- I-PCIe iyahambisana emuva futhi ukusebenza kwangempela kuncike ekukhiqizeni kanye nenani lemizila esebenzayo.
- Emdlalweni, ukuthuthukisa ukusuka ku-PCIe 3.0/4.0 kuye ku-5.0 kuyishintsha kancane i-FPS uma i-GPU isebenza ku-x16.
- Kuma-NVMe SSD, i-PCIe 4.0 ne-5.0 enza isivinini esiphindwe kabili futhi athuthukise ukugeleza kwedatha esindayo.
- Hlola izindawo zakho zokukhala nge-CPU-Z kanye nebhukwana: izindawo eziningi ze-x16 ezibonakalayo zingu-x8 ngogesi.
Uma uzibuza ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo ye-PCIe engcono kakhulu kwi- PC yokudlala , noma ukuthi unganquma kanjani ukukhiqizwa kwangempela kwezikhala zakho, ufike endaweni efanele. Lapha, sichaza, ngokuningiliziwe futhi ngaphandle kokuguquguquka okungadingekile, lokho okunikezwa yisizukulwane ngasinye, ukuthi imizila ithinta kanjani ukusebenza, nokuthi konke lokhu kunamthelela muni emidlalweni, ukuhlela ividiyo, noma ukusebenza ne-AI.
Ngaphezu kokucacisa le mbono, sizohlola izindlela ezithembekile zokuhlonza inguqulo/ukwenziwa kwezikhala zakho ze-PCIe sisebenzisa amathuluzi afana ne-CPU-Z kanye nencwadi yemiyalelo yebhodi lakho lomama. Endleleni, sizosusa ezinye izinganekwane: isibonelo, umqondo wokuthi ukushintshela ku-PCIe 5.0 kukhulisa i-FPS ngokumangalisayo, uma empeleni intuthuko emidlalweni ivame ukuba yincane uma ugcina ukucushwa okugcwele kwe-x16.
Iyini i-PCIe futhi kungani ibalulekile ku-PC yokudlala?
I-PCI Express (PCIe) iyi -interface yesivinini esikhulu exhumanisa ama-GPU, ama-NVMe SSD, namanye amakhadi okunweba ebhodini lomama. Isizukulwane ngasinye esisha (3.0, 4.0, 5.0…) siphinda kabili i-bandwidth ngomzila ngamunye uma kuqhathaniswa neyangaphambilini futhi sigcina ukuhambisana okungemuva: ungaxuba amadivayisi nezikhala ezivela ezizukulwaneni ezahlukene, futhi konke kuzosebenza ngesivinini senguqulo ehamba kancane kulolo xhumano.
Emidlalweni, okubaluleke kakhulu ngokuvamile ukufaka ikhadi lehluzo endaweni yokuqala ye-x16 (ephezulu) kubhodi lomama, elivame ukuba yilo elixhunywe ku- x16 egcwele futhi lixhunywe ngqo ku-CPU. Ezinye izindawo zingase zixhunywe ku-chipset noma zabelane ngezinsizakusebenza namachweba e-SATA kanye nezindawo ze-M.2.
Izizukulwane ze-PCIe kanye nomkhawulokudonsa wangempela: 3.0 vs 4.0 vs 5.0
Njengoba usuka ku-PCIe 3.0 uye ku-4.0 bese kuba ngu-5.0, i-bandwidth ngomzila iphinda kabili. Ngokwezindlela ezisebenzayo zama-NVMe x4 SSD, lokhu kuhunyushwa cishe ku- 3,5–4 GB/s ku-PCIe 3.0 , kufike ku- 7–8 GB/s ku-PCIe 4.0 , kanye nokuphakama okungu- 14–16 GB/s ku- PCIe 5.0 . Yilapho umehluko obalulekile ubonakala khona lapho kuhanjiswa amafayela amakhulu, kwenziwa ividiyo ye-8K, noma kusebenza ngamasethi edatha asindayo.
