Liyini ikheli le-MAC futhi lisetshenziselwa ini?: Umhlahlandlela ophelele

Ikhava » Hardware » Liyini ikheli le-MAC futhi lisetshenziselwa ini?: Umhlahlandlela ophelele

Wake wazibuza ukuthi yini ngempela ikheli le-MAC nokuthi kungani livela ekucushweni okuningi kwenethiwekhi? Ngokuvamile, lapho uhlola amadivayisi axhunywe ku-Wi-Fi yakho noma ulungiselela umzila, uhlangabezane nezinombolo ezingajwayelekile namagama obuchwepheshe afana namakheli e-IP noma amakheli e-MAC. Ungakhathazeki uma konke lokhu kuzwakala njengobuwula: lapha sizochaza ngendlela ecacile nefinyelelekayo yonke into odinga ukuyazi mayelana namakheli e-MAC: ukusetshenziswa kwawo, amafomethi awo, izinhlobo ezahlukene ezikhona, nokuthi ungazithola kanjani kumadivayisi akho.

Masingene emhlabeni wokuxhumana ngokuhlonza indima ebalulekile edlalwa amakheli e-MAC kumakhompyutha akho, omakhalekhukhwini nanoma iyiphi idivayisi exhumeka kunethiwekhi, Kusukela ekuvikelekeni kuya ebumfihlweni, ingasaphathwa amathiphu asebenzayo nezincomo zokuvikela ulwazi lwakho. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzoba nokuqonda okuphelele nokungokwemvelo kwesihloko—okuphelele ngokuyeka ukugqolozela lezo zinombolo njengokungathi ziyimiyalezo evela kwabafokazi!

Liyini ngempela ikheli le-MAC?

La Ikheli le-MAC (ngesiNgisi Ukulawula Ukufinyelela Kwemidiya) kube a isihlonzi esiyingqayizivele ukuthi abakhiqizi babela i amakhadi enethiwekhi yanoma iyiphi idivayisi ekwazi ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi yendawo, kungaba nge-WiFi, i-Ethernet, noma i-Bluetooth. Kucabange “njenge-ID” yesixhumi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi ngayinye, ngoba awusoze wathola okubili okufanayo, okungenani ngokombono. Leli kheli lisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa ngokunembile idivayisi ngayinye ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, futhi kunjalo kubalulekile ukuze ukuxhumana kwedatha kusebenze kahle.

Amakheli e-MAC akhiwe ngamabhithi angu-48 noma angu-64. avezwa ngefomethi ye-hexadecimal, ngokuvamile aqoqwe abe amabhulokhi amadijithi amabili ahlukaniswe amakholoni noma amakhonco (ngokwesibonelo: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E). Ifomethi ejwayeleke kakhulu ithi 48-bit (MAC-48), nakuba ezinye izisetshenziswa zesimanje, ikakhulukazi lezo eziguqulelwe ku-IPv6 nobuchwepheshe obusha, zingasebenzisa ifomethi ye-64-bit (EUI-64). Kumasistimu adinga inani elikhulu lezihlonzi ezihlukile, izinsiza ezifana ukwaziswa kwesimanje ukuqonda ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sihluka kanjani.

Lakhiwe kanjani ikheli le-MAC?

Ikheli le-MