Izakhiwo Zedatha Ekuhleleni: I-Ultimate Guide

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Siyakwamukela kulo mhlahlandlela oqondile wezakhiwo zedatha ezinhlelweni! Uma ungunjiniyela noma umfundi ohlela izinhlelo, kungenzeka ukuthi uzwe igama elithi "izakhiwo zedatha" izikhathi eziningi. Kodwa ziyini ngempela futhi kungani zibaluleke kangaka? Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola imiqondo eyisisekelo kanye nezinhlaka zedatha ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ukuze kuhlelwe kahle futhi kusetshenziswe ulwazi. Lungela ukuthuthukisa amakhono akho okwenza izinhlelo futhi uthole ukuthi izakhiwo zedatha zinganika amandla amaphrojekthi akho!

Isingeniso

Ezweni lokuhlela, ukubhekana nolwazi oluningi kuyinto evamile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sisebenza kuhlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu, sakha umdlalo wevidiyo , noma sihlaziya idatha yesayensi, sidinga amathuluzi asebenzayo okugcina, ukuhlela, nokufinyelela ulwazi ngempumelelo. Yilapho izakhiwo zedatha zisebenza khona.

Izakhiwo zedatha ziyizindlela zokuhlela nokugcina idatha kumemori yekhompyutha ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva. Ngokukhetha isakhiwo sedatha esifanele, singakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zethu futhi songe isikhathi nezisetshenziswa. Kulo mhlahlandlela oqinisekile, sizofunda mayelana nenhlobonhlobo yezakhiwo zedatha, kusukela kokuyisisekelo kuye kwezithuthukile, futhi sithole indlela yokukhetha ukwakheka okungcono kakhulu kwesimo ngasinye.

Izakhiwo Zedatha Ekuhleleni: I-Ultimate Guide

Izakhiwo zedatha ezinhlelweni zihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana, ngasinye sinezici zayo ezithile kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Sizohlola ngayinye yalezi zigaba ngokuningiliziwe, sihlaziye izakhiwo zabo futhi sinikeze izibonelo ezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa. Kusukela kuhlu nezitaki kuya ezihlahleni namagrafu, sizothola ukuthi lezi zakhiwo zingaxazulula kanjani izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zethu. Ake sibheke ezinye zezakhiwo zedatha ezivame kakhulu:

1. Izinhlu: Ziyini futhi zisetshenziswa kanjani?

Uhlu lungolunye lwezakhiwo zedatha eziyisisekelo nezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni. Zikuvumela ukuthi ugcine iqoqo eli-odwe lezinto, ezingaba yizinhlobo zedatha ezihlukile. Ngezilimi zokuhlela ezifana ne-Python, izinhlu zimelelwa amabakaki ayisikwele futhi izakhi zihlukaniswa ngamakhoma. Ngokwesibonelo:

mi_lista = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Ungafinyelela kanjani izici zohlu?

Ukuze sifinyelele izakhi zohlu, sisebenzisa izinkomba. Ezilwimini eziningi zokuhlela, izinkomba ziqala kokuthi ziro. Isibonelo, ukuze sifinyelele ingxenye yesibili yohlu oluthi “my_list”, sizosebenzisa ikhodi elandelayo:

elemento = mi_lista[1]

Ungeza kanjani izinto ohlwini?

Singangeza izinto ohlwini sisebenzisa umsebenzi append() ePython. Isibonelo, uma sifuna ukwengeza inombolo 6 ohlwini “my_list”, sizosebenzisa ikhodi elandelayo:

mi_lista.append(6)

Futhi yilokho! Manje uhlu oluthi “my_list” luzoqukatha izinombolo 1 kuya ku-6.

2. Amabhethri: Okokugcina, kuqala ukuphuma

Izitaki ziwuhlaka lwedatha olulandela isimiso se-LIFO (Ukugcina Ukungena, Ukukhipha Kokuqala). Lokhu kusho ukuthi into yokugcina eyengezwe esitakini ingeyokuqala ezokhishwa. Cabanga ngenqwaba yamapuleti endaweni yokudlela: uhlala uthatha ipuleti eliphezu kwesitaki.

Izitaki ziwusizo emisebenzini efana nokuphatha izingcingo zomsebenzi ohlelweni. Ngaso sonke isikhathi uma umsebenzi ubizwa, wengezwa esitakini, futhi uma umsebenzi uphela, uyakhishwa esitakini. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo ukuthi lubuyele endaweni lapho umsebenzi wangaphambili ubizwe khona.

Indlela yokwenza isitaki?

