Liyini ikheli le-IP futhi lisetshenziselwani ku-inthanethi?

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Liyini ikheli le-IP futhi lisetshenziselwani ku-inthanethi?

I-inthanethi ingene shí ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonkeSisebenza, sifunda, sibukela uchungechunge lwezindaba, futhi silawula ngisho nezibani zethu zasekhaya nge-inthanethi. Kodwa noma sixhumene usuku lonke, abantu abaningi abaqiniseki ukuthi liyini ikheli le-IP noma ukuthi lidlala yiphi indima kukho konke lokhu.

Ukuqonda ukuthi ikheli le-IP liyini nokuthi lisetshenziselwa ini Akuyona nje "i-geekiness" yobuchwepheshe: ikusiza ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuxhumeka, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha, ukusetha iwebhusayithi, noma ukwazi nje ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi olushiya luveziwe uma uphequlula. Ake sikubheke ngokuthula, ngesiSpanishi sansuku zonke, kodwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuqina kobuchwepheshe.

Liyini ikheli le-IP futhi limelelwa kanjani?

Ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi liyisihlonzi senombolo esiyingqayizivele Inikezwa idivayisi ngayinye exhunywe kunethiwekhi, kungaba inethiwekhi yendawo noma i-inthanethi. I-IP imele "i-Internet Protocol," okuyiqoqo lemithetho echaza indlela idatha ehamba ngayo phakathi kwamakhompyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, ama-router, amaseva, nanoma iyiphi enye idivayisi exhunyiwe.

Cabanga ngekheli le-IP njengekheli leposi ledijithali Kusuka kudivayisi yakho: ngaphandle kwaleyo "lebula," bekungeke kube nendlela yokwazi ukuthi ungayiletha kuphi idatha oyicelile (iwebhusayithi, ividiyo, i-imeyili, njll.) noma ukuthi ithunyelwe kuphi. Ngenxa yekheli le-IP, ulwazi luyazi ukuthi luya kuyiphi idivayisi nokuthi luvela kuyiphi idivayisi.

Kuhlobo oludumile kakhulu, i-IPv4Ikheli le-IP libhalwa njengochungechunge lwezinombolo ezine ezihlukaniswe ngezikhathi, isibonelo: 192.168.1.38. Izinombolo ngayinye ingasukela ku-0 kuya ku-255, ngakho-ke ububanzi obungaba khona busukela ku-0.0.0.0 kuya ku-255.255.255.255. Ngaphakathi, zingama-bits angu-32 ahlukaniswe “ama-octet” amane.

Enguqulweni yesimanje, i-IPv6Ifomethi iyashintsha ngokuphelele: esikhundleni sezinombolo zamadesimali, kusetshenziswa izinombolo ze-hexadecimal (0-9 kanye ne-AF), eziqoqwe ngamabhulokhi ayisishiyagalombili ahlukaniswe ngamakholoni amabili, isibonelo: 2001:0db8:0001:0b07:00CC:0ab9:C0A8:0102. Lapha sikhuluma ngamabhithi ayi-128 esikhundleni sama-32, okuvumela inani lamakheli elingapheli.

Ubani owabela amakheli e-IP futhi ahlelwe kanjani?

Ama-IP awasatshalaliswa ngokungahleliweKukhona inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-IANA (i-Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), eyingxenye ye-ICANN, enesibopho sokukhiqiza nokuphatha amabhlogo amakhulu amakheli e-IP emhlabeni jikelele.

I-IANA yabela amabhlogo e-IP kumarejista esifunda, wona azisabalalisa ezinhlanganweni, kubasebenzi, kubahlinzeki be-inthanethi (ama-ISP), kohulumeni, ezinkampanini… futhi, ekugcineni, labo bahlinzeki yibo abanikeza i-IP yomphakathi ekuxhumaneni kwakho kwasekhaya noma kwebhizinisi njalo uma uxhuma.

Ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi efanayoNjengaleyo esekhaya lakho noma ehhovisi, i-router inesibopho sokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa amakheli e-IP ayimfihlo kudivayisi ngayinye, kungaba ngesandla noma ngokuzenzakalelayo (ngokuvamile ngeseva ye-DHCP ehlanganiswe ne-router uqobo).

