I-Intel 18A: Inguquko ye-chip edlula ama-nanometers

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Emhlabeni osheshayo, oshintsha njalo wehadiwe, kunezikhathi ezibalulekile lapho ubuchwepheshe bumaka ngaphambi nangemuva. Ukufika kwe-Intel 18A node, ngokungangabazeki, ngenye yalezo zinsuku ezibalulekile embonini yezobuchwepheshe.Uma usebenzisa ikhompuyutha, umakhalekhukhwini, nanoma iyiphi idivayisi yedijithali nsuku zonke, isimiso sakho sansuku zonke sesizoshintsha, ngisho noma ungasiboni ekuqaleni. I-Intel iphonse isisindo sayo kulesi sizukulwane esisha sama-chips, esingathembisi nje kuphela ukuthi sizoshesha futhi sisebenze kahle, kodwa futhi sibeka isisekelo sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kubuhlakani bokwenziwa, amageyimu, amaseva, nezinye izindawo eziningi.

Kepha kungani wonke umuntu ekhuluma nge-Intel 18A? Buvelaphi lobu buchwepheshe, futhi buhluke kanjani kumanodi angaphambilini? Ake singene ekungeneni nasekuphumeni kwalokhu kugxuma kwe-quantum ekukhiqizeni ama-semiconductor, sibuyekeza yonke imininingwane yakamuva esemthethweni, ukuthi kusho ukuthini ngomncintiswano nokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo ozoyiletha kubasebenzisi, ekusebenzeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamandla nasekusimameni..

Iyini ngempela i-Intel node 18A?

Leli gama I-Intel 18A ihlonza ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ama-chip esizukulwaneni esilandelayo obuthuthukiswe yi-Intel, futhi ibhekisela kusayizi wenqubo we 18 angstroms (1,8 nanometers). Lesi sibalo vele sincane kunobukhulu bamanodi akalwa ngama-nanometer ayebusa eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Empeleni, lokhu kuhumusha kube ama-chips aminyene kakhulu, akwazi ukufaka ama-transistors amaningi endaweni efanayo, okuvula umnyango wokusebenza okuphezulu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kwamandla..

Sikhuluma nge umngcele omusha we-semiconductor miniaturization. Ukukunikeza umbono, i-angstrom ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi ye-nanometer. Ngaphambilini, amanodi 'enkanyezi' ayecishe abe ngu-7 nm, bese kuba ngu-5 nm, bese kuba ngu-3 nm, kodwa manje inkanyezi 18A, ukuncintisana ngqo nobuchwepheshe obuvela ku-TSMC kanye ne-Samsung. Akuwona nje umbuzo wosayizi: Le node ihlanganisa okungenani izindlela ezimbili ezintsha zobuchwepheshe zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokusetshenziswa.

• I-RibbonFET (Gate-All-Around): Lena i-architecture entsha ye-transistor lapho isango lizungeza ngokuphelele umzila wamanje, okuvumela ukulawula okukhulu kokugeleza kukagesi. Lokhu kumelela inguquko uma kuqhathaniswa nama-FinFET anezinhlangothi ezintathu asetshenziswa kuze kube manje.
• I-PowerVia: Isistimu yokusabalalisa amandla eguquguqukayo ehlukanisa amandla ngokoqobo nemigqa yesignali, amandla omzila adlule ngemuva kwe-chip futhi akhulule isikhala ngaphambili. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuminyana, ukusebenza kahle, futhi kwenza kube lula ukufaka ama-transistors amaningi.

Ngenxa ye-RibbonFET ne-PowerVia, i-Intel 18A imaka ukugxuma okukhulu phambili uma kuqhathaniswa namanodi angaphambilini afana ne-Intel 7, Intel 4 noma i-Intel 3., kokubili ngenxa yohlobo lwama-transistors kanye nendlela asebenza ngayo ngogesi.

