ngangokunokwenzeka, bese ugcina konke kubuyekeziwe. (i-router, isistimu yokusebenza, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezilalela kuleyo port).

Umehluko phakathi kwe-TCP ne-UDP lapho kuvulwa amachweba

Uma udala umthetho wokudlulisela phambili, uzohlala ubona ukuthi kufanele ukhethe inqubo. Ekuxhumaneni, amakhosi asegqumeni akhona I-TCP ne-UDP, izindlela ezimbili ezahlukene zokuthumela idatha nge-inthanethi futhi lokho kuthinta indlela okufanele uyivule ngayo imbobo.

I-TCP isebenza njengesevisi yokuthumela imiyalezo eqinisekisiwe: Isungula uxhumano, iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaphakethe ayafika futhi enza kanjalo ngokulandelana.Futhi uma kukhona okungahambi kahle, ithumela kabusha noma yini edingekayo. Lokhu kunikeza ukuthembeka okuphezulu, kodwa kunezela ukuhlola okuletha ukubambezeleka okuthile. Isetshenziselwa iwebhu, i-imeyili, ama-API amaningi, ukulanda, njll.

I-UDP ayinandaba kakhulu: ithumela amaphakethe ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuthi afikile noma alahlekile. Kufana nokuthumela imiyalezo ebhodleleni: ahamba ngokushesha, kodwa Akukho siqinisekiso sokulethwa noma sokuqinisekiswa kwe-odaInzuzo ijubane kanye nokubambezeleka okuphansi, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ekusakazeni ngesikhathi sangempela, emidlalweni eku-inthanethi, kumakholi wevidiyo, noma kumsindo obukhoma.

Kuye ngohlelo lokusebenza, uzocelwa ukuthi uvule imbobo ye-TCP, imbobo ye-UDP, noma kokubili. Uma ungaqiniseki futhi i-router yakho inikeza inketho, ungayikhetha kaningi. I-TCP/UDP (Kokubili) ukumboza zombili izinhlobo, yize kunembile kakhulu ukulandela izincomo eziqondile zomdlalo noma uhlelo.

Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuqala ngaphambi kokuvula amachweba

Ngaphambi kokungena kuphaneli yokulawula ye-router, kunezinto ezimbili okufanele uzicacise: yazi ukuthi yiliphi ikheli le-IP okufanele uthumele kulo ithrafikhi futhi uqiniseke ukuthi leli kheli le-IP ngeke lishintshe njalo lapho idivayisi iqala kabusha.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukwazi ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo ledivayisi ozovula kuyo ama-portKu-Windows ungavula ikhonsoli (sesha "cmd"), thayipha ipconfig bese ubheka inani "lekheli le-IPv4". Ku-macOS naku-Linux, uzolithola kuzilungiselelo zenethiwekhi noma ngemiyalo efana ifconfig o ip a.

Isinyathelo sesibili, futhi yilapho abantu abaningi behluleka khona, ukulungisa lelo kheli le-IP ukuze lingashintshi. Ungakwenza lokhu ngezindlela ezimbili: ukulungisa ikheli le-IP ngesandla kudivayisi uqobo Noma, kungcono kakhulu, ngokusebenzisa inketho ye-DHCP engaguquki ye-router, njalo unikeza ikheli le-IP elifanayo ekhelini le-MAC laleyo divayisi, elingakusiza nge... Indlela yokufinyelela i-router yakho nokulungisa i-Wi-Fi yakho.

Uma ungakwenzi lokhu, lapho i-router inika ama-IP amasha lapho iqalisa, umthetho we-port uzoqhubeka ukhomba ikheli elidala futhi isevisi izoyeka ukusebenza, futhi uzohlanya ucabanga ukuthi inkinga ingenye into.

Nika amandla noma khubaza i-UPnP ku-router

Cishe wonke ama-router esimanje afaka isici esibizwa ngokuthi I-UPnP (I-Universal Plug and Play)okuvumela izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokwazo ukuthi zicele i-router ukuthi ivule futhi ivale ama-port ngokuzenzakalelayo njengoba kudingeka.

Inzuzo isobala: uma isetshenziswa kahle, Uzisindisa ekudaleni imithetho esetshenziswa ngesandla Kwemidlalo nezinhlelo eziningi, i-router ivala nama-port uma ithola ukuthi akukho traffic kuwo isikhashana.