Indlela ikheli le-IP elisebenza ngayo isinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Ukuqonda ukuthi ikheli le-IP lisebenza kanjani ngempelaKuhle ukubukeza okwenzekayo uma wenza into elula njengokuvula isiphequluli sakho nokuthayipha ikheli lewebhusayithi.

1. Idivayisi yakho ixhumeka kunethiwekhiUma usekhaya, uvame ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi yomhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi nge-router yakho. Uma usemsebenzini, uzoxhuma kunethiwekhi yenkampani. Ebha noma ehhotela, uzosebenzisa i-Wi-Fi yomphakathi abayinikezayo.

2. Umhlinzeki wakho we-inthanethi ukupha ikheli le-IP lomphakathiLelo kheli "liwubuso obubonakalayo" bokuxhumana kwakho nezwe langaphandle. Yonke idatha engena futhi iphuma kwi-inthanethi iphawulwe ngalelo kheli le-IP lomphakathi ukuze likwazi ukuhamba kahle.

3. I-router idala inethiwekhi yangaphakathi enama-IP ayimfihloNgaphakathi kwekhaya lakho, idivayisi ngayinye (i-PC, ifoni ephathekayo, i-TV, iphrinta, isipikha esihlakaniphile, njll.) ithola ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo. Lawa ma-IP asebenza kuphela kunethiwekhi yakho yendawo; awafinyeleleki ngqo kwi-inthanethi.

4. Uma u-oda iwebhusayithi (isibonelo, usesha "liyini ikheli le-IP" ku-Google), idivayisi yakho ikhiqiza isicelo esisuka ku-IP yakho yangasese siye ku-router, i-router iyihumushe bese iyithumela ku-inthanethi isebenzisa i-IP yakho yomphakathi, futhi leso sicelo sisuka ku-router siye ku-router size sifike kuseva lapho iwebhusayithi iphethwe khona.

5. Iseva iyaphendula futhi ibuyisela ulwazi olubhalwe ngekheli lakho le-IP lomphakathi. I-router yakho ithola le datha, iyiqondise kabusha kudivayisi efanele ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yakho (ngokusekelwe ekhelini layo le-IP eliyimfihlo), futhi kungakapheli ama-millisecond, ikhasi livela esikrinini sakho.

Lonke lolu hlelo lulandela imithetho ye-TCP/IP, isethi yamaphrothokholi achaza indlela idatha ehlukaniswa ngayo ibe amaphakethe, ukuthi ibalwa kanjani, ithunyelwa kanjani, ukuthi ihlanganiswa kanjani kabusha lapho ifika... kanye nendlela ikheli le-IP elihileleke ngayo kukho konke lokhu.

Ikheli le-IP lisetshenziselwa ini?

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-IP Kuwukuhlonza amadivayisi namanethiwekhi ukuze akwazi ukuxhumana, kokubili kumanethiwekhi angaphakathi (i-LAN) kanye ne-inthanethi.

Ngenxa yekheli le-IP, amaphakethe angahanjiswa. yedatha kusukela endaweni ethile eya endaweni eqondile, ngendlela isevisi yeposi edinga ngayo ikheli lakho ukuze ikwazi ukukulethela iphakheji.

Ngaphezu kokuvumela ukuthumela nokwamukela idathaI-IP yenza kube lula imisebenzi efana nokubuyisela imiyalezo lapho okuthile kwehluleka (isibonelo, uma uthumela i-imeyili ekhelini elingasekho), ukuthola izinkinga zenethiwekhi, vimba ukuxhumana okunonya noma sebenzisa izihlungi ngokwemvelaphi noma indawo.

Empeleni, konke okwenzayo ku-inthanethi (ukuphequlula, ukusebenzisa amanethiwekhi omphakathi, ukuhlola ibhange lakho, ukubuka amapulatifomu okusakaza, ukudlala imidlalo eku-inthanethi, ukulanda amafayela, ukuthumela ama-imeyili…) kuncike ekutheni idivayisi yakho inekheli le-IP elivumelekile nelilungiselelwe kahle.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi: i-ID yenethiwekhi kanye ne-ID yomsingathi

Ikheli ngalinye le-IPv4 elijwayelekile lingahlukaniswa izingxenye ezimbili: isihlonzi senethiwekhi (i-Network ID) kanye nesihlonzi somsingathi (i-Host ID).

