Konke mayelana Nefa ku-Object Oriented Programming

Uhlelo oluqondiswe ezintweni (OOP) lushintshe indlela abathuthukisi abahlela futhi bahlele ngayo amaphrojekthi abo. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo, ifa lidlala indima ebalulekile, njengoba livumela ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwekhodi okuphumelelayo kanye nokwandiswa kwayo. Kodwa liyini ngempela ifa ohlelweni oluqondiswe ezintweni, futhi kungani libaluleke kangaka?

Ifa akuwona nje umqondo wezobuchwepheshe; iyithuluzi elinamandla elisiza onjiniyela ukuba benze imodeli yomhlaba wangempela ngendlela enembile. Lo mshini uvumela isigaba esisodwa ukuthi siphume kwesinye, sizuze njengefa izimfanelo nezindlela zalo. Kuso sonke lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokujulile ukuthi isebenza kanjani, izinzuzo zayo, izibonelo ezingokoqobo kanye nezici ezibalulekile zalesi sici esibalulekile se-OOP.

Liyini ifa ohlelweni olugxile ezintweni?

Ifa liyindlela yohlelo oluqondiswe ezintweni evumela ukusetshenziswa kwezimfanelo nezindlela ezivela ekilasini lomzali ekilasini elithathwe noma lengane. Le ndlela ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwekhodi ngokwandisa nokugxila ekuziphatheni okuchazwe emakilasini omzali. Ngamagama alula, uma unekilasi lomzali elibizwa ngokuthi "Imoto," ungakha amakilasi ezingane anjenge-"Car" noma "Motorcycle" azuza izici ezivamile "zeMoto."

Ikilasi labazali libhekwa njengokujwayelekile, kuyilapho amakilasi ezingane eyisipesheli. Isibonelo, uma isigaba somzali sichaza indlela "yokuhambisa", amakilasi esuselwe angayisebenzisa, ayinwebe, noma ayichaze kabusha ngokuya ngokuziphatha kwawo okuqondile.

Izinzuzo zefa

• Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwekhodi: Ngokuzuza njengefa izibaluli nezindlela kusukela kusigaba sesisekelo, ugwema ukuphinda ikhodi kumakilasi atholiwe.
• Ukwandiswa: Ikuvumela ukuthi ungeze imisebenzi emisha noma uguqule ezikhona kumakilasi atholiwe.
• Inhlangano ye-Hierarchical: Isiza ukwakheka kwekhodi ngezigaba ezinengqondo, okubonisa ubudlelwano bomhlaba wangempela.
• Ukumisa: Igcina ukuvumelana ezindleleni ezabiwe kanye nezibaluli phakathi kwamakilasi ahlobene.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamakilasi: Ikilasi lesisekelo nekilasi elisuselwe

Esakhiweni esisezingeni eliphezulu, ikilasi eliyisisekelo, elaziwa nangokuthi i-superclass , lichaza izici ezivamile kanye nokuziphatha okungazuzwa njengefa. Amakilasi atholakalayo , noma ama-subclass, azuza lezi zakhiwo futhi angakwazi ukuzikhethela ngokungeza izimfanelo noma izindlela ezintsha, noma ngokudlulisa ezikhona.

Isibonelo, uma sichaza ikilasi eliyisisekelo elibizwa ngokuthi "Isilwane", singakha izigaba ezingaphansi ezifana ne-"Mammal" noma "Reptile". Ngakho-ke, bonke bazokwabelana ngezici ezivamile njengokuthi "ukuphefumula", kodwa ngamunye angase abe nezindlela ezithile kuye ngokuthi imvelo yawo, njengokuthi "ukuncelisa" esimweni sezilwane ezincelisayo.