Ukuze uyivule, ngokuvamile kufanele ufinyelele iphaneli yezilungiselelo (ikheli le-IP elifana ne-192.168.0.1 noma i-192.168.1.1 kusiphequluli sakho), ngena ngemvume ngegama lakho lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi, bese ubheka isigaba esiku- I-UPnP, i-NAT noma ukucushwa okuthuthukisiweNgokuvamile kulula njengokuhlola ibhokisi, ukonga, bese kuba yilokho kuphela.

Inkinga ukuthi ngokombono wezokuphepha, abanye ochwepheshe batusa Gcina i-UPnP ikhutshaziweNgoba uhlelo lokusebenza olunobungozi kunethiwekhi yakho lungavula ama-port ngokuthanda kwakho futhi lushiye ubungozi obukhulu. Uma ufuna ukuba sohlangothini oluphephile, kuhamba kancane kodwa kulawulwa kakhulu ukuvula ngesandla kuphela lokho okudingayo; ngokuvamile, kungcono ukulandela imikhuba emihle. amathiphu okusetha i-router.

Indlela yokufinyelela i-router nokuthola isigaba sokudlulisela imbobo

Ukuze ulungise noma yiziphi izilungiselelo kufanele finyelela kuqala isikhombikubona sewebhu se-routerUmkhuba ojwayelekile ukuthayipha ikheli lesango kubha yekheli lesiphequluli: ngokuvamile 192.168.1.1 noma 192.168.0.1, yize umqhubi ngamunye angasebenzisa elihlukile.

Uma ungayazi, ku-Windows ungavula i-Command Prompt, uyisebenzise ipconfig bese ubheka insimu ethi "Default Gateway". Lelo ikheli le-IP okudingeka ulifake kusiphequluli sakho njengokungathi iwebhusayithi evamile; ungahlola nokuthi kanjani thola ikheli le-IP le-router yakho.

Uma ikhasi lokungena selilayishiwe, faka igama lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi yokuphatha i-routerNgokuvamile ziza esitikheni esinamathiselwe esisekelweni noma ngemuva kwedivayisi (admin/admin, 1234/1234 noma inhlanganisela efanayo kumamodeli amaningi enkampani yenethiwekhi).

Ngaphakathi kwemenyu, isigaba sokuvula imbobo singabizwa ngezinto ezahlukene kuye ngomkhiqizi: I-NAT, i-Port Forwarding, i-Virtual Server, i-Port Redirection noma i-Virtual ServerNgokuvamile zitholakala ku-"Izilungiselelo Ezithuthukisiwe", "I-inthanethi", "I-Firewall" noma okufanayo, ngakho kuzodingeka uzulazule kancane kumathebhu.

Khumbula ukuthi uma wake washintsha iphasiwedi yakho ye-router futhi wayikhohlwa, ungase ungabi nanye indlela ngaphandle kokuyisetha kabusha. yenza ukusetha kabusha ngokoqobo idivayisi ukuze uyibuyisele kuzilungiselelo zasekuqaleniLokhu kusho ukulahlekelwa yizo zonke izilungiselelo (kufaka phakathi ama-port avulekile), ngakho-ke kungumqondo omuhle ukwenza isipele sokulungiselela kwakho uma konke kusebenza kahle.

Vula amachweba ngesandla kunoma iyiphi i-router: amapharamitha ayisihluthulelo

Uma ususesigabeni esifanele, wonke ama-router acela ulwazi olucishe lufane, noma isikrini singashintsha kancane. Umqondo uhlala ufana: Dala umthetho ocacisa ukuthi iyiphi imbobo evulwa, ikheli le-IP langaphakathi, nokuthi iyiphi iphrothokholi..

Izinkambu ezivame kakhulu ozohlangana nazo yilezi (amagama angahluka kancane, kodwa incazelo iyafana):

• Igama lesevisi noma umthetho: ilebula lokukukhumbuza ukuthi leso sivalo sisebenza ngani (isibonelo, "PS5 Online", "Minecraft Server", "Lounge Camera").
• IsivumelwanoKhetha phakathi kwe-TCP, i-UDP, noma kokubili. Landela imiyalelo emdlalweni noma ohlelweni; uma ingacacisi, kokubili kuvame ukusetshenziswa.
• Imbobo Yangaphandle / Imbobo ye-WANLena inombolo yembobo ezovulelwa i-inthanethi. Uma ucelwa ukuthi uvule imbobo engu-25565, isibonelo, lena izoba ngu-25565.
• Imbobo yangaphakathi / imbobo ye-LANKuma-router amaningi ungayishiya ifana neyangaphandle, ngaphandle kokuthi ufuna ukwenza ukuhumusha kwe-port ngesizathu esithile esikhethekile.
• Ikheli le-IP langaphakathi (i-LAN Host, i-IP yangaphakathi): ikheli le-IP elingaguquki ledivayisi kunethiwekhi yakho elizothola lowo mgwaqo (ikhompyutha, ikhonsoli, i-NAS, ikhamera ye-IP…).
• Ikheli le-IP lomthombo noma ukuhlunga komthombo (uma ikhona): amanye ama-router athuthukile akuvumela ukuthi ukhawulele ukuthi ubani ongasebenzisa lelo chweba kuma-IP athile akude kuphela, okwengeza ungqimba lokuphepha.

Ngemva kokugcwalisa lezi zinsimu, ngokuvamile kuzoba nenkinobho ethi Engeza, Londoloza noma Faka isiceloKumamodeli amaningi isetshenziswa ngokushesha, kodwa kwamanye kunconywa ukuqala kabusha i-router ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Uma uvula ama-port amaningi angalandelani, amanye ama-firmware akuvumela ukuthi ufake uhlu oluhlukaniswe ngamakhoma noma amabanga ahlukaniswe ngama-hyphen (isibonelo, 1000-1010, 2000, 3000-3005). Amanye adinga ukuthi udale umthetho we-port ngayinye noma uhla, ngalunye, okuyinto enzima kodwa esebenza ngendlela efanayo.

Kuma-router athile opharetha, njenge-ZTE F680 evela ku-Jazztel/MásMóvil, uzobona izinkambu ezengeziwe ezifana Imbobo Yokuqala/Yokuphela ye-WAN kanye nembobo Yokuqala/Yokuphela ye-LANI-logic iyafana: ucacisa ububanzi bangaphandle ofuna ukubuvula kanye nobubanzi bangaphakathi okufanele buqondiswe kabusha kubo, okuvame ukufana ngaphandle kokuthi ufuna ukumaka iqembu elihlukile.

Amachweba avulekile avela kumawebhusayithi e-opharetha kanye namachweba abo

Ezinye izinkampani ezifana neMovistar, i-Orange noma i-Vodafone zinikeza i-portal yazo kwiwebhusayithi yazo (uhlobo I-Alejandra Portal noma amanye amathuluzi okuphatha kude) lapho ungashintsha khona izilungiselelo zerutha ngaphandle kokufinyelela ngqo ikheli layo le-IP langaphakathi.

Lezi zingosi zivame ukufaka isigaba se Amachweba noma Ukuqondiswa Kabusha Kwechweba lapho ukhetha khona ukuthi uzosebenzisa amaphrofayili azenzakalelayo (isibonelo, ku-PS5, Xbox, noma imidlalo ethile) noma ukuthi ufuna ukudala imithetho esetshenziswa ngesandla nge-IP, i-port, kanye nephrothokholi; uma usebenzisa i-router yomqhubi, ungabheka iziqondiso ezifana ne- umhlahlandlela wokulungiselela i-router yakho ye-Movistar.

Inzuzo ukuthi isikhombikubona sivame ukuba lula ukuyisebenzisa futhi sihambisanayo, noma ngabe amamodeli e-router ashintsha ngaphakathi komhlinzeki ofanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungalungisa izilungiselelo ukude, ngaphandle kokuxhumeka ngokomzimba kunethiwekhi ye-router.

Okubalulekile ukuthi kusebenza kuphela uma usebenzisa i-router enikezwe umhlinzeki wakho wesevisi ye-inthanethi, futhi Azibonisi njalo zonke izinketho ezithuthukisiweUma udinga izilungiselelo ezingcono (ukuhlunga nge-IP yomthombo, amamephu ayinkimbinkimbi, njll.), cishe kuzodingeka ufinyelele i-router ngqo.