I-ID yenethiwekhi yisigaba esikhomba inethiwekhi ethile. Ungowakwakho. Isibonelo, ekhelini le-IP elingu-172.16.254.1, ingxenye engu-172.16.254 izohambisana ne-ID yenethiwekhi ezimweni eziningi. Le ngxenye ivame ukunqunywa yi-ISP yakho, inethiwekhi yenkampani yakho, noma i-Wi-Fi yomphakathi oyisebenzisayo.

I-ID yomphathi iyisiqeshana esikhomba idivayisi ethile. Ngaphakathi kwaleyo nethiwekhi, inombolo yokugcina ku-notation yama-dotted decimal ivame ukusetshenziswa (esibonelweni esidlule, u-"1"). Ngakho-ke, uma unamakhompyutha amaningana ekhaya, wonke azokwabelana nge-ID yenethiwekhi efanayo kodwa azoba nama-ID ahlukene e-host: 172.16.254.1, 172.16.254.2, 172.16.254.3, njll.

Inhlanganisela ye-ID yenethiwekhi + i-ID yomsingathi ikhiqiza ikheli le-IP eliyingqayizivele ngaphakathi kwaleyo nethiwekhi, okugwema izingxabano futhi kwenze kube nokwenzeka ukuthi i-router yazi ukuthi iyiphi idivayisi ezoletha iphakethe ngalinye elilitholayo.

Amakilasi ekheli le-IPv4 kanye nobubanzi obuyimfihlo

Ku-IPv4, amakheli ahlukaniswe ngezigaba zomlando ngokwenani le-octet yokuqala. Nakuba i-classless routing (CIDR) isetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla, lawa makilasi ahlala eyindlela ebanzi yokuchaza isakhiwo senethiwekhi.

Isigaba A (0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255)I-octet yokuqala ikhomba inethiwekhi, kanti ezinye ezintathu zikhomba idivayisi. Yaklanyelwa amanethiwekhi amakhulu anezigidi zabaphathi, njengamayunivesithi amakhulu noma izinkampani.

Isigaba B (128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255)Ama-octet amabili okuqala awenethiwekhi, kanti amabili asele awedivayisi. Lokhu kujwayelekile ezinhlanganweni eziphakathi nezinkulu ezidinga ibhalansi phakathi kwenani lamanethiwekhi kanye nenani lama-host ngenethiwekhi ngayinye.

Iklasi C (192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255)Ama-octet amathathu okuqala awenzelwe ulwazi lwenethiwekhi, kanti i-octet yokugcina ikhomba idivayisi. Lokhu kuvamile ezindaweni ezincane, njengezinkampani ezincane noma amanethiwekhi asekhaya athuthukile.

Iklasi D (224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255): igcinelwe ukusakaza okuningi, eyenzelwe ukuthumela idatha ngesikhathi esisodwa kubamukeli abaningi, okuthuthukisa umkhawulokudonsa.

Iklasi E (240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255): okuhloswe ngakho ukuhlola, ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuhlola; akusebenziswa kumanethiwekhi abasebenzisi bokugcina ngendlela evamile.

Ngaphakathi kwalawo mabanga kunezigaba ezigcinelwe amanethiwekhi azimele Lawa amakheli e-IP asetshenziswa yi-router yakho namadivayisi ekhaya noma ehhovisi, futhi awakwazi "ukuphumela" ngqo kwi-inthanethi.

• Ikilasi Langasese A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
• Ibanga Elizimele B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
• Iklasi Elizimele C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Lawa makheli angaphindaphindwa kumanethiwekhi ahlukene azimele Akunankinga, ngoba azibonakali ngqo kwi-inthanethi. Yi-router, ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-NAT (Network Address Translation), esebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwama-IP angasese nama-IP omphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kune-IP ekhethekile egciniwe. ezingabelwe amadivayisi avamile: 0.0.0.0 (wonke amanethiwekhi / ikheli elingavumelekile), 127.0.0.1 (i-loopback, esetshenziselwa ikhompyutha ukuxhumana nayo), 255.255.255.255 (isakaza kuwo wonke amadivayisi kunethiwekhi) noma ububanzi be-169.254.0.0/16, obusetshenziswa lapho ikhompyutha ingakwazi ukuthola ikheli le-IP kusuka kuseva ye-DHCP futhi izilungiselela ngokuzenzakalelayo ngekheli.