Ngezilimi eziningi zokuhlela, ungasebenzisa isitaki usebenzisa uhlu. Imisebenzi eyisisekelo kusitaki ithi "phusha" (engeza into) kanye "ne-pop" (susa isici esiphezulu). Nasi isibonelo kuPython:

pila = []  # Creamos una lista vacía como pila

pila.append(1)  # Agregamos el número 1 a la pila
pila.append(2)  # Agregamos el número 2 a la pila
pila.append(3)  # Agregamos el número 3 a la pila

elemento = pila.pop()  # Eliminamos el último elemento de la pila y lo almacenamos en la variable "elemento"

Kulesi sibonelo, lapho kuqedwa, "into" eguquguqukayo izoqukatha inombolo 3, njengoba bekuyinto yokugcina eyengezwe ngakho-ke eyokuqala okufanele ikhishwe.

3. Olayini: Kungene kuqala, kuphume kuqala

Ulayini, owaziwa nangokuthi ulayini, ulandela umgomo we-FIFO (Ukungena Kokuqala, Ukungena Kokuqala). Emgqeni, into yokuqala ezongezwa eyokuqala ezokhishwa. Cabanga ngomugqa wabantu abalinde ukuthenga amathikithi: ofike kuqala, anikezwe kuqala.

Imigqa iwusizo ezimeni lapho udinga ukucubungula izinto ngokulandelana kwazo. Isibonelo, lapho kucutshungulwa izicelo zeklayenti kuseva, ulayini ungasetshenziswa ukuphatha izicelo ngendlela efanele nehlelekile.

Indlela yokuqalisa ulayini?

Njengezitaki, ezilimini eziningi zokuhlela, ungasebenzisa ulayini usebenzisa uhlu. Imisebenzi eyisisekelo kulayini ithi "umugqa" (engeza into ekupheleni) kanye "nomugqa" (khipha isici ngaphambili). Ake sibone isibonelo kuPython:

cola = []  # Creamos una lista vacía como cola

cola.append(1)  # Agregamos el número 1 al final de la cola
cola.append(2)  # Agregamos el número 2 al final de la cola
cola.append(3)  # Agregamos el número 3 al final de la cola

elemento = cola.pop(0)  # Eliminamos el primer elemento de la cola y lo almacenamos en la variable "elemento"

Kulesi sibonelo, lapho kuqedwa, "into" eguquguqukayo izoqukatha inombolo 1, njengoba bekuyinto yokuqala eyengezwe ngakho-ke eyokuqala okufanele ikhishwe.

4. Izihlahla: Isakhiwo saphezulu

Izihlahla ziyizakhiwo zedatha ezilandelanayo ezakhiwe ngamanodi axhunywe kwelinye. Lawa ma-node ahlelwe ngesakhiwo samagatsha, afana nesihlahla emvelweni. Izihlahla zine-root node futhi i-node ngayinye ingaba neziro noma ngaphezulu zezingane.

Izihlahla zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni eziningi zesayensi yamakhompyutha, kusukela ezakhiweni zamafayela ezinhlelweni zokusebenza kuya ekumelweni kwedatha kuma -algorithms okusesha kanye nenhlangano.

Iyini i-root node?

I-root node yesihlahla iyinodi ephezulu, lapho wonke amanye amagatsha egatsha. Kufana nesiqu somuthi wangempela, okuphuma kuwo amagatsha.

Ayini amanodi ezingane?

Amanodi ezingane angamanodi aphuma kunodi yomzali. Inodi ngayinye ingaba noziro, eyodwa, noma ngaphezulu yezingane.

Iyini i-leaf node?

Amaqhuqhuva amaqabunga angamanodi angenawo amanodi ezingane. Ziyiziphetho zamagatsha futhi azihlanganisi ezindaweni eziningi.

Umuthi umelelwa kanjani ezinhlelweni?

Ekuhlelweni, isihlahla singamelwa kusetshenziswa isakhiwo sedatha esixhunyiwe. I-node ngayinye esihlahleni iqukethe inani kanye nohlu lwezinkomba zamanodi ezingane.

5. Amagrafu: Izixhumanisi zolwazi

Amagrafu izakhiwo zedatha ezisetshenziselwa ukumela ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto. Akhiwe ngama-nodes (abuye abizwe ngokuthi ama-vertices) kanye nemiphetho (ebizwa nangokuthi imingcele), ehlanganisa ama-node komunye nomunye.

Amagrafu asetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana namanethiwekhi ekhompyutha, amasistimu wokuncoma, nama-algorithms okusesha. Bangamela izimo zomhlaba wangempela ezihlukahlukene, njengokuxhumana phakathi kwamakhasi ewebhu, ubungane ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, noma imizila kumephu.

Iyini i-node kugrafu?

I-node kugrafu yibhizinisi elimelela into noma ibhizinisi. Isibonelo, kugrafu yenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu, ama-node angamela abantu, futhi kugrafu yomzila, ama-node angamela amadolobha.

Luyini umphetho kugrafu?