Hlola ukuthi ama-router port avuliwe ngempela yini

Ngemva kokusetha umthetho, kungumqondo omuhle ukuqinisekisa ukuthi konke kusebenza kahle. Ungakwenza lokhu kusuka kukhompyutha yakho noma nge-[unclear - mhlawumbe inguqulo yedijithali yohlelo lokusebenza]. amathuluzi okuskena imbobo eku-inthanethiezikhululekile impela.

Kusukela ku-Windows, indlela eyisisekelo yokubuka amachweba asetshenziswayo ukuvula i-Command Prompt ngamalungelo omlawuli bese uyisebenzisa netstat -anUmyalo uzokufaka ohlwini wonke amachweba avulekile futhi asebenzayo ngesimo sayo kanye nenqubo.

Ku-macOS, ungavula uhlelo lokusebenza I-Network Utility, ithebhu ye-Port ScanFaka ikheli le-IP bese uchofoza okuthi "Skena" ukuze uskene ama-port avulekile. Lokhu kuyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isevisi ilalele kukhompyutha.

Ngaphandle, kunezingosi zewebhu ezizokutshela ukuthi zingaxhuma yini kusuka ku-inthanethi ngokufaka ikheli lakho le-IP lomphakathi kanye nenombolo ye-port. Qiniseka ukuthi isevisi ivuliwe kukhompyutha yakho uma uqhuba isivivinyo, kungenjalo umphumela ungase ukhohlise.

Uma imbobo isabonakala ivaliwe, hlola ikheli le-IP langaphakathi lendawo, iphrothokholi, i-firewall yesistimu yokusebenza, kanye nanoma iyiphi inkampani yenethiwekhi i-CG-NAT.Uma uxhumano lwakho lungemuva kwe-CG-NAT futhi ungenalo ikheli lakho le-IP lomphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvula ama-port amangaki ku-router yakho, ngeke ukwazi ukuthola uxhumano oluqondile oluvela ngaphandle.

Kunini lapho kunganconywa khona ukuvula amachweba nezibonelo ezithile

Akuyona yonke into empilweni emayelana nokuvula amachweba ngokunganaki. Kunezimo ezicacile kakhulu lapho kunengqondo ukuzinikela kulokhu, kanye nezinye lapho... Ngeke uwine lutho nhlobo. noma ngabe uvula ingxenye ye-router.

Esinye sezimo ezivame kakhulu yilesi Thuthukisa ulwazi lokudlala ku-inthanethiImidlalo eminingi idinga ama-port athile ukuze kufezwe i-NAT evulekile, ikakhulukazi kuma-consoles afana ne-PS4, i-PS5, i-Xbox 360, noma i-Xbox One. Lokhu kunciphisa izinkinga lapho ujoyina imidlalo, ingxoxo yezwi, noma ukubambezeleka ngokweqile.

Kuvamile futhi ukukwenza ngenxa Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-P2P kanye namakhasimende e-BitTorrentUma i-port esetshenziswa uhlelo ivaliwe, uzobona ukuthi uhlala uxhuma kabi, uthola izexwayiso mayelana "ne-NAT eqinile" noma "ukuvimba i-firewall", futhi ukulanda kuhamba kancane kakhulu kunalokho okufanele kube yikho.

Ezinye izimo lapho ukuvula amachweba kunengqondo kakhulu amaseva asekhaya (iwebhu, i-FTP/FTPS, i-SSH, i-VPN, i-NAS), Amakhamera okuqapha ividiyo ye-IP kufinyeleleka ngaphandle, amaphrinta enethiwekhi anokuphathwa okude, noma amakholi wevidiyo adinga ukuxhumana okungenayo ngaphakathi kwamabanga athile kakhulu.

Yimaphi amachweba athile avame ukuvulwa emidlalweni, izinhlelo zokusebenza, namadivayisi

Uhlelo noma idivayisi ngayinye ichaza amachweba ayidingayo kumadokhumenti ayo, futhi yilokho okufanele ukuhlole. Noma kunjalo, kukhona amachweba ajwayelekile aphindaphindwayo ezimweni eziningi zokusetshenziswa ekhaya.

Ezweni lemidlalo nama-consoles, ezinye izibonelo ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• PS5: amachweba 80, 443, 3478-3480 TCP; 3478-3479 UDP.
• PS4: amachweba 80, 443, 5223, 10070-10080 TCP; 3478, 3479, 3658, 10070 UDP.
• Xbox 360: amachweba angu-53, 80, 3074 TCP; 53, 88, 3074 UDP.
• Xbox One: amachweba angu-53, 80, 3074 TCP; 53, 88, 500, 3074, 3544, 4500 UDP.