Izinhlobo zamakheli e-IP ngokuya ngobubanzi bawo

Singahlukanisa ama-IP ngezindlela eziningiKodwa omunye wemihlobiso ewusizo kakhulu uphakathi kwamakheli omphakathi nawangasese, kanye naphakathi kwamakheli angaguquki nashintshashintshayo. Inhlanganisela ngayinye inezinzuzo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuthile.

Ikheli le-IP lomphakathi

Ikheli lakho le-IP lomphakathi yilona elikhomba uxhumano lwakho lwe-inthanethi.Yikheli elibonwa amaseva amawebhusayithi owavakashelayo, izinsizakalo zokusakaza, amapulatifomu emidlalo aku-inthanethi, noma iyiphi isevisi oxhuma kuyo ungaphandle kwenethiwekhi yakho.

Leli kheli le-IP linikezwa ngumhlinzeki wakho wesevisi ye-inthanethi (i-ISP) Uma uxhuma, wonke amadivayisi asekhaya lakho asebenzisa i-router efanayo abelana ngekheli le-IP lomphakathi elifanayo, noma ngaphakathi ngalinye linekheli lalo le-IP langasese.

Ama-IP omphakathi angaba I-IP Eqinile vs I-IP EguquguqukayoAmakheli e-IP angaguquki asetshenziswa kabanzi ngamabhizinisi nezinsizakalo ezidinga ukufinyeleleka ngekheli elifanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi (isibonelo, amaseva, izinhlelo zokuqapha ividiyo, noma ukuxhumana kwe-VPN yezinkampani). Amakheli e-IP aguquguqukayo avamile phakathi kwabasebenzisi basekhaya.

Ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo

Ikheli lakho le-IP eliyimfihlo yilelo elisetshenziswa kuphela ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yakho yendawo.I-router inika idivayisi ngayinye ehlukile ukuze ikwazi ukubonana futhi yabelane ngezinsiza (amaphrinta, amafolda, amadivayisi e-IoT, njll.).

Lawa mabanga ayimfihlo awahanjiswa nge-inthanethiLokhu kusho ukuthi izindlu ezimbili ezahlukene zingaba, isibonelo, nedivayisi enekheli le-IP elingu-192.168.1.34 ngaphandle kwezingxabano, ngoba inethiwekhi ngayinye ihlukanisiwe futhi i-router inesibopho sokuhumusha ithrafikhi yangaphakathi/yangaphandle.

Amakheli e-IP aqinile naguquguqukayo

Ikheli le-IP elingaguquki ikheli elingashintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Ilungiselelwe ngesandla noma igcinelwe ngqo idivayisi noma uxhumano.

Ama-IP aqinile avamile ezindaweni zobungcweti Yilapho iwebhusayithi, iseva yeposi, iseva ye-FTP, noma ezinye izinsizakalo ezifinyeleleka kude zibanjwa khona. Ukusebenzisa ikheli elifanayo njalo kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukucushwa kwe-DNS, ama-firewall, kanye nokufinyelela kude.

Ngokuphambene nalokho, ikheli le-IP elishintshashintshayo liyashintsha njalo.Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka njalo uma uqala kabusha i-router yakho noma lapho i-ISP yakho ishintsha ikheli layo. Ziphathwa ngokuzenzakalelayo nge-DHCP futhi ziyindlela eshibhile futhi eguquguqukayo kakhulu kumsebenzisi ojwayelekile.

Ama-IP anamandla asiza ukuthuthukisa izinsiza (amakheli angasasetshenziswa angasetshenziswa kabusha) futhi engeza ungqimba oluncane lokuphepha, njengoba enza kube nzima kancane ukulandelela uxhumano olufanayo unomphela.