Ngama-GPU, indaba iyashintsha. Emidlalweni, ngisho nangamakhadi ehluzo anamandla kakhulu, umehluko wokusebenza phakathi kwe-PCIe 3.0 x16, 4.0 x16, kanye ne-5.0 x16 uvame ukuba mncane (cishe u-2–6% ezimweni ezivivinyiwe nazo zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo). Ngamanye amazwi, uma ikhadi lakho lehluzo linezindlela zamahhala ezingu-16, ukuthuthukiswa kusuka ku-4.0 kuya ku-5.0 ngeke kuphinde kabili i-FPS yakho.
Umehluko ubonakala kakhulu uma ukhawulela inani lemizila. Uma, ngenxa yokucushwa noma ukuntuleka kwemizila, usebenza ku -x8 noma ku-x4 , umthelela uncike ekukhiqizweni: ku-PCIe 3.0 x4 ungabona ukwehla cishe okungu-10% ngaphansi kwemithwalo enzima, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yobungcweti noma ye-AI. Emidlalweni, i-4.0 x8 noma i-5.0 x8 isanele ngokwanele.
Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha ipulatifomu, kufanelekile ukucabangela lonke iphakheji: i-NVMe PCIe 4.0 SSD esheshayo ingaba usizo kakhulu ekusheshiseni imisebenzi yokusebenza kunokugxila kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inguqulo ye-PCIe yesikhala sehluzo uma usuvele usebenza ku-x16.
Izinhlobo zesikhala: x1, x4, x8, x16 nokuthi zisetshenziselwa ini
Amabhodi omama ahlanganisa izikhala ze-PCIe ezinobude obuhlukahlukene. Isikhala se-x1 sifushane kakhulu futhi sifanelekela ukunwetshwa kokukhanya: amakhadi omsindo, amakhadi enethiwekhi, ama-port engeziwe, noma amakhadi okuthwebula angadingi i-bandwidth ephezulu. Nge-PCIe 4.0/5.0, ngisho nesikhala se-x1 sesimanje sinikeza indawo eyanele yemisebenzi enzima ngokulinganayo.
Isikhala se-x4 "siyigugu elifihliwe" lamabhodi amaningi e-motherboard. Sisetshenziselwa abalawuli be-RAID, amakhadi enethiwekhi ane-bandwidth ephezulu, amakhadi okuthwebula angathi sína, noma ama-adapter e-M.2/NVMe. Eqinisweni, ama-NVMe drive asebenzisa imizila emine ye-PCIe ngaphakathi, yize eza ngokoqobo ngesimo se-M.2.
Ukuqala nge -x8, uvula umnyango wamadivayisi adinga kakhulu, kufaka phakathi amanye amakhadi ehluzo , ezizukulwaneni ezindala, angase abe nemingcele ethile ngaphandle kwe-4.0/5.0. Kumapulatifomu amanje, i-x8 inikeza ukusebenza okuqinile kakhulu kwabasebenzisi abaningi abanomdlandla.
Indlovukazi, vele, yisikhala se -x16 , esithandwa kakhulu ngamakhadi wehluzo kanye namakhadi okukhulisa inethiwekhi noma isitoreji ezingeni leseva. Qaphela umehluko phakathi kwe-"physical x16" kanye ne-"electrical x16": amabhodi amaningi e-motherboard afaka isikhala sesibili se-x16, esisebenza ngogesi, esingu-x8 noma ngaphansi.
Imizila ye-PCIe, uxhumano ku-CPU noma i-chipset nendlela esatshalaliswa ngayo
Inani lemizila ye-PCIe i-CPU yakho eyivezayo lilinganiselwe: maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, kuvamile ukuba nemizila engu-16 ye-GPU kanye ne-4 ye-SSD eyinhloko; amadivayisi asele athembele ku-chipset futhi abelane ngezinsiza. Kumapulatifomu e-HEDT noma eseva (i-Threadripper Pro, i-EPYC, i-Xeon), ungaba nemizila engu-64 noma ngaphezulu, okuvumela ama-GPU amaningi namakhadi amaningana e-x16 ukuthi asebenze ngemikhawulo embalwa.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikhala sixhunywe ku-CPU noma ku-chipset kubalulekile. Isikhala sokuqala se-x16 sivame ukufakwa ku- CPU futhi sisebenza kahle kakhulu. Izikhala zesibili, amachweba e-SATA, kanye nezikhala ze-M.2 zingabelana ngemizila. Ukugcwalisa zonke izikhala ze-M.2 kubhodi lomama kunganciphisa isikhala se-PCIe sibe yi-x8, noma kukhubaze amanye amachweba e-SATA.