Umongo omncane: ukuvela kwama-Intel node

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-Intel ibe noshintsho olukhulu endleleni eqamba ngayo futhi yenza ama-node ayo. Omdala I-Intel 7 Yayisetshenziswa kabanzi kusukela esizukulwaneni se-12 se-Core processors, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Alder Lake, nasezizukulwaneni ezalandela (i-Raptor Lake, isizukulwane sesine i-Xeon Scalable, njll.). Eqinisweni, le nodi yayilingana nobuchwepheshe be-4 nm Enhanced SuperFin, kodwa i-Intel yayiqamba kabusha ukuze ibhekane ne-N10 ye-TSMC.

Kamuva I-Intel 4 Imele ukweqa kwangempela ku-7 nm ngobuchwepheshe be-EUV (i-ultraviolet eyeqisayo), nakuba yayikhona kuphela ku-Compute Tile ye-Meteor Lake. I-Intel 3 Bekuyintuthuko ekhuphukayo ngaphezulu kwe-Intel 4, ikakhulukazi ekuminyaneni nasekusebenzeni kahle, okuhloselwe ikakhulukazi i-Xeon 6 entsha yamaseva.

Ukusuka lapho, icebo lokuqala bekuwukuthuthela endaweni I-Intel 20A (okulingana no-2 nm), kodwa lokhu kulahlwa ngokwentengiso ngo-2024, okunikeza ithuba lokugxila ngokuphelele I-Intel 18A. Ngakho-ke, i-18A iyindlalifa eqondile nethemba elikhulu lokusinda nobuholi be-Intel eminyakeni ezayo..

Amakhasimende amakhulu, njenge-NVIDIA, asevele ahlola ukuthuthukiswa kwama-chips awo esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-Intel 18A, okuqinisekisa ukuvuthwa kwawo kanye nokukhanga ngaphakathi nangaphandle komphakathi we-Intel.

Isebenza kanjani i-Intel 18A futhi ihluke kanjani ngempela?

Ukhiye ulele ekutheni ama-transistors aklanywe kanjani kabusha nasendleleni entsha yokusabalalisa amandla ngaphakathi kwe-chip.Amaphrosesa anamuhla aqukethe izigidigidi zama-transistors amancane, asebenza njengamaswishi amancane. Kuze kube muva nje, ukwakheka kwe-FinFET bekuyindinganiso: ama-transistors ayefana namaphiko amancane aqondile (yingakho igama elithi Fin-FET, noma i-Fin Field-Effect Transistor), kodwa ayenemikhawulo ethile, ikakhulukazi lapho efuna ukunciphisa usayizi nokunciphisa imiphumela engafuneki njengokuvuza kukagesi.

ngohlelo I-RibbonFET, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-GAA noma i-Gate-All-Around, isiteshi ugesi ogeleza ngaso sizungezwe ngokuphelele yisango, okwandisa ukulawuleka nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa nokuvuza. Kufana nokusuka ekubeni nesiteshi esivulekile (esijwayele ukuvuza) siye ekubeni nesivaleke ngokuphelele ngamapayipi.

Enye intuthuko ebalulekile I-PowerViaKuze kube manje, kokubili amasiginali namandla kungene "ngomnyango omkhulu" ofanayo we-chip. Lokhu kubangele ukuphazamiseka futhi kwanciphisa isikhala esitholakalayo samasignali omzila namandla. Manje, nge-PowerVia, konke ukuxhumeka kokuphakela amandla kuyiswa ngemuva kwe-silicon, kukhulula ingaphambili ukuze uthole amasiginali kuphela, okuvumela ama-chips aminyene futhi asebenza kahle.

Lokhu kuthuthukiswa okuphindwe kabili kuhumushela ku Ama-chips asheshayo, akwazi ukusebenzisa amandla amancane nangokuzinza okukhulu ngisho nasezimeni zokusebenza okuphezulu.

Yiziphi izithuthukisi ezithile ezilethwa yi-Intel 18A uma kuqhathaniswa namanodi adlule?