Amakheli e-IP okusetshenziswa kanye namawebhusayithi

Noma yimuphi umuntu noma inkampani ebhalisela i-inthanethi Ithola ikheli le-IP lomthengi, elingaba elomphakathi noma langaphakathi kuye ngomongo. Ezingeni lokusingatha iwebhu, isimo siyashintsha kancane.

Izinsizakalo zokuhlala ezihlanganyelweAmawebhusayithi amaningi ahlukene ahlala kuseva efanayo futhi abelana ngekheli le-IP lomphakathi elifanayo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-IP eyabiwe: ama-domain amaningana "abukhoma" ngemuva kwekheli le-IP elilodwa.

Kukhona namakheli e-IP anikezelwe amawebhusayithiKulesi simo, isayithi (noma iqembu elincane kakhulu) linekheli lalo le-IP, elenza kube lula ukucushwa kwezitifiketi ezithile, ukufinyelela ngqo kwe-IP ngaphandle kwesizinda, noma ukudalwa kwamaseva athile e-FTP, phakathi kwezinye izinzuzo.

Iyini i-IPv4, iyini i-IPv6, futhi kungani kukhona ushintsho?

I-IPv4 inguqulo yesine ye-Internet Protocol Futhi sekungamashumi eminyaka, lokhu kuyisisekelo sokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi. Kusebenzisa ama-bits angu-32, okunikeza cishe amakheli ayizigidigidi ezingu-4.300, okwakubonakala kwanele ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngokuqhuma kwamadivayisi axhunyiwe (omakhalekhukhwini, ama-laptop, amathebhulethi, ama-smart TV, ukuzenzekela kwasekhaya, izimoto ezixhunyiwe, izinzwa, amakhamera…), isikhala sekheli asisanele. “Ama-patches” asetshenzisiwe, njengokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-NAT kuma-router ukuvumela amadivayisi amaningi ukuthi abelane ngekheli elilodwa le-IP lomphakathi, kodwa inkinga eyisisekelo isalokhu ikhona.

I-IPv6 yaklanywa ukuxazulula le nkinga.Inguqulo 6 yale phrothokholi. Iqala kuma-bits angu-32 kuya kwangu-128, isebenzisa ukubhalwa kwe-hexadecimal emaqenjini ayisishiyagalombili ahlukaniswe ngamakholoni, okuvumela inani lezinkanyezi lamakheli atholakalayo.

I-IPv6 yethula izinguquko ezibalulekile ngaphezu kosayizi wesikhala sekheli uqobo:

• Umqondo wakudala wokusakaza uyanyamalala futhi kugxilwe kakhulu ku-unicast, multicast, kanye ne-anycast ukuze kuthuthukiswe ithrafikhi.
• Kukhuthazwa ukuzilungiselela amakheli ngokwakho kumadivayisi, kunciphisa ukuncika kumaseva e-DHCP avamile.
• Amamaski enethiwekhi enziwe lula ngeziqalo ezicacile kanye nohlu lwamakheli okwenza amakheli "okulondoloza" angabalulekile kangako kunaku-IPv4.
• Amaphakheji angaphathwa kahle kakhulu Ngenxa yama-header ahlelwe kangcono, lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo womsebenzi wama-router futhi kusheshise umzila.
• Isidingo se-NAT sinciphileokuvumela amadivayisi amaningi ukuthi aphinde abe namakheli omphakathi ahlukile kanye nokuxhumana okulula ukusuka endaweni uye endaweni.

Ukufakwa kwe-IPv6 kuyaqhubeka Futhi kuncike kakhulu kubahlinzeki kanye nabaqhubi. I-IPv4 kanye ne-IPv6 ziyafana namuhla, futhi abasebenzisi abaningi abazi nokuthi kusetshenziswa ini. Ngokusho kwedatha evela kubadlali abakhulu njenge-Google, iphesenti lethrafikhi ku-IPv6 liyanda minyaka yonke, kodwa i-IPv4 isalokhu ivame kakhulu.

Indlela yokuthola ikheli lakho le-IP

Ukuthola ikheli lakho le-IP lomphakathi kulula kakhuluVele uvule isiphequluli sakho, iya ku-Google, bese uthayipha "Lithini ikheli lami le-IP?"Uzobona ikheli emiphumeleni yokuqala, futhi uma uya kumasayithi athile, uzokwazi nokubona imininingwane efana ne-ISP, izwe, noma ukuthi ngabe kutholakale i-proxy noma i-VPN.