Kuvamile kakhulu ukuthi isikhala sokuqala sisebenze ku-x16 nge-GPU eyodwa, kodwa kokubili kushintshelwe ku- x8/x8 uma kufakwa ikhadi lesibili (isibonelo, endaweni yesithathu) . Ukulahlekelwa kokusebenza emidlalweni kuncane kakhulu nge-PCIe 4.0/5.0, kodwa kubalulekile ukwazi uma usebenzisa imisebenzi edlulisa idatha eningi phakathi kwe-CPU, i-RAM, ne-GPU.
Khumbula futhi umehluko "wokusebenza ngomshini vs. kagesi": isikhala se-x16 singaxhunywa ku-x8. Ngaphambi kokwengeza ihadiwe, kungumqondo omuhle ukuhlola amadokhumenti ebhodi lakho le-motherboard ukuze ubone ukuthi isikhala ngasinye sihlinzeka ngani, ngoba ubude obubonakalayo bungadukisa.
Ungayithola kanjani inguqulo/isizukulwane sezikhala zakho ze-PCIe
I-Windows ayibonisi uhlu olucacile ngokwemvelo olufana nokuthi "le ndawo yi-PCIe 4.0 x16, leyo yi-PCIe 3.0 x4…". Kodwa-ke, kunezindlela ezimbili ezithembekile zokuthola: sebenzisa i-CPU-Z bese ubheka imininingwane esemthethweni yebhodi lakho lomama (iwebhusayithi kanye nencwadi yemiyalelo ye-PDF).
Indlela esheshayo: Faka noma usebenzise i-CPU-Z kwimodi ephathekayo, iya kuthebhu ethi "Mainboard", bese uhlola "Imininingwane Yebhasi" ukuze ubone ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo ye-PCIe esetshenziswa yibhodi lakho le-motherboard. Ngaphansi kwe-"Graphics Interface," uzothola inguqulo esetshenziswa yi-GPU yakho njengamanje. Lokhu kuvame ukubhekisela endaweni yokuqala (eyekhadi lehluzo eliyinhloko), ngakho-ke ukuze uthole ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngazo zonke izindawo, kungcono ukubheka incwadi yemiyalelo.
Ukuze uthole imodeli eqondile yebhodi lakho le-motherboard uma ungaqiniseki, vula "Ulwazi Lwesistimu" ku-Windows (thayipha igama lalo kumenyu yokuqala bese ucindezela u-Enter) bese ubhala phansi "Umkhiqizi Wesistimu" kanye "Nemodeli Yesistimu". Ngalolo lwazi, iya ekhasini lomkhiqizo elisemthethweni: lapho uzobona ithebula lesikhala se-PCIe , ukuthi yiziphi izikhala ezabelana nge-bandwidth ngazo, nokuthi yiziphi izilungiselelo ezishintshayo.
Izibonelo zangempela ozothola ezifundweni: Kubhodi lomama i-MSI MEG X570 Unify, i-GPU eyodwa kusikhala sokuqala isebenza njenge -PCIe 4.0 x16 , kodwa uma ufaka ama-GPU amabili (izikhala 1 no-3), womabili aba yi -PCIe 4.0 x8/x8 . Ku-Gigabyte Aorus X670E, isikhala sokuqala singakhangisa i-PCIe 5.0 x16, yize ukwenziwa kanye ne-bandwidth esebenzayo kuncike ku-CPU efakiwe nokuthi ugcwalisa noma yiziphi izikhala ezengeziwe ze-M.2.