Unqenqema kugrafu ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanodi amabili. Ingamela ubuhlobo noma ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto ezimele amanodi. Isibonelo, kugrafu yenethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu, imiphetho ingamela ubungane phakathi kwabantu.

Igrafu imelelwa kanjani ezinhlelweni?

Ekuhlelweni, igrafu ingamelwa kusetshenziswa isakhiwo sedatha esixhunyiwe. Kunezindlela ezimbili ezivamile zokumela igrafu: i-matrix eseduze kanye nohlu oluseduze.

• I-adjacency matrix iyi-array enezinhlangothi ezimbili lapho i-elementi ngayinye ikhombisa ukuthi kukhona yini umphetho phakathi kwamanodi amabili. Uma kukhona unqenqema, inani elihambisanayo ngu-1; kungenjalo 0.
• Uhlu oluseduze luwuhlu lohlu olugcina izixhumanisi zenodi ngayinye. I-node ngayinye inohlu lwama-node ayo aseduze.

Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-adjacency matrix kanye nohlu oluseduze kuncike esimweni senkinga nokusebenza kahle okufunayo ekusesheni kwegrafu nemisebenzi yokukhohlisa.

6. I-Hash Tables: Ukusesha Ulwazi Olusheshayo

Amathebula e-Hash, aziwa nangokuthi izichazamazwi noma amamephu, ayizakhiwo zedatha ezisebenzayo zokugcina kanye nokubuyisa ulwazi. Basebenzisa umsebenzi we-hash ukuze benze imephu okhiye bamanani, okuvumela ukubheka ngokushesha nangempumelelo.

Kuthebula le-hashi, idatha igcinwa ohlwini olubizwa ngokuthi i-hash table. Into ngayinye kuthebula inokhiye oyingqayizivele kanye nenani elihlobene. Uma ubheka into, umsebenzi we-hashi ubala indawo etafuleni lapho into itholakala khona.

Amathebula e-Hash asetshenziswa kakhulu ekusebenziseni izakhiwo zedatha ezifana namasethi, amamephu, kanye nesizindalwazi.

Ngabe umsebenzi we-hash usebenza kanjani?

Umsebenzi we-hashi uthatha ukhiye njengokufakwayo futhi uwuguqule ube inani eliyingqayizivele, elisetshenziswa njengenkomba ukuze ufinyelele indawo ehambisanayo kuthebula le-hashi. Umsebenzi we-hashi kufanele ukhiqize amanani ahlukile kukhiye ngamunye futhi unciphise ukungqubuzana (uma okhiye ababili bemephu beya endaweni efanayo).

Kuyini ukungqubuzana kwetafula le-hashi?

Ukushayisana kwenzeka lapho okhiye ababili abahlukene bebeka imephu endaweni efanayo kuthebula le-hashi. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yenani elilinganiselwe lezikhundla kuthebula elihlobene nenani lokhiye. Ukusingatha ukushayisana, kukhona amasu anjengokulungiswa kwamaketango nokuvuleka okuvulekile.

Iyini inkimbinkimbi yokubheka etafuleni le-hashi?

Ubunkimbinkimbi bokubheka kuthebula le-hashi buncike ekusebenzeni kahle komsebenzi we-hashi kanye nendlela ukushayisana okusingathwa ngayo. Esimeni esihle kakhulu, lapho kungekho ukungqubuzana, ukusesha kuhlala ku-O(1). Esimeni esibi kakhulu, lapho bonke okhiye beshayisana, ukusesha kuwumugqa O(n), lapho u-n eyinombolo yezakhi kuthebula.

7. Ulayini uma uqhathaniswa nezakhiwo zedatha yomugqa Izakhiwo zedatha ezingaqondile

Izakhiwo zedatha zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: eziqondile nezingezona umugqa. Izakhiwo zedatha ewumugqa zihlela idatha ngokulandelana, kuyilapho izakhiwo zedatha ezingaqondile zivumela ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwedatha.

Izakhiwo zedatha ewumugqa zihlanganisa izinhlu, izitaki, imigqa, nezinhlaka. Lezi zakhiwo ziwusizo lapho ukufinyelela okulandelanayo kuyadingeka noma lapho umyalelo othize udinga ukulandelwa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhiwo zedatha ezingaqondile zifaka izihlahla, amagrafu, namathebula e-hashi. Lezi zakhiwo zikuvumela ukuthi umelele ubudlelwano besigaba noma ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwedatha. Ziwusizo ikakhulukazi ezinkingeni ezibandakanya ukusesha okusebenzayo, ubudlelwano bokuhlobana, noma ukuxhumana phakathi kwezakhi.

Ukukhetha phakathi komugqa kanye nesakhiwo sedatha engaqondile kuncike kuzimfuneko zenkinga nemisebenzi okufanele yenziwe kudatha.