Ukuze ubuke ikheli lakho le-IP eliyimfihlo, inqubo iyahlukahluka kuye ngohlelo lokusebenza.Yikheli elinikezwe yi-router ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yakho yendawo.

Buka ikheli lakho le-IP eliyimfihlo ku-Windows

Ku-Windows ungasebenzisa umyalo osheshayo ukuze ubone ngokushesha izikhombisi-ndlela zakho:

• Vula imenyu ethi Qala bese usesha i-“cmd” noma i-“Command Prompt”.
• Ewindini elivulayo, thayipha ipconfig bese ucindezela u-Enter.
• Ohlwini oluvelayo, bheka imigqa ethi “Ikheli le-IPv4” kanye nethi “Ikheli le-IPv6” ehlotshaniswa ne-adaptha yakho yenethiwekhi (i-Wi-Fi noma i-Ethernet).

Kungenzeka futhi ukuyibuka kusukela kuzilungiselelo zesithombe.Ngokuya kuzilungiselelo > Inethiwekhi ne-inthanethi, ukukhetha inethiwekhi yakho ye-Wi-Fi noma ye-Ethernet bese uhlola izakhiwo zokuxhumeka, lapho ikheli le-IP lizovela khona eduze kwe-“Ikheli le-IPv4”.

Buka ikheli lakho le-IP eliyimfihlo ku-Linux

Kuma-Linux amaningi okusatshalaliswa Lokhu kwenziwa nge-terminal:

• Vula i-terminal usebenzisa isithonjana esihambisanayo noma ngokucindezela I-Ctrl + Alt + T.
• Bhala ifconfig bese ucindezela u-Enter (kwezinye izindawo zokusabalalisa kungadingeka ukuthi ufake iphakheji ye-net-tools).
• Ungasebenzisa futhi imiyalo ehlukile ip addr o ip a.

Ekuphumeni uzobona ama-adapter enethiwekhi (isibonelo, i-wlo1 ye-Wi-Fi noma i-eth0 yezintambo). Eceleni kwelebula ethi “inet” kunekheli lakho le-IPv4 eliyimfihlo, kanti eduze kwe-“inet6”, ikheli lakho le-IPv6 eliyimfihlo uma ulilungisile.

Buka ikheli lakho le-IP eliyimfihlo ku-macOS

Ku-Mac kulula kakhulu ngokusebenzisa isikhombikubona sezithombe.:

• Iya kumenyu ye-Apple bese ufaka "Izintandokazi Zesistimu".
• Chofoza ku-"Inethiwekhi".
• Khetha uxhumano lwakho (i-Wi-Fi noma i-Ethernet) futhi uzobona ikheli le-IP kudatha yesimo soxhumano.

Ungasebenzisa futhi uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Terminal. bese ugijima ifconfig ukuze ubone ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nawo wonke ama-adapter, njengaku-Linux.

Buka ikheli lakho le-IP eliyimfihlo kumadivayisi eselula (i-iOS ne-Android)

Ku-iPhone noma ku-iPad nge-iOS:

• Vula "Izilungiselelo".
• Faka "i-Wi-Fi".
• Thepha isithonjana solwazi ("i" esiyingini) eduze kwenethiwekhi oxhumeke kuyo.
• Ikheli le-IP livela esigabeni se-DHCP noma esigabeni esihambisana ne-IPv4.

Ku-Android, imenyu ingahluka kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo.Kodwa umqondo uyafana:

• Iya kokuthi "Izilungiselelo" noma "Ukucushwa".
• Iya ku-“Connections” noma “Networks and Internet” bese uya ku-“Wi-Fi”.
• Thepha kunethiwekhi oxhumeke kuyo bese ubheka “Izilungiselelo Ezithuthukisiwe” noma ezifanayo.
• Uzobona ikheli le-IP eliyimfihlo elihlotshaniswa nedivayisi yakho ngaphakathi kwaleyo nethiwekhi.