Ukuhambisana, izinganekwane kanye neseluleko sokuthenga
Yonke i-PCIe ecosystem iyahambisana nokubuyela emuva . Ikhadi lehluzo le-4.0 lizosebenza ngaphandle kwenkinga kubhodi lomama le-3.0, futhi okuphambene nalokho; lizosebenza ngesivinini esiphansi salo. Emidlalweni ku-x16, umehluko phakathi kwe-3.0, 4.0, kanye ne-5.0 uvame ukuba mncane, ngakho ungakhathazeki kakhulu ngezinkinga uma i-CPU yakho ne-GPU zanele ukulungiswa kwakho nezilungiselelo.
Ubani okufanele aqaphele ngempela inguqulo? Labo abasebenza ngamaphrojekthi evidiyo angu-4K/8K, i-AI, noma isayensi yedatha, noma abasungula izindawo zokusebenza ezinama-SSD amaningi e-NVMe aphezulu. Kulezo zimo, i-PCIe 4.0 ngisho nesitoreji esingu-5.0 zenza umehluko obonakalayo ngezikhathi zokukopisha kanye nemithwalo esindayo.
Uma wakha i-PC namuhla, i-motherboard ene-PCIe 4.0 izokhokhela cishe zonke izidingo zakho zamanje. Ukuthuthukela ku-PCIe 5.0 kunengqondo njengenketho yokuvikela ikusasa uma usuvele usebenzisa ama-SSD akamuva emisebenzini edinga kakhulu, noma uma ufuna indawo ye-headroom yezizukulwane ezizayo zama-GPU kanye nesitoreji, wazi ukuthi intuthuko yangempela kwezemidlalo okwamanje ilinganiselwe.
Ingabe i-PCIe 3.0 ayidingeki? Akunjalo ngempela uma usunayo kakade futhi udlala imidlalo: ngesikhala samahhala se-x16, usazothola ukusebenza okuqinile. Kodwa uma uzothenga i-motherboard entsha, ukukhetha i-PCIe 4.0 (noma i-5.0) kuyinto enengqondo okufanele uyenze ukuze ugweme ukusala ngemuva njengoba uthuthukisa izinto zakho zokusetshenziswa kanye nesitoreji.
Izimo ezijwayelekile nezimo: ongakulindela
– Uma ushintshela ku-PCIe 4.0 GPU kubhodi lomama le-PCIe 3.0, uzodlala kahle; ikhadi lizoxoxisana ku-3.0 x16, futhi uzobona umehluko omncane kakhulu we-FPS ezihlokweni eziningi. Okubalulekile ukuthi ukuhambisana kuyaqinisekiswa, futhi umthelela wangempela ngokuvamile awufaneleki ukushintsha ibhodi lomama ngenxa yesivinini sebhasi kuphela.
– Ukugcwalisa izikhala eziningana ze-M.2 kunciphisa isikhala sesibili se-x16 sibe yi-x8: nge-PCIe 4.0/5.0, umphumela awubalulekile emidlalweni . Ngemisebenzi yokubala ejulile kanye nokudlulisa, ungase uqaphele umehluko omncane, kodwa usazokwazi ukuwusebenzisa uma umthwalo wakho womsebenzi ungemkhulu kakhulu.
– I-NVMe SSD: Ukuthuthukisa kusuka ku-3.0 x4 kuya ku-4.0 x4 kuphinda kabili isivinini esilandelanayo futhi kunciphisa izithiyo ezivamile ngesikhathi sokuhlela kanye nokulayisha okunzima. Nge-5.0 x4, uzobe undiza, yize namuhla ukugxuma kubonakala kakhulu emisebenzini enzima kakhulu. Emidlalweni, izikhathi zokulayisha azincishiswa kakhulu yi -interface yodwa, ngoba ezinye izithiyo ziyadlala indima.