Umbuzo wonke umuntu awubuzayo: Ingabe ukugxuma kulokho esesikwazi kakade kuyabonakala ngempela? Futhi, ngokusho kwemibhalo esemthethweni kanye nedatha eyabiwe emicimbini yakamuva yamazwe ngamazwe (njenge-VLSI Symposium 2025), impendulo iyavuma, futhi inamandla:

• I-30% ngaphezulu kwe-transistor density kune-Intel 3. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-transistors amaningi angangena endaweni efanayo ebonakalayo, okuyisisekelo sanoma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa kwekhompyutha nokusebenza kahle.
• Ukusebenza okufika ku-25% kukhuphuka ngaphezu kwe-Intel 3 ku-voltage efanayo (1,1V ekuhlolweni okusemthethweni), noma ukuthuthukiswa okungu-18% ngisho nangokwehlisa amandla kagesi abe ngu-0,75V.
• Ukwehliswa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kufika ku-36% ngefrikhwensi efanayo ne-voltage, kanye ne-voltage ephansi efika ku-40%, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Intel 3.
• Intuthuko ekuzinzeni kukagesi kanye nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile kuma-chips asebenza kahle.

Lawa manani atholwe ngokuwaqhathanisa nama-chips e-ARM ajwayelekile, kodwa cishe wonke amabanga okucubungula azobona lokhu kuthuthukiswa, kusukela kumakhompyutha aphathekayo kuya kumaseva nama-GPU.

Umthelela emikhiqizweni nasezinhlelweni zokusebenza: Yimaphi amadivayisi azoyisebenzisa?

Umkhiqizo wokuqala ukufika ne-node I-Intel 18A Kuyoba, ngokusho ukuvuza kwakamuva kanye nezimemezelo, umndeni I-Panther Lake, okuhloswe ngayo amalaptop asezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokushesha kufanele ifakwe kuma-CPU amaseva asebenza kahle kakhulu nezindawo zokusebenza, futhi uma ukuhlola ngamaklayenti angaphandle kuphumelela, kungabonakala emikhiqizweni evela ezinkampanini ezifana ne-NVIDIA.

Ezingeni lezakhiwo zangaphakathi, kumaphrosesa anamuhla (isb., I-Panther Lake), hhayi kuphela ama-cores ayinhloko azokwazi ukuzuza ku-node 18A, kodwa futhi yonke i-ecosystem yezingxenye zangaphakathi: izilawuli zememori, i-interface ye-I/O, izinhlelo zokuxhuma idatha, njll. Lokhu futhi kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nenzuzo yokusebenza, hhayi nje ukwandisa amandla anonya, kodwa nekhono lalo lonke uhlelo lokusingatha imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa..

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kuhlelwa ingxenye yesibili yonyaka, ngemva kokuqinisekisa ukuvuthwa nokuthembeka kwenqubo, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwe-wafer ngezinga eliphezulu lokuphumelela-isici esibalulekile kunoma iyiphi i-node ukuze ikwazi ukuncintisana ngokwezindleko nevolumu.

Ukubaluleka kwe-Intel 18A node embonini nekusasa le-Intel

Umongo wezimboni awunakushaywa indiva: I-Intel ifake ikusasa layo lakamuva ekusebenzeni nempumelelo ye-18ANgemuva kochungechunge lwezinkinga zangaphakathi, ukukhanselwa kwezindawo ezimaphakathi, kanye nengcindezi evela kwabaqhudelana nabo abafana ne-TSMC ne-Samsung, inkampani ayidingi nje ukuhola kwezobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi ikhuthaze ukuzethemba kubatshalizimali bayo bamazwe ngamazwe namakhasimende.

Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-18A kuvumela i-Intel ukuthi iphinde ithole ukuhola kwezobuchwepheshe, njengoba nje izimbangi zilungiselela ama-node angu-2nm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi i-Intel Foundry ikhiqize ama-chips ezinkampani zangaphandle ingokoqobo kakhulu kunangaphambili, ivula umnyango wemifelandawonye yamasu futhi ithwebule amaphrojekthi kumakhasimende akudala e-TSMC kanye ne-Samsung.

Imiphumela ye-miniaturization kanye nokusebenzisa ugesi okuphansi akukhawulelwe kubasebenzisi bokugcina: Ukwehliswa kokusetshenziswa ngobuningi kuthuthela ezikhungweni zedatha, i-AI, ezezimoto kanye nayo yonke imikhakha encike kuma-chip athuthukile.Lokhu kusho ukushisa okuncane okukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okuncane, futhi, ekugcineni, indawo ephansi kakhulu yemvelo.