Uma udinga ukubona amakheli e-IP awo wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe Ukuze ufinyelele inethiwekhi yakho, indlela engcono kakhulu ukufinyelela isikhombimsebenzisi sokuphatha se-router ngokuthayipha isango layo (isibonelo, 192.168.1.1) kusiphequluli bese uhlola uhlu "lwamadivayisi axhunyiwe" noma afanayo.

Shintsha ikheli le-IP: lomphakathi nelangasese

Ukushintsha ikheli lakho le-IP lomphakathi akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi.Ezimweni eziningi, ukuvala nje i-router yakho kwanele ukuthi i-ISP yakho ikunike ikheli elisha le-IP eliguqukayo, kodwa uma unekheli le-IP elingaguquki noma udinga ushintsho oluthile, kuzodingeka uxhumane nomhlinzeki wakho noma ucabangele... Izinsizakalo ze-DDNS.

Ukushintsha ikheli lakho le-IP eliyimfihlo kulula kakhulu. futhi kuncike kuphela ekucushweni kwenethiwekhi yakho yendawo kanye ne-router yakho noma uhlelo lokusebenza.

Ku-Windows ungaphoqa ukuvuselelwa kwe-IP nge-console:

• Vula u-“cmd” njengakuqala.
• Bhala ipconfig /release bese ucindezela u-Enter ukuze ukhiphe ikheli lamanje.
• Ngemuva kwaloko bhala ipconfig /renew ukucela entsha kusuka kuseva ye-DHCP (ngokuvamile i-router).

Ku-Linux, uma usebenzisa indawo enezithombeUngaya kuzilungiselelo zakho zenethiwekhi, ufinyelele izakhiwo zakho zokuxhumeka, futhi esigabeni se-IPv4, khetha phakathi kokunikezwa kwe-IP okuzenzakalelayo (i-DHCP, i-IP enamandla) noma i-IP esetshenziswa ngesandla, lapho ungachaza khona ikheli le-IP elingaguquki lekhompyutha yakho. Ngemva kokusebenzisa izinguquko, kuyalulekwa ukuthi uqale kabusha isikhombimsebenzisi senethiwekhi noma ikhompyutha yakho.

Kumanethiwekhi athuthukile kakhuluUngalungisa futhi ukubhukha kwe-DHCP ku-router ukuze ihlale inika ikheli elifanayo le-IP langasese kudivayisi ethile, iyikhomba nge- Ikheli le-MAC.

Ukuphepha, ubumfihlo, kanye nezinsongo ezihlobene ne-IP

Ikheli lakho le-IP, ikakhulukazi elakho elisesidlangalaleni, lisho okuningi ngawe kunalokho ongase ukucabange.Ingaveza umhlinzeki wakho, izwe lakini, ngisho nedolobha lakho eliseduze, futhi isebenza njengendawo yokubhekisela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokulandelela nokuhlasela uma ungayivikeli kahle.

Izigebengu ze-inthanethi zingathola ikheli lakho le-IP ngezindlela eziningana: ngokusebenzisa ubunjiniyela bezenhlalo (isibonelo, ukukukholisa ukuthi uxhumeke kusevisi ethile noma ubashayele ucingo nge-Skype), ukuhlaziya umsebenzi wakho ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, amazwana, imidlalo eku-inthanethi, ama-imeyili anonya, njll.

Ikheli lakho le-IP lingasetshenziswa ukuzama izenzo ezahlukahlukene ezinonya:

• Landelela indawo yakho eseduze ngezinsizakalo ze-geolocation kanye nedatha yokubhekisela ekuxhumaneni namanethiwekhi omphakathi ukuze akuthole futhi akuthole ngokunemba okukhulu.
• Yenza ukuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS ngokumelene nokuxhumeka kwakho, kugcwala i-IP yakho ngethrafikhi engafuneki kuze kube yilapho inethiwekhi yakho ingasebenzi okwesikhashana, into evamile ezweni lemidlalo yokuncintisana.
• Skena amachweba ekheli lakho le-IP ngifuna izinsizakalo ezisengozini (ama-webcam avikelwe kabi, amaseva asekhaya, ama-router port avulekile…) ukuze uzame ukungena kalula kumadivayisi akho.
• Khohlisa ikheli lakho le-IP noma uyisebenzise "njengesikrini" sokulanda okuqukethwe okungekho emthethweni, ukusabalalisa izinto eziphangiwe noma ngisho nokuqukethwe kobugebengu, ngengozi yokuthi iziphathimandla zizohlobanisa lowo msebenzi nokuxhumana kwakho.

