Namuhla, i-inthanethi isiyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwethu. Kusukela ekuthumeleni i-imeyili kuye ekusakazeni amamuvi, inkundla yezokuxhumana ukuya ekuthengeni ku-inthanethi, i-inthanethi isinikeza umhlaba wamathuba angakaze abonwe kanye nokuxhumana. Kodwa ingabe wake wazibuza ukuthi iyini i-Internet nokuthi isebenza kanjani ngempela? Kulesi sihloko, uzocubungula imininingwane yalobu buchwepheshe obuguqukayo, uhlole ukuthi busebenza kanjani futhi uthole ukuthi sebube kanjani insika eyisisekelo yomphakathi wedijithali.
Iyini i-inthanethi futhi isebenza kanjani?
Incazelo ye-Intanethi
Namuhla, i-inthanethi isiphenduke ithuluzi elibalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kokubili ezingeni lomuntu siqu nelomsebenzi. Kodwa iyini ngempela i-Internet?
I-inthanethi iyinethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yamakhompyutha axhumene enza kube lula ukudluliselwa nokushintshaniswa kolwazi ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke. Yakhiwa yiqoqo lamanethiwekhi axhumanayo esebenzisa izinqubo zokuxhumana ezijwayelekile , esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
Ingqalasizinda ye-inthanethi yakhiwe ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, njengamaseva, amarutha, nezintambo ze-fiber optic. Lezi zici zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zinike amandla ukudluliswa kwedatha okuphumelelayo.
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ze-inthanethi ukuthi isekelwe ekudlulisweni kwedatha ngesimo samaphakethe. Idatha ihlukaniswa ibe amayunithi amancane abizwa ngokuthi amaphakethe, athunyelwa ngenethiwekhi abese ehlanganiswa kabusha endaweni okuyiwa kuyo. Lokhu kuvumela ukudluliswa okuphumelelayo nokuthembekile, njengoba uma iphakethe lilahlekile noma lonakele, lelo phakethe kuphela elidinga ukudluliselwa kabusha esikhundleni sayo yonke isethi yedatha.
Ukuze baxhumeke kwi-inthanethi, abasebenzisi basebenzisa abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi (ama-ISP). Laba bahlinzeki basebenza njengabaxhumanisi, behlinzeka ngokufinyelela kwi-inthanethi ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, njengezintambo zocingo, izintambo ze-fiber optic, noma ukuxhumana okungenantambo. Ngokuxhuma kwi-ISP, abasebenzisi bangafinyelela izinsizakalo nezinsiza eziku-inthanethi.
Ngamafuphi, i-inthanethi iyinethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yamakhompyutha esisiza ukuxhumana kanye nokushintshana kolwazi emhlabeni wonke. Ingqalasizinda yayo iqukethe amaseva, ama-router, kanye nezintambo ze-fiber optic. Abasebenzisi baxhuma kwi- inthanethi ngabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo , okubavumela ukuthi bafinyelele izinsizakalo eziku-inthanethi kanye nenani elikhulu lolwazi. Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizohlola ngokujulile ukuthi iyini i-inthanethi nokuthi isebenza kanjani.
Izisekelo Ze-inthanethi
Izisekelo ze-inthanethi zifaka izivumelwano zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswayo nokuthi idatha idluliselwa kanjani ngalezi zimiso ngendlela yamaphakethe.
Iphrothokholi eyinhloko esetshenziswa ku-inthanethi yi-TCP/IP (I-Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Le phrothokholi inika amandla ukuxhumana okuthembekile nokungenamthungo phakathi kwamadivayisi aku-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke.
I-TCP/IP ihlukanisa idatha ethunyelwe nge-inthanethi ibe amayunithi amancane abizwa ngokuthi amaphakethe. Iphakethe ngalinye liqukethe kokubili idatha kanye nolwazi lokulawula, njengekheli lomthombo nekheli lendawo. Lawa maphakethe athunyelwa ngenethiwekhi futhi ahlanganiswe kabusha endaweni yokugcina.
Inqubo yokuthumela amaphakethe kusuka kudivayisi eyodwa kuya kwenye yenziwa kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwamarutha. Amarutha ngamadivayisi aqondisa idatha ngendlela efanele ngenethiwekhi. Iphakethe ngalinye linekheli okuyiwa kulo futhi amarutha asebenzisa lolu lwazi ukuze anqume umzila ongcono kakhulu wokudlulisela iphakethe. Amaphakethe angalandela izindlela ezihlukene futhi aqondiswe kabusha endaweni ngayinye yenethiwekhi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisela kanye nesivinini.