Amasu okukhiqiza kanye nemininingwane eyenza umehluko

Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu kuthuthuka, i-Intel 18A node ihlanganise ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile obuningana:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwe-EUV (extreme ultraviolet lithography): Ivumela inani lemaski elidingekayo enqubweni yokukhiqiza ukuthi lehliswe kuze kufike ku-44%, kube lula futhi kwenze izinqubo zishibhe.
• Amaseli alungiselelwe: Amaseli asebenza kahle kakhulu akala ama-nanometer angu-180, futhi amaseli anobukhulu obukhulu akala ama-nanometer angu-160, abonisa ukucophelela nokunemba okuzuzwe emklamweni.
• Isikimu sesendlalelo sensimbi esithuthukisiwe: Izingqimba zensimbi zangaphambili zehlisiwe zaba ama-nanometer angu-11 no-16, kanti amabanga aphakathi kwezingqimba ze-M1 ne-M10 ama-nanometer angu-32 kuphela, okuyimboni kuqala.
• Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nesakhiwo samasemishi: Ama-transistors abekwe phakathi nendawo, izintambo zamandla ziphansi futhi imigqa yesignali phezulu. Lokhu kunciphisa izingqinamba futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukonke kwe-chip.

Yonke le datha iqinisekisiwe ezinkundleni zobuchwepheshe kanye nezingqungquthela zamazwe ngamazwe, ihlanganisa i-18A njengendawo ethuthuke kakhulu ephume ezimbonini ze-Intel kuze kube manje.

Yiziphi izinzuzo ozoziqaphela njengomsebenzisi?

Ungase ucabange ukuthi konke lokhu kuzwakala njengenganekwane yesayensi konjiniyela, kodwa Imiphumela ebonakalayo izobonakala empilweni yakho yansuku zonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenza nekhompyutha ephathekayo, udlala imidlalo yevidiyo, usebenzisa i-AI noma ufuna nje ukwenza ibhethri lakho lihlale isikhathi eside.Ezinye izinzuzo ezibonakalayo yilezi:

• Ukulayishwa okushesha nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusebenza.
• Imidlalo enokunensa okuncane, ukusebenza okungcono kwezithombe, namadivayisi asebenza ngokupholile.
• Impilo yebhethri ethuthukisiwe nezindleko eziphansi zamandla, kokubili kumadivayisi omuntu siqu namaseva wamafu.
• Amathuba okuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi kumadivayisi amancane, kusukela kumawashi ahlakaniphile ukuya ezimotweni ezizimele.
• Usekelo oluyisisekelo lokuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, njengoba kuvumela ukucutshungulwa nokuhlaziywa kwedatha eyengeziwe ngesikhathi esincane nangezinsiza ezimbalwa.

Futhi akuyona nje indaba yamandla. Ukusebenza kahle okukhulu kulingana nezindleko zikagesi zizonke, okusiza futhi ukwehlisa i-carbon footprint yemboni yezobuchwepheshe..

I-Intel 18A ibeka kanjani inkampani ngokumelene nomncintiswano

Impi yama-node athuthuke kakhulu ibishubile eminyakeni yamuva. I-Node 18A ayigcini nje ngokubeka i-Intel ehambisana ne-TSMC (esebenzisa i-N3P yayo njengesithenjwa esiqondile), kodwa futhi iyivumela ukuthi iphinde ithole indawo futhi iphinde izibeke njengephayona ngemva kweminyaka eminingana yokuma..

Ngokwamagama abaphathi be-Intel, impumelelo ye-18A ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi ikusasa lezimboni zayo kanye ne-hegemony yayo ekukhiqizeni ama-chip kuncike ekusebenzeni kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe abambalwa nabangaphakathi embonini, kusukela konjiniyela kuya kubaphathi, baye bagcizelela ukuthi ukuyeka ubuholi manje kungaba iphutha elingenakulungiseka enkampanini nakuyo yonke imboni yaseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi esimweni sempi yezobuchwepheshe ne-Asia.

Ngakho, I-Intel 18A iba impahla eyinhloko hhayi yemikhiqizo yayo kuphela, kodwa futhi njengomshayeli wokuqamba okusha embonini ye-semiconductor emhlabeni jikelele..

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