Ngakho-ke, ukuvikela ikheli lakho le-IP kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphepha kwe-inthanethi ekhaya. kanye nezinkampani, njengokuvikela amaphasiwedi noma ukugcina isofthiwe yokulwa namagciwane isesikhathini.

Indlela yokufihla nokuvikela ikheli lakho le-IP

Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuvikela ikheli lakho le-IP lomphakathi Kumayelana nokukufihla ukuze amasayithi owavakashelayo kanye nabahlaseli abangaba khona babone ikheli elihlukile kunelakho langempela.

Kunezindlela ezimbili zobuchwepheshe eziyinhloko zalokhu.: amaseva e-proxy kanye namanethiwekhi ayimfihlo abonakalayo (ama-VPN).

Ummeleli usebenza njengomxhumanisi Phakathi kwedivayisi yakho ne-inthanethi: yonke ithrafikhi yakho idlula kuleyo seva kuqala, futhi ezweni langaphandle kubonakala sengathi isicelo sivela ekhelini le-IP lommeleli, hhayi elakho. Kodwa-ke, ama-proxies amaningi aneza ukukhangisa, awabhali ngemfihlo ithrafikhi, noma abhale phansi umsebenzi wakho, ngakho-ke udinga ukukhetha ngokucophelela.

I-VPN ithatha isinyathelo esisodwa phambili Ngoba, ngaphezu kokufihla ikheli lakho le-IP, libhala ngemfihlo yonke ithrafikhi phakathi kwedivayisi yakho neseva ye-VPN, lidale "umhubhe" ophephile noma ngabe ukunethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi yomphakathi engavikelekile.

Uma uxhuma ku-VPN:

• Ikhompyutha yakho ixhuma kuseva ye-VPN ekude bese isungula isiteshi esibethelwe.
• Wonke amathrafikhi akho aya kwi-inthanethi kusuka ekhelini le-IP leseva ye-VPN, hhayi elakho langempela.
• Ungabonakala sengathi ukwelinye izwe noma isifunda, okukusiza ukuthi ugweme ama-geo-blocks futhi ulondoloze ubumfihlo bakho.

Ngaphezu kokusebenzisa i-VPN noma i-proxyKunconywa ukulandela imikhuba emihle ukuze unciphise ingozi ehambisana ne-IP:

• Lungiselela izilungiselelo zobumfihlo kahle kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zemiyalezo kanye namanethiwekhi omphakathi, kunqunyelwe ukuthi ubani ongakuthinta noma abone idatha yakho.
• Sebenzisa amaphasiwedi aqinile futhi ahlukile kuma-router, amadivayisi kanye nezinsizakalo eziku-inthanethi, ukugwema ukushiya amaphasiwedi azenzakalelayo.
• Qaphela ama-imeyili nezixhumanisi ezisolisayo okungakuholela kumawebhusayithi anonya angakwazi ukuxhaphaza ubuthakathaka kusiphequluli noma uhlelo lwakho.
• Faka futhi uhlale usesikhathini ne-antivirus enhle noma i-suite yokuphepha ethola i-malware, ama-Trojans, kanye neminye imizamo yokungena.

Konke lokhu akuzisusi izingozi ngo-100%.Kodwa kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba i-IP yakho ibe yisango lezinkinga ezinkulu.

Ukuqonda ukuthi ikheli le-IP liyini, ukuthi lihlelwe kanjani libe amakheli omphakathi nawangasese, angaguquki futhi aguquguqukayo, nokuthi umehluko uyini phakathi kwe-IPv4 ne-IPv6 Ikunikeza umbono ocacile kakhulu wokuthi uxhumano lwakho lwe-inthanethi lusebenza kanjani ngempela, ikusiza ukuthi ulungise izilungiselelo zakho zemishini, uxazulule izinkinga ezivamile zenethiwekhi, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nobumfihlo bakho nokuvikeleka kwakho njalo uma uxhuma.