Iyini i-inthanethi futhi isebenza kanjani? Asiqhubeke nesifundo sethu. Ngokungeziwe ku-TCP/IP, kunezinye izivumelwano ezisetshenziswa ku-inthanethi ngezinjongo ezahlukene. Isibonelo, iphrothokholi ye-HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa idatha yekhasi lewebhu, kuyilapho iphrothokholi ye-SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) isetshenziselwa ukuthumela ama-imeyili.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kubalulekile. Ukuze kuvikelwe ubuqotho bedatha kanye nobumfihlo , izinqubo zokuphepha ezifana ne-SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security) zisetshenziselwa ukubethela ukuxhumana kanye nokuqinisekisa amaseva nabasebenzisi.
Ngamafuphi, izisekelo ze-inthanethi zisekelwe kuphrothokholi ye-TCP/IP, evumela idatha ukuthi ihlukaniswe futhi idluliselwe ngamaphakethe kunethiwekhi yonke. Ama-router aqondisa la maphakethe endleleni efanele eya endaweni yawo yokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunephrothokholi ethile yemisebenzi ehlukene, njenge-HTTP yokudlulisa amakhasi ewebhu kanye ne-SMTP yokuthumela ama-imeyili. Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kuqinisekiswa ngamaphrothokholi afana ne-SSL/TLS.
Iyini i-inthanethi futhi isebenza kanjani? Izinkonzo ezinikezwayo
I-inthanethi inikeza inhlobonhlobo yamasevisi nezinsiza ezingasetshenziswa ngezinjongo eziningi. Ezinye zezinsizakalo ezivame kakhulu nezidumile ezitholakala ku-inthanethi yilezi ezilandelayo:
Iwebhu Yomhlaba Wonke (WWW)
I-WWW iwuhlelo lwemibhalo exhumene futhi etholakala nge-inthanethi. Amawebhusayithi enziwa kusetshenziswa izilimi zokumaka njenge-HTML futhi angafinyelelwa ngeziphequluli zewebhu ezifana ne-Chrome, iFirefox, noma iSafari. Amawebhusayithi aqukethe ulwazi, izithombe, amavidiyo, nokunye, okuvumela ukuxhumana nokwabelana ngolwazi ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele.
meyili
I-imeyili iyisevisi ye-inthanethi ekuvumela ukuthi uthumele futhi wamukele imilayezo ye-elekthronikhi. Abasebenzisi bangasebenzisa amaklayenti e-imeyili ukuthumela, ukwamukela nokuphatha ama-imeyili abo. Le sevisi isetshenziswa kabanzi kokubili ezingeni lomuntu siqu nelomsebenzi.
Ukuxhumana ngesikhathi sangempela
Izinsizakalo zokuxhumana zesikhathi sangempela, njengezingxoxo nevidiyo, zivumela abantu ukuthi baxhumane ngokushesha nge-inthanethi. Lokhu kungaba ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo esheshayo ezifana ne-WhatsApp noma iTelegram, noma izinkundla zokuxhumana ngevidiyo ezifana ne-Zoom noma i-Skype.
Izingosi zokuxhumana zivumela abantu ukuthi baxhumane futhi babelane ngolwazi, izithombe, amavidiyo, nokuningi nabangani, umndeni, noxhumana nabo ku-inthanethi. Ezinye izibonelo zezinkundla zokuxhumana ezidumile yi-Facebook, Instagram, Twitter kanye ne-LinkedIn.
Ukuhweba kwe-elekthronikhi
I-E-commerce, noma ukuhweba okuku-inthanethi, kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bathenge futhi badayise imikhiqizo namasevisi nge-inthanethi. Amapulatifomu e-E-commerce, njenge-Amazon noma i-eBay, asiza inqubo yokuthenga nokudayisa ku-inthanethi, enikeza inhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo nezinketho zokukhokha.
Ukusakaza okuqukethwe
Amasevisi okusakaza avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babuke futhi balalele okuqukethwe kwe-multimedia ku-inthanethi, ngaphandle kokuthi balande amafayela. Amapulatifomu afana ne-Netflix, Spotify ne-YouTube anikezela ngezinhlobonhlobo zamamuvi, izinhlelo ze-TV, umculo namavidiyo ongawajabulela ngesikhathi sangempela.
Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zezinsizakalo ezitholakala ku-inthanethi. Ukuxhumana komhlaba wonke nengqalasizinda ye-inthanethi inika amandla inhlobonhlobo yezinsizakalo nezinsiza kusukela kwezokuzijabulisa kuye kwezemfundo kanye nokusebenzisana kochwepheshe.
Ukubaluleka kokuphepha kwe-inthanethi
Ngaphambilini sihlaziye ukuthi iyini i-inthanethi nokuthi isebenza kanjani. Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kuyinkinga ebalulekile ngenxa yenani lolwazi lomuntu siqu noluyimfihlo oludluliswayo futhi lugcinwe ku-inthanethi. Njengoba ukuncika kuyi-Internet kuqhubeka kukhula, ukuvikela ulwazi olunjalo kuba okubaluleke nakakhulu. Nawa amanye amaphuzu abalulekile mayelana nokubaluleka kokuphepha kwe-inthanethi:
Ukuvikelwa kwemininingwane yomuntu
Ku-inthanethi, abasebenzisi babelana ngenani elikhulu lolwazi lomuntu siqu noluyimfihlo, njengamagama, amakheli, izinombolo zocingo, imininingwane yasebhange, phakathi kokunye. Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kuqinisekisa ukuthi lolu lwazi aluweli ezandleni ezingalungile, ngaleyo ndlela kuvikela ubumfihlo babantu kanye nobunikazi.
Ukuvimbela ukwebiwa kobunikazi
Ukwebiwa kobunikazi kuwubugebengu lapho ulwazi lomuntu siqu lothile lusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe ukwenza ukukhwabanisa noma imisebenzi engekho emthethweni. Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kusiza ukuvimbela ukuntshontshwa kobunikazi ngokusebenzisa ukubethela, ukufakazela ubuqiniso, nezinye izindlela zokuvikela.
Ukuvikelwa kokuthengiselana kwezezimali
Ukuhweba nge-E-commerce kanye nokuthengiselana kwezezimali ku-inthanethi sekuvame kakhulu namuhla. Ukuvikeleka kwe-inthanethi kuqinisekisa ukuthi le misebenzi ivikelekile nokuthi idatha yasebhange nekhadi lesikweletu isingathwa ngokuphephile, ngaleyo ndlela kuvinjwe ukukhwabanisa nokwebiwa kolwazi lwezezimali.
Ukuvikelwa kuhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha kanye namagciwane
I-inthanethi iyindlela lapho amagciwane ekhompuyutha nohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha lungathelela amadivaysi futhi lufake engozini ukuphepha kwabasebenzisi. Ukuvikeleka kwe-inthanethi, ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokulwa namagciwane nezinqamuleli zomlilo, kusiza ekutholeni nasekuvimbeleni ukusabalala kohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha kanye namagciwane, ngaleyo ndlela kuvikelwe amadivaysi kanye nedatha egcinwe kuwo.
Ukuphepha kwezokuxhumana
Ukuvikeleka kwe-inthanethi nakho kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe ubumfihlo bokuxhumana kwe-inthanethi. Izimiso zokuphepha, njenge-SSL/TLS, zisetshenziselwa ukubethela ukuxhumana nokuvikela ulwazi oludluliswayo, ukuvimbela ukuphazanyiswa kanye nokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe.
Ukuvikelwa kwezingane
I-inthanethi ingaba yindawo eyingozi kubantwana, njengoba bechayeka kokuqukethwe okungalungile noma abantu abanonya. Izilawuli zabazali nokuhlunga okuqukethwe kungamathuluzi okuphepha ku-inthanethi avikela izingane futhi azinikeze indawo ephephile eku-inthanethi.
Ngamafuphi, ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe ubumfihlo babasebenzisi, ubunikazi kanye nedatha yomuntu siqu. Isiza ukuvimbela ukuntshontshwa kobunikazi, ivikela ukuthengiselana kwezezimali, ivimbele ukusabalala kwe-malware namagciwane, iqinisekise ukuxhumana okuphephile futhi ivikela izingane ezingozini ze-inthanethi. Kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ze-inthanethi ukuze upheqa futhi usebenzise izinsiza ze-inthanethi ngokuphepha nangokwethembeka.