- Izinguqulo ezixubile: Lokhu kulungile. Ngokufanelekile, kufanele uqondanise ibhodi lakho lomama, i-GPU, ne-SSD eyinhloko enguqulweni etholakalayo ephakeme kakhulu, kodwa akuphoqelekile. Isistimu ixoxisana ngokuzenzakalelayo nesivinini esihambisanayo esiphansi kakhulu sesixhumanisi ngasinye.
Ukukhethwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha: izibonelo nezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu
Uma uhlose ukusebenza okuphezulu, i-PCIe 4.0 isivele inikeza ibhalansi enhle kakhulu yentengo nokusebenza. Kukhona ama-SSD afinyelela cishe ku- 7.000 MB/s (amamodeli afana ne-Samsung 980 Pro noma i-WD Black SN850X ayizibonelo ezaziwayo), kanye nama-GPU anamuhla (i-RTX 3000/4000 noma i-RX 6000/7000) aphatha i-4.0 kalula. I-PCIe 5.0 kuma-SSD iphinda kabili uphahla lokusebenza futhi, kodwa idinga ukupholisa okuhle futhi inengqondo kuphela uma umsebenzi wakho uzuzisa ngempela kuyo.
Kumabhodi e-motherboard, ama-chipset afana ne-B550/X570 (AMD) noma i-Z690/Z790 (Intel) alethe i-PCIe 4.0 kubantu abaningi, kuyilapho amapulatifomu amasha evula umnyango we -PCIe 5.0 kusikhala sokuqala se-GPU kanye/noma khetha izikhala ze-M.2. Noma kunjalo, hlola njalo umbhalo omncane: ukuthi yimiphi imizila eya ku-CPU, yimiphi encike ku-chipset, nokuthi yini ekhutshazwa uma zonke izikhala zigcwele.
Icebiso eliwusizo: beka phambili i-CPU, i-GPU, i-RAM, kanye nokupholisa, bese ukhetha i-motherboard enenguqulo ye-PCIe efanela ukusetshenziswa kwakho kwangempela eminyakeni engu-2-3 ezayo. Kungcono ukuba nememori enhle kanye ne-SSD eqinile engu-4.0 kunokuphoqelela i-5.0 lapho ungeke uqaphele khona umehluko. Shiya umnyango uvulekele ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo ngaphandle kokukhokhela ukumaketha okungadingekile .
Uma unesithakazelo esimweni esivamile: ikhadi lehluzo njenge- GeForce RTX 3060 Ti (PCIe 4.0) kubhodi lomama le-MSI B450 lizosebenzisana ku-PCIe 3.0 futhi lisebenze kahle; emidlalweni, ukwehla ku-x16 kuncane, futhi awudingi ukushintsha ibhodi lomama lakho ngenxa yaleso sizathu uma lonke uhlelo lwakho luhambisana.
I-FAQ: Imibuzo esheshayo mayelana ne-PCIe okufanele uyiphendule
Iyini ngempela i-PCIe futhi kungani ibalulekile?
Yindinganiso exhumanisa izingxenye ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nebhodi lomama. Ichaza umkhawulokudonsa ophezulu wama-GPU, ama-SSD, namakhadi okunweba; ukukhiqizwa kwawo kanye nenani lemizila kunquma umkhawulokudonsa otholakalayo.
Ingabe zonke izinguqulo ziyahambisana?
Yebo. I-PCIe iyahambisana nokubuyela emuva futhi "ixoxisana" ngenguqulo ehamba kancane kakhulu kusixhumanisi ngasinye. Ungaxuba futhi ufanise ngaphandle kokukhathazeka, yize uma isixhumanisi sehliswa ekwakhiweni noma emizileni, i-bandwidth esebenzayo nayo izoncipha.
Ingabe kufanelekile ukuthenga i-PCIe 5.0 manje?
Kuncike ekusebenziseni kwakho. Uma uhambisa amafayela amakhulu, uhlela i-8K, usebenza ne-AI, noma ufuna ukwandisa impilo yesikhulumi sakho iminyaka eminingana, khona-ke kunengqondo. Emidlalweni yangempela , i-PCIe 4.0 yanele, futhi ukweqa ku-5.0 akunikezi intuthuko encane ku-FPS namuhla.