Ngokuphathelene nezingcingo zevidiyo, izinsizakalo eziningana ezidumile zisebenzisa ububanzi obubanzi. Isibonelo, Skype Ingase idinge amachweba e-TCP angu-443 no-3478-3481 kanye namachweba aphezulu e-UDP njenge-1000-10000, 16000-26000, noma 50000-65000. I-Google Meet ngokuvamile isebenzisa amachweba e-TCP angu-443 kanye namachweba e-UDP angu-19302-19309. I-Zoom isebenzisa amachweba e-TCP angu-80, 443, 8801, kanye no-8802 kanye namachweba e-UDP angu-3478, 3479, 8801, kanye no-8802.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezwi nezingxoxo ezifana I-Discord Banezela amabanga abo (isibonelo, 443, 6457-6463 TCP/UDP). Amasevisi afana ne-FaceTime athembele ku-TCP port 443 kanye ne-UDP ports ezifana ne-53, 80, 5223 kanye ne-16393-16472, phakathi kwezinye.

Uma sikhuluma ngamaphrinta enethiwekhi, ama-port afana nalawa alandelayo avame ukusetshenziswa: 9100 (evame kakhulu ukuphrinta ngqo), ngaphezu kwezinye ezifana ne-631, 2501, 5001, 9600 noma i-161 zokuphatha, kuye ngokuthi imodeli kanye nephrothokholi esetshenzisiwe.

Ku-P2P, amaklayenti e-BitTorrent angasebenzisa amabanga afana ne-9881-9999 TCP (noma leyo oyichazayo ekucushweni), kuyilapho kuma-VPN noma kumasevisi e-NAS uzobona amachweba ajwayelekile afana ne-1194 ye-OpenVPN, 500/4500 ye-IPsec, noma amanye aqondene nomkhiqizi.

Amachweba ayingozi kakhulu kanye nezingozi zokuwashiya evulekile

Akuwona wonke amachweba amsulwa ngokulinganayo. Amanye ahlotshaniswa nezinsizakalo ezinomlando omude wobuthakathaka noma ezikhanga kakhulu abahlaseli, ngakho-ke Ukuzigcina zidaluliwe ngokungadingekile kuwukudlala ngomlilo..

Phakathi kwezinto ezibucayi kakhulu amachweba I-FTP 20 kanye ne-21La machweba, asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amafayela, ayizisulu ezilula zokwebiwa kweziqinisekiso uma zingavikelekile kahle. 22 (SSH)Nakuba iphephile uma ihlelwe kahle, iyisisulu esihlala sihlaselwa ngamandla amakhulu.

Amachweba I-SMB 137, 139 kanye ne-445Amanethiwekhi nezinhlelo zokwabelana ngamafayela, ezihlobene namaphrinta enethiwekhi, abe yisizinda sokuhlaselwa njenge-EternalBlue kanye ne-ransomware ehlukahlukene. Ukuwashiya evulekele izwe langaphandle cishe kumema abantu abangena ngenkani.

Amanye ama-pedal okufaka avamile okuhlasela kwe-DDoS kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifanayo zifaka phakathi 53 (i-DNS), noma 69 (TFTP)okuyinto evame ukusetshenziselwa ukudluliselwa kwamafayela amancane. Akunconywa futhi ukuveza amachweba e-HTTP/HTTPS afana no-80, 8080, 443, noma 8443 ngaphandle kokulawulwa okufanele uma exhunywe kumaseva noma amaseva anganakekelwa kahle anesofthiwe esiphelelwe yisikhathi.

izinsizakalo ezindala ezifana I-Telnet (23) I-TFTP (69) akufanele ibonakale ku-inthanethi namuhla; ayinakho ukubethela futhi kulula kakhulu ukuyivimba nokuyilawula. Uma noma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza lucela into efana nale, cabanga ngokujulile ngokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zesimanje.

Amaphutha ajwayelekile lapho i-open port "ingasebenzi"

Kwenzeka kaningi: ubeka umthetho, ulandela isifundo kuze kube yilapho ubhala, futhi noma kunjalo, Kubonakala sengathi ichweba lisavaliwe, noma umdlalo/uhlelo alusebenzi ngendlela efanele.Imbangela ivame ukutholakala kwelinye lala maphuzu.