Isibonelo sekhodi: Ifa ngezilimi ezahlukene

Ake sibone ukuthi ifa lisetshenziswa kanjani kwezinye zezilimi zokuhlela ezidume kakhulu:

Ifa kuPython

Ifa lisetshenziswa ngokudlulisa isigaba sesisekelo njengempikiswano encazelweni yesigaba esitholiwe:

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, especie):
        self.especie = especie

    def mover(self):
        print("El animal se está moviendo")

class Perro(Animal):
    def ladrar(self):
        print("Guau, guau")

mi_perro = Perro("Canino")
mi_perro.mover()
mi_perro.ladrar()

Ifa ku-Java

Ku-Java, igama elingukhiye extends lisetshenziselwa ukusungula ubudlelwano befa:

public class Animal {
    public void mover() {
        System.out.println("El animal se está moviendo.");
    }
}

public class Perro extends Animal {
    public void ladrar() {
        System.out.println("Guau, guau");
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Perro miPerro = new Perro();
        miPerro.mover();
        miPerro.ladrar();
    }
}

Ifa ku-C#

Ku-C#, ifa lisetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo ne-Java, kanti igama elingukhiye elithi ` :` libonisa ukuthi ikilasi elilodwa lizuza kwelinye:

class Animal {
    public void Mover() {
        Console.WriteLine("El animal se está moviendo.");
    }
}

class Perro : Animal {
    public void Ladrar() {
        Console.WriteLine("Guau, guau");
    }
}

class Program {
    static void Main(string[] args) {
        Perro miPerro = new Perro();
        miPerro.Mover();
        miPerro.Ladrar();
    }
}

Ifa elilula kanye nefa eliningi

Izilimi eziningi zokuhlela, njengeJava kanye ne-C#, zisekela kuphela i-single inheritance , okusho ukuthi ikilasi elisuselwe lingazuza kuphela ekilasini elilodwa lesisekelo. Kodwa-ke, izilimi ezifana ne-Python zivumela i-multiple inheritance , lapho ikilasi lingazuza khona emakilasini amaningi esisekelo.

Ukusebenzisa izindlela kanye nokweqa

Esinye sezici eziwusizo kakhulu zefa yikhono lokukhipha izindlela zesigaba sesisekelo. Lokhu kuvumela ukuziphatha kwendlela ukuthi ihambisane nezidingo ezithile zekilasi elitholiwe.

Isibonelo, uma ikilasi lesisekelo linendlela "yokuhambisa", ikilasi elitholiwe lingakwazi ukulibhala ngaphezulu ukuze licacise ukuthi lihamba kanjani:

class Vehiculo {
    public void mover() {
        System.out.println("El vehículo se está moviendo.");
    }
}

class Coche extends Vehiculo {
    @Override
    public void mover() {
        System.out.println("El coche está avanzando por la carretera.");
    }
}

Kulesi simo, uma indlela "yokuhambisa" ibizwa ngokuthi into yesigaba "Imoto", inguqulo ethile yalelo klasi izosetshenziswa.

I-Polymorphism kanye nefa

I-Polymorphism ingumqondo oyinhloko ohlobene nefa. Ivumela into ukuthi ithathwe njengesibonelo sesigaba sayo sesisekelo, kuyilapho igcina ukuziphatha okuchazwe esigabeni sayo esitholiwe. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhiweni ezifana nohlu noma amalungu afanayo aqukethe izinto zezinhlobo ezahlukene.

Isibonelo:

Animal[] animales = { new Perro(), new Gato() };
for (Animal animal : animales) {
    animal.hacerSonido();
}

Ifa liyithuluzi elinamandla ezinhlelweni ezigxile entweni elingavumeli ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwekhodi kuphela, kodwa futhi lidala ubudlelwano besigaba phakathi kwamakilasi futhi likhuthaze ukuklanywa kwesofthiwe okumodulayo nokuhlelekile. Ukuqonda izisekelo zayo nendlela yokuyisebenzisa ngendlela efanele kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi unjiniyela ofuna ukubhala ikhodi ephumelelayo negcinekayo.