Ingabe zonke izingxenye zami zidinga ukuba inguqulo efanayo?
Cha. Uhlelo lusebenza nanoma yini etholakalayo, futhi isixhumanisi ngasinye sivumelana nenguqulo ehambisanayo kanye nemizila. Kungcono kakhulu, i-motherboard, i-GPU, kanye ne-SSD eyinhloko kufanele kuhambisane, kodwa akudingekile ukuthi konke kusebenze kahle.
Isiphi i-slot esilungele i-GPU yami?
Isikhala esiphezulu se-x16 (esiseduze kakhulu ne-CPU) ngokuvamile yisona esifanele. Hlola incwadi yemiyalelo ukuze ubone ukuthi siyisikhala sikagesi se-x16. Izikhala eziningi zesibili ze-x16 empeleni ziyizikhala zikagesi ze-x8.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-mechanical slot kanye ne-slot kagesi?
Isici somshini ubude obungokoqobo (x1, x4, x8, x16). Isici sikagesi yinani lemizila exhunywe ngempela. Isikhala esinobude obungu-x16 singaba nemizila esebenzayo engu-8 kuphela.
Izikhala ze-M.2 nezimbobo ze-SATA ziyithinta kanjani i-PCIe?
Kumabhodi amaningi e-motherboard, ukugcwalisa wonke ama-slots e-M.2 noma ukusebenzisa ama-port athile e-SATA kungabangela ukuthi amanye ama-slots e-PCIe alahlekelwe yimizila noma akhutshazwe. I -matrix yokuhambisana ebhukwini ichaza lokhu ngokuningiliziwe.
Ingabe i-PCIe Gen 4 iyawasheshisa ama-NVMe SSD?
Vele. I-PCIe 3.0 x4 yayisiqalile ukuphazamisa amanye amadrayivu e-NVMe ahamba phambili; nge-4.0 x4 uphinda kabili uphahla lokusebenza futhi ugwema izithiyo ekudlulisweni okukhulu . Nge-5.0 x4 uthatha isinyathelo esengeziwe.
Yiziphi izici ezisetshenziswa yi-NVMe PCIe SSDs?
Ezinhlelweni zabathengi, i-M.2 2280 iyona evame kakhulu. I-AIC (ikhadi) kanye ne-U.2 nazo ziyatholakala; lokhu kokugcina kuvamile ezindaweni zebhizinisi ngenxa yokuhambisana kwayo namabhodi eseva.
Ingabe i-PCI ethi "non-Express" isekhona?
Yebo, kumabhodi amadala e-motherboard. Ayihambisani ne-PCIe futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuphansi kakhulu; cishe ayisebenzi ezinhlelweni zesimanje.
Angifuni ukukhweza i-GPU ngqo ku-slot, ingabe ikhona enye indlela?
Ungasebenzisa i-PCIe riser esezingeni eliphezulu ehlonipha i-bandwidth edingekayo futhi evumela ukufakwa okuqondile noma ezinye izindawo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi umoya ungena kahle.
Uma bekufanele ngikhethe into eyodwa engingayithatha: ngokudlala imidlalo, isihluthulelo i-GPU enamandla kahle esebenza ku-x16 kanye ne-NVMe SSD enamandla. Isizukulwane se-PCIe sinomthelela omncane ku-FPS kune-CPU, i-GPU ngokwayo, noma izilungiselelo zehluzo, kuyilapho emisebenzini edinga isitoreji esiningi, i-PCIe 4.0 (kanye ne-5.0 ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu) ingenza umehluko wangempela. Khetha inguqulo ye-PCIe ngokusekelwe ekusebenziseni kwakho kwangempela, qinisekisa inani lemizila endaweni ngayinye encwadini, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi awugcwalisi ipulatifomu ngamadivayisi amaningi kunalawo engawaphatha kahle.
