I-JavaScript Frameworks: Konke Odinga Ukukwazi Ukuze Ukhethe Okungcono Kakhulu

Informatec Digital » Ukuthuthukiswa » I-JavaScript Frameworks: Konke Odinga Ukukwazi Ukuze Ukhethe Okungcono Kakhulu

Namuhla, ukukhuluma ngeJavaScript kusho ukukhuluma ngomgogodla wokuthuthukiswa kwewebhu yanamuhla. Lolu limi seluyisisekelo sokusebenzisana kanye nokuguquguquka esikubona kumawebhusayithi nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko yangempela ekukhiqizeni nasekusebenzeni kahle ifike ngenxa yezinhlaka kanye nemitapo yolwazi eqondisa futhi isheshise umsebenzi wansuku zonke wabathuthukisi, izinkampani, kanye namaqembu emhlabeni jikelele.

Uma wake wazibuza ukuthi yiluphi uhlaka lwe-JavaScript olungcono kakhulu lokuqala, ukukala, noma ukwenza iphrojekthi ibe yesimanje, noma uma ufuna nje ukuqonda ngokugcwele zonke izinketho zamanje, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nezindlela, lesi yisiqondiso esiphezulu. Lungela ukungena ezweni lezinhlaka ze -JavaScript , uthole umehluko wazo, izinzuzo, kanye nokungalungi, futhi uqonde ukuthi yini eyenza ngayinye ivelele.

Luyini ngempela uhlaka lweJavaScript futhi lusetshenziselwa ini?

Uhlaka lwe-JavaScript empeleni luyisakhiwo noma isethi yamathuluzi, izimiso, kanye nemitapo yolwazi evumela abathuthukisi ukuthi bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu ngokushesha nangendlela ephumelelayo. Ngokungafani nomtapo wolwazi olula, uhlaka luchaza ingxenye yohlelo lwakho lokusebenza futhi "lubiza ikhodi yakho," kuyilapho umtapo wolwazi ubizwa yisofthiwe yakho njengoba kudingeka.

Amafreyimu abhekana nesidingo esiphindaphindayo: ukugwema ukusungula kabusha isondo njalo. Ahlinzeka ngamaphethini, imikhuba emihle kakhulu, izinsiza, kanye nokwakheka okuyisisekelo okukuvumela ukuthi wakhe konke kusukela kuma-interface alula kuya kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu, kokubili i-front - end kanye ne-back-end . Ukukhetha uhlaka olulodwa kunolunye kuzoncika ezinhlosweni ezithile zephrojekthi kanye nethimba lokuthuthukisa.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kohlaka lwe-JavaScript nomtapo wolwazi

Njengoba kuvame ukuba nokudideka, kufanelekile ukucacisa: umtapo wolwazi weJavaScript (njenge-jQuery, i-D3.js, noma i-Lodash) unikeza izinsiza zemisebenzi ethile (isibonelo, ukuphatha i-DOM yekhasi, ukudala ama-animation, noma ukwenza lula umsebenzi ngama-array nezinto), kodwa ushiya i-logic iyonke kanye nesakhiwo sohlelo lwakho lokusebenza ezandleni zakho. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uhlaka lusungula isisekelo sephrojekthi yonke futhi luqondisa "ukugeleza kokulawula," okuchaza ukuthi intuthuko kufanele iqhubeke kanjani ngokwezakhiwo, izingxenye, kanye nokuncika.

Kungani kufaneleka ukusebenzisa uhlaka lwe-JavaScript

Ukukhetha uhlaka oluhle kuletha izinzuzo ezifana nalezi:

• Ukonga isikhathi nomzamo: Ikhodi eningi ephindaphindwayo nephethini seyakhiwe ngaphakathi.
• ukuncishiswa kwephutha: sungula imithetho nezimiso, ukusiza ukubhala ikhodi ehlanzekile neqinile.
• Benza umsebenzi weqembu: Ngokulandela i-architecture evamile, onjiniyela abaningi bangaqhubekela phambili ngokuhambisana.
• Ukwenyuka kokusebenza nokulinganisa: Izinhlaka eziningi zenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinethrafikhi ephezulu.
• Ukufinyelela emiphakathini nasezinsizeni: imibhalo, ama-plugin, izandiso, nezinkundla ezigcwele izixazululo nezibonelo.