8. Ungasikhetha kanjani isakhiwo sedatha esifanele?

Uma ubhekene nenkinga yokuhlela, kubalulekile ukukhetha uhlaka lwedatha olufanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle nesixazululo esisebenza kahle. Ukukhethwa kwesakhiwo sedatha kuncike ezintweni ezifana nalezi:

• Uhlobo lwedatha okufanele lugcinwe: Ingabe izinombolo, izintambo, izinto, noma ezinye izinhlobo zedatha?
• Imisebenzi ezokwenziwa kudatha: Ingabe kuzoba nokusesha okuvamile, ukufakwa, ukususwa, noma izibuyekezo?
• Izidingo zokusebenza: Ingakanani idatha okufanele isingathwe futhi imisebenzi kufanele yenziwe ngasiphi isikhathi?
• Imikhawulo yenkumbulo: Ingakanani inkumbulo etholakalayo futhi singakanani isikhala esidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe idatha?

Kubalulekile ukucabangela lezi zici futhi uhlole izici zesakhiwo ngasinye sedatha ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo.

Imibuzo ebuzwa njalo

1. Yisiphi isakhiwo sedatha esingcono kakhulu sokugcina nokusesha inani elikhulu lezinto? Ukuze ugcine futhi useshe inani elikhulu lezinto, ithebula le-hash lingaba inketho enhle. Ngomsebenzi we-hash ophumelelayo, ukusesha ithebula le-hash kungaba ngokushesha kakhulu, ngisho noma kunenani elikhulu lezinto.

2. Yisiphi isakhiwo sedatha esisebenza kahle kakhulu ekwenzeni ukufakwa nokususwa okuvamile? Uhlu oluxhunyiwe lungasebenza kahle kakhulu ekwenzeni ukufakwa nokususwa okuvamile. Ngokungafani ne-array, uhlu oluxhunyiwe aludingi ukuhlela kabusha izakhi ukuze kufakwe noma kusulwe i-element phakathi nohlu.

3. Kufanele usebenzise nini isihlahla esikhundleni sohlu? Kufanele usebenzise isihlahla esikhundleni sohlu uma udinga ukuhlela izinto ngokulandelana kwezigaba futhi wenze imisebenzi efana nokusesha, ukufaka, noma ukususa kahle. Izihlahla ziwusizo ikakhulukazi uma idatha ihlobene noma uma udinga ukwenza usesho olusebenzayo ezakhiweni ezinkulu zedatha.

4. Uyini umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-stack nomugqa? Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-stack nomugqa ukulandelana kwezinto ezifakwayo nezisuswayo. Esigxotsheni, into yokugcina engeziwe iyona yokuqala ukususwa (LIFO), kanti emgqeni, into yokuqala engeziwe iyona yokuqala ukususwa (FIFO).

5. Iyini inkinga yokusesha esihlahleni sokusesha esine-binary? Inkinga yokusesha esihlahleni sokusesha esine-binary ingu-O(log n) esimweni esimaphakathi kanye no-O(n) esimweni esibi kakhulu, lapho u-n kuyinani lezinto esihlahleni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi esihlahleni sokusesha esine-binary , izinto zihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi ukusesha okuphumelelayo kungenziwa ngokunqamula isikhala sokusesha esinyathelweni ngasinye.

6. Iyini inzuzo yokusebenzisa i-array esikhundleni sohlu oluxhunyiwe? Inzuzo eyinhloko yokusebenzisa i-array esikhundleni sohlu oluxhunyiwe ukufinyelela okungahleliwe ezintweni. Ku-array, noma yisiphi isici singafinyelelwa ngqo nge-index yaso, kanti kuhlu oluxhunyiwe, kuyadingeka ukudabula uhlu ngokulandelana ukuze ufinyelele isici endaweni ethile.

Isiphetho

Kulo mhlahlandlela oqinisekile, sihlole izakhiwo zedatha ezinhlelweni kanye nokubaluleka kwazo ekuhleleni nasekulawuleni ulwazi ngendlela efanele. Kusukela kuhlu nezitaki kuya ezihlahleni namathebula e-hashi, isakhiwo ngasinye sedatha sinezici zaso nezinhlelo zokusebenza.

Lapho ukhetha ukwakheka kwedatha, kubalulekile ukuqonda izidingo zenkinga, imisebenzi okufanele yenziwe, kanye nokusebenza kanye nezingqinamba zenkumbulo. Ngesakhiwo sedatha esifanele, singakwazi ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zethu futhi siqinisekise ukusebenza okuphezulu.

Sithemba ukuthi lo mhlahlandlela ukunikeze ukuqonda okuqinile kwezinhlaka zedatha ezinhlelweni futhi ukusize uthuthukise amakhono akho wokuhlela! Hlola futhi ulinge ngezakhiwo zedatha ezahlukahlukene ukuze ukhokhise kakhulu amaphrojekthi akho futhi ufinyelele amazinga amasha okusebenza kahle!