Into yokuqala okufanele uyihlole ukuthi Ikheli le-IP langaphakathi lendawo oya kuyo lilungile futhi alikashintshi.Uma ikheli le-IP litholakala nge-DHCP futhi lingaguquguquki, i-router kungenzeka ukuthi ilinikezele kwenye idivayisi.

Bese uqinisekisa Awunayo i-CG-NAT nomhlinzeki wakho wesevisi ye-inthanethi. Uma usekela i-Carrier Grade NAT, i-router yakho ayitholi ikheli layo le-IP lomphakathi; kunalokho, yabelana ngalo namanye amakhasimende. Kuleso simo, ukuvula amachweba kunethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya ngeke kusize ngokufinyelela kusuka ngaphandle; kuzodingeka ucele ikheli le-IP lomphakathi noma isevisi ethile kumhlinzeki wakho.

Umsolwa wesithathu yi-firewall yesistimu yokusebenza noma i-firewall yesuite yokuphepha. Ngisho noma i-router ivumela ithrafikhi ukuthi idlule, uma I-firewall ku-Windows, macOS, noma isofthiwe yakho ye-antivirus iyayivimba leyo port.Uxhumano ngeke lufinyelele ohlelweni okufanele ululalele.

Okokugcina, hlola kabili ukucushwa kwensizakalo: qiniseka ukuthi ilalele ngempela echwebeni olivulile, ukuthi izilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo azishintshwanga, nokuthi uhlelo lokusebenza luyasebenza uma uluhlola. Ichweba "elivulekile" elingenamuntu olilalele ngemuva kwalo lingabonakala lihlungiwe noma livaliwe ngaphandle.

Ukuvula amachweba okudlala imidlalo: izinzuzo kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha

Esinye sezizathu ezivame kakhulu zokubandakanyeka kulo lonke lolu daba ukuthola i-NAT engcono yokudlala ku-inthanethiikakhulukazi kuma-consoles. I-NAT evulekile yenza kube lula ukuxhumana nabanye abadlali, ukusingatha imidlalo, nokunciphisa izinhlobo ezithile zokulibaziseka noma ukunqanyulwa.

Ngisho noma usebenzisa ama-port kuphela emidlalweni, ukuvulwa ngakunye kwengeza indawo yokuhlasela kunethiwekhi yakho. Okungcono kakhulu, wena Vula kuphela izindawo ezidingekayo ngokuphelele, gwema ukuphinda usebenzise amachweba azwela kakhulu, bese uvala lawo ongasawasebenzisi. uma ushintsha imidlalo noma amadivayisi.

Futhi khumbula ukuthi imbobo oyivulayo ku-router ayikhawulelwe ku-console noma kwi-PC yakho: noma yimuphi umshini kunethiwekhi ozama ukulalela kuleyo mbobo efanayo ungathola ithrafikhi engalindelekile uma umhlaseli ekwazi ukufinyelela i-LAN yakho evela kwenye indlela.

Ibhalansi efanelekile iwukuba nolwazi oluphelele ngamachweba adingwa umdlalo noma isevisi ngayinye, uwabhale phansi, futhi uwanakekele. uhlu oluncane lwemithetho esebenzayo ku-routerUkuzibuyekeza ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kusulwe lezo ezingasenangqondo.

Ngaleyo ndlela, ngeke nje uthuthukise ulwazi lwakho lokudlala kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezithile, kodwa futhi uzogcina inethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya ilawulwa futhi ngezinga elifanele kakhulu lokuvezwa.

Ekugcineni, ukuqonda ukuthi ayini amachweba, ukuthi asebenzisana kanjani ne-NAT, nokuthi kuziphi izimo lapho kunengqondo ukuwavula kukuvumela ukuthi Khulisa uxhumano lwakho ngaphandle kokwandisa izingoziUzokwazi ukusingatha amaseva, udlale ku-inthanethi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka okukhulu, usebenzise kangcono izinhlelo ze-P2P noma amakhamera e-IP, futhi ugweme izixazululo ezingamanga njengokuvula amachweba wezinto ezingadingi, njenge-Netflix noma i-Disney+, lapho ikhwalithi incike endleleni yenethiwekhi kanye nomkhawulokudonsa, hhayi ekubholeni imigodi ku-router.