Izinhlaka ezinkulu zeJavaScript nemitapo yolwazi namuhla

I-JavaScript ecosystem inkulu, kodwa amanye amagama agqama ngokuthandwa kwawo, ukwesekwa, nokuvuthwa. Ngezansi, sibuyekeza izinhlaka ezifanele kakhulu nemitapo yolwazi, okuhlanganisa okuhle, ububi, nezimo zokusebenzisa:

I-Angular

I-Angular iwuhlaka oluqinile noluhlonishwa kakhulu, oluxhaswe yi-Google, olwenzelwe ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu eziyinkimbinkimbi zekhasi elilodwa ( ama-SPA ). Ukwakhiwa kwayo okusekelwe ezingxenyeni, okubhalwe kahle ngenxa ye -TypeScript , kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile samaphrojekthi amancane namabhizinisi amakhulu.

Ventajas:

• Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshisiwe sibonga indlela ekabili yedatha, evumelanisa ngokuzenzakalelayo imodeli nokubuka.
• Indlela ye-Multiplatform ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula (ezine-NativeScript) noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyingxube (nge-Ionic).
• ukuncishiswa kwephutha ngokusebenzisa uhlobo lwezakhiwo lwe-MVC/MVW nezilawuli ezihlukene.
• Iyahlanganiswa isiqinisekisi sefomu, umzila, imenenja yokuncika kanye nezifanekiso ze-HTML ezicutshungulwa ku-DOM ngokwayo.
• I-Google Backup kanye nokwesekwa okusebenzayo okuvela emphakathini omkhulu.

Izinkinga:

• Ijika lokufunda eliwumqansa, ikakhulukazi kwabaqalayo.
• Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesiningiliziwe esingaba namandla.
• Akuyona i-SEO enobungane kakhulu (yize lokhu sekuthuthukile ngezibuyekezo zakamuva).

I-Angular ilungele amaphrojekthi ebhizinisi lapho kufunwa khona ukuguquguquka, ukugcinwa, kanye ne-ecosystem eqinile.

Yenza

I-React (noma i-React.js) iwumtapo wolwazi ogxile ekusetshenzisweni komsebenzisi, owadalwa yi-Facebook. Ifilosofi yayo "esekelwe ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni izingxenye" ​​ivumela amakhasi ukuthi ahlukaniswe abe yizicucu ezingasetshenziswa kabusha, okwenza kube lula ukuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kwamaphrojekthi anoma yiluphi usayizi.

Ventajas:

• Gxila ku- I-UI ememezelayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe izingxenye.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwe I-DOM ebonakalayo, okuvumela isipiliyoni somsebenzisi esishelelayo nesisebenza kahle.
• Ukuhlanganiswa okulula neminye imitapo yolwazi noma izinhlaka (Redux, Angular, Backbone, njll.).
• Iyahambisana nentuthuko ku iklayenti kanye neseva (isomorphism), isiza i-SEO kanye nesivinini sokulayisha.
• Umphakathi omkhulu nokwesekwa, onezinsiza eziningi.
• Phendulela uNative kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ngokuphinda usebenzise ingqondo nezingxenye.

Izinkinga:

• Ayichazi i-architecture ephelele, ngakho-ke ungase uhlangabezane nezitayela ezahlukene nezindlela zokuthuthukisa kumaphrojekthi ahlukene.
• Ijika lokufunda elilingene, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa amathuluzi athuthukile njengamahhuku nezimo.
• Amadokhumenti asemthethweni angathuthukiswa futhi avame ukuhlakazeka.

I-Vue.js

I-Vue.js iwuhlaka olukhula ngokushesha kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi kulula ukufunda nokuguquguquka. Yasungulwa ngu-Evan You, ihlanganisa okungcono kakhulu kwe-Angular ne-React, okuvumela kokubili ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kanye nokudalwa kwama-SPA amakhulu.

Ventajas:

• I-syntax enembile nendlela yokwengeza, ilungele abasaqalayo nochwepheshe.
• Sula ukuhlukana phakathi izingxenye y iziqondiso, okuthuthukisa ukukala.
• Ijika lokufunda elimnene kakhulu kanye nemibhalo eyisibonelo.
• Ukusekelwa kokubophezela kwedatha yezindlela ezimbili kanye nesistimu yokuphinda isebenze eqinile.
• Usayizi wenqwaba wokugcina ongasindi, ohumushela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu.