Ikusasa le-inthanethi
Sesivele sihlaziye ukuthi iyini i-inthanethi nokuthi isebenza kanjani ngokujwayelekile. Ukuthuthuka kwe-inthanethi kube yinto emangalisayo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje futhi kushintshe indlela esixhumana ngayo, esisebenza ngayo, esifunda ngayo, nesizijabulisa ngayo. Kodwa-ke, ikusasa le-inthanethi lizoshintsha kakhulu ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezitayela ezishiwo ngezansi:
I-inthanethi yezinto (IoT)
I-Internet of Things (IoT) ibhekisela ekuxhumekeni kwezinto zansuku zonke ne-inthanethi. Amadivayisi e-IoT angashintshana ngolwazi komunye nomunye kanye nabasebenzisi, okungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuphepha, kanye nokulula empilweni yethu yansuku zonke. Isibonelo, izinto ezigqokwayo (izingubo namanye amadivayisi aphathekayo kanye nezinto zasendlini) zingaqapha impilo, zilawule izinga lokushisa lasekhaya, noma zihlanganise izinhlelo zokukhanyisa .
Ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela
I-Artificial intelligence (AI) izokhulula amandla ewebhu ngezindlela ezimangazayo. I-AI ibandakanya ama-algorithm ezinhlelo namamodeli alingisa ubuhlakani nokufunda komuntu, ukuhlobanisa nokuphendula ngokusekelwe kudatha eqoqwe kuwebhu. Sesivele sabona izibonelo zezinhlelo zokuncoma eziqondene nawe, ama-chatbots, abahumushi bolimi abazenzakalelayo nezimoto ezizishayelayo.
5G
I-5G iyisizukulwane esilandelayo sokuxhuma okungenantambo futhi isatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke. I-5G ithembisa isivinini esisheshayo kanye nokubambezeleka okuncishisiwe, okuvumela ukuqamba okusha kubuchwepheshe obufana neqiniso elingeziwe kanye neqiniso elibonakalayo.
Iqiniso elingokoqobo futhi elingathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona
Okungokoqobo okungokoqobo nokungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona kushintsha indlela esisebenzisana ngayo nomhlaba wedijithali. Lobu buchwepheshe bunikeza ulwazi olujulile futhi olucebisayo hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wezokuzijabulisa, kodwa nasezindaweni zemfundo nezomsebenzi.
Blockchain
Ubuchwepheshe be-Blockchain buyindlela ephephile yokuphatha nokwabelana ngolwazi. Busebenzisa ileja esabalele engabukwa , yabelwane, futhi ifinyelelwe abasebenzisi abaningi ngokuphephile. Lobu buchwepheshe sebuvele busetshenziswa kuma-cryptocurrencies futhi bunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezingaba khona ezindaweni ezifana nezokuthutha, amabhange, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo.
Lezi ezinye nje zezindlela zobuchwepheshe ezibumba ikusasa le-inthanethi. Ikusasa le-inthanethi lizoxhunyaniswa kakhulu, lihlakaniphe, liphephile, futhi lisebenze kahle. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ingathuthukisa izimpilo zethu futhi idale amathuba amasha okusungula ibhizinisi kanye nokukhula komnotho. Njengoba lobu buchwepheshe obusha buthuthuka futhi busetshenziswa ku-inthanethi, kumele siqaphele izinselele kanye nezinsongo ezihambisana nabo, kanye nokudala uhlaka lokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ku-inthanethi.
Isiphetho: Iyini i-inthanethi futhi isebenza kanjani?
Nakuba abaningi bethu bethatha ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi njengento elula ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, ukuqonda ukuthi empeleni kusebenza kanjani kungavula umbono omusha ngezwe ledijithali elisizungezile. Kusukela ekudluliselweni kwedatha ngamakhebula angaphansi kolwandle kuya ezivumelwaneni zokuxhumana eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-inthanethi iyinethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke enkulu exhuma izigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele.
Mhlawumbe manje usuyazisa kakhulu ingqalasizinda emangalisayo kanye nezinqubo ezisekela uxhumano lwakho lwe-inthanethi , nokuthi leli thuluzi elisakazekile lishintshe kanjani indlela esixhumana ngayo, esisebenza ngayo, kanye nesizwe ngayo umhlaba namuhla. Njengoba siqhubekela phambili enkathini yedijithali, ukuqonda izisekelo ze-inthanethi kubalulekile ekusebenziseni amandla ayo aphelele kanye nokufaka isandla ekusaseni ledijithali eliqinile nelivikelekile.