Izinkinga:

• Izinsiza eziku-inthanethi ezimbalwa ngesi-Spanish uma ziqhathaniswa ne-React ne-Angular.
• Ezinsukwini zayo zakuqala, yayisetshenziswa kakhulu e-Asia, ngakho-ke eminye imibhalo nezinsiza kungesiShayina.
• Kungaholela ekukhiqizeni "ikhodi ye-spaghetti" uma imikhuba emihle ingalandelwa.

Ilungele izinkampani ezifuna isiqalo esisheshayo kanye nekhono lokuguqula iphrojekthi yazo.

I-Node.js

I-Node.js akuyona uhlaka ngokwalo, kodwa iyindawo yokusebenza evumela ukuthi usebenzise i-JavaScript kuseva (ngaphandle kwesiphequluli) usebenzisa injini ye-V8 ye-Google Chrome. Noma kunjalo, ukubaluleka kwayo ohlelweni lwe-ecosystem kukhulu kangangokuthi uzoyibona ixhunywe kuhlaka kanye nemitapo yolwazi yazo zonke izinhlobo.

Ventajas:

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwesitaki esigcwele kusetshenziswa i-JS kuklayenti neseva.
• Uhlelo olukhulu lwemojuli sibonga inqolobane npm.
• Ukusingathwa okusebenzayo kwezicelo nemicimbi engavumelanisiwe, ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlanganyelwe noma zesikhathi sangempela.
• I-scalability nesivinini esingavamile.
• Ijika lokufunda elimnene nomphakathi okhuthele kakhulu.

Izinkinga:

• I-API engazinzile phakathi kwezinguqulo.
• Akusona isixazululo esikhule kakhulu sayo yonke imisebenzi yeseva.
• Ngezinqubo ezithile, i-Python noma ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-PHP buhlala buzinzile.

Ezinye izinhlaka nemitapo yolwazi okufanele icatshangelwe

Umkhathi we-JavaScript mkhulu kangangokuthi kunezinye izinketho eziningi kuye ngezidingo zakho. Nalu uhlu lwezinhlaka nemitapo yolwazi yesibili kodwa enamandla kakhulu:

• I-Sencha ExtJS: okuhloswe ngayo izinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinenqwaba yezingxenye ze-UI namathuluzi okuklama nawokuhlola.
• I-Ember.js: Uhlaka oluholwa ukubuyekezwa olugxile ekukhiqizeni nasekudaleni kalula ama-SPA, anezifanekiso ze-Handlebar kanye ne-CLI yawo.
• I-Backbone.js: isakhiwo esilula sezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-SPA, sisebenzisa amamodeli, amaqoqo kanye nokubukwa ngezakhiwo ze-MVP.
• I-Mithril.js: Ilula kakhulu, iyashesha futhi kulula ukuyifunda, ithuthukiselwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-SPA nge-DOM ebonakalayo esebenza kahle.
• Ipholimeri: kuthambekele ku- Izingxenye zeWebhu ejwayelekile, ikuvumela ukuthi udale izinto ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezisebenziseka kabusha ngokusekelwa kwe-Google.
• I-Svelte: Uhlaka lwesizukulwane esilandelayo olususa i-DOM ebonakalayo futhi luhlanganise izingxenye ngokuqondile ku-JS ehlanzekile ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, ukuzuza izinqwaba ezingasindi kakhulu.
• I-Meteor.js: Isitaki esigcwele nenkundla ephambanayo, kulula ukukuhlanganisa nobunye ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-React, Angular, noma i-MongoDB, elungele ukwenza i-prototyping ngokushesha.
• U-Aurelia: I-Modular, ihambisana ne-TypeScript kanye ne-JavaScript ejwayelekile, igxile ekucushweni nasekucushweni okuhle.
• Express.js: Nakuba kungelona uhlaka olungaphambili, lubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-backend nge-Node, okukuvumela ukuthi udale kalula ama-API namaseva ewebhu.
• Next.js: Isandiso se-React se-SSR (i-server-side rendering) kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesayithi elimile, kuwusizo kakhulu kumaphrojekthi we-SEO kanye ne-JAMstack.
• I-Bootstrap: Akulona uhlaka lwe-JS oluhlanzekile, kodwa luyindinganiso yokwakha izixhumanisi zangaphambili ezisabelayo nezinhle kakhulu.

Sebenzisa Amacala: I-JavaScript Frameworks isetshenziselwa ini?

Izinhlaka zeJavaScript kanye nemitapo yolwazi ziwusizo cishe kunoma yisiphi isimo ekuthuthukisweni kwewebhu noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje:

• Ukwakhiwa kwamawebhusayithi endabuko kanye nezicelo ze-SPA.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokusebenzelana eziyinkimbinkimbi nezisebenzayo.
• I-Back-end kanye ne-REST APIs (Node.js, Express).
• Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zomdabu noma ezixubile (React Native, Ionic).
• Ukubona idatha, amadeshibhodi namamephu asebenzisanayo (D3.js, Chart.js, Leaflet).
• Ukuhlola, ukuzenzela kanye nokulungisa iphutha lekhodi (Mocha, ESLint, Webpack).
• Amaphrojekthi esimanje anezitaki ezigcwele, i-JAMstack, namaseva angenaseva.

Ungakhetha kanjani uhlaka olufaneleka kakhulu lwe-JavaScript noma umtapo wolwazi?

Imakethe yohlaka lweJavaScript inkulu kakhulu futhi iyancintisana kangangokuthi ukukhetha efaneleke kakhulu kuncike ku:

• Ukukala nokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwephrojekthiIzinkampani ezinkulu zivame ukukhetha i-Angular noma i-Vue, kuyilapho iziqalo zifuna ukuguquguquka nge-React noma i-Svelte.
• Ukusebenza: I-Svelte ne-Vue zigqama ngokukhanya kwazo, Isabela ngokusebenza kwayo nge-DOM ebonakalayo.
• Umphakathi nokusekelwa: I-Angular ne-React inemiphakathi esebenza kakhulu kanye nokutholakala okukhulu kwezinsiza.
• Ukulula kokuhlanganiswaI-Vue ne-React ihlanganisa kalula kumaphrojekthi akhona; I-Angular ingaphezu kokukodwa.
• Izidingo ze-SEO: I-Next.js nezinhlaka ze-SSR zithuthukisa ukuma.
• Ulimi nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene: Uma usebenzisa i-TypeScript, i-Angular ne-Aurelia ziqondaniswe kakhulu.
• Amadokhumenti nezinsiza: I-Vue igqama ngokucaca kwayo, Isabela ngobuningi bayo bezibonelo.

Khumbula ukuthi ngale kobuchwepheshe, kubalulekile ukuqonda kahle izisekelo ze-JavaScript, i-HTML, ne-CSS ukuze wenze okuhle kunoma yiluphi uhlaka.

Amathrendi amanje nekusasa lezinhlaka ze-JavaScript

Ukuthuthukiswa kwewebhu nge-JavaScript kuthuthuka ngokushesha. Amanye amathrendi amanje okufanele uwakhumbule:

• Ubuciko bezinhlaka ezisekelwe engxenyeni (React, Vue, Svelte, Angular): bathanda ukukala nokusetshenziswa kabusha.
• Ukusebenzisana Nezingxenye Zewebhu futhi incike kumazinga omdabu.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Isomorphic noma kwendawo yonke: ikhodi efanayo yeklayenti neseva.
• Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokwehliswa kwenqwaba (Svelte, Preact, Solid).
• I-JAMstack futhi ayinaseva: ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwangaphambili nangemuva, ukuthunyelwa okushesha kakhulu.

Ikusasa libonakala liqhubekela phambili ekuguqukeni kwesimo, ukukhululeka, kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zewebhu, okuvumela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisheshayo, eziphephile, futhi ezilula ukuzinakekela.

Amathuluzi ku-ecosystem yokuthuthukisa iwebhu ayaqhubeka nokuvela ngokushesha, ngakho ukuhlala unolwazi lwakamuva nokuqonda izidingo ezithile zephrojekthi yakho kuzoba ukhiye ekukhetheni inketho engcono kakhulu. Umuzwa ku-JavaScript kanye nemikhuba ehamba phambili izoqhubeka nokuba yisisekelo sempumelelo kunoma iyiphi intuthuko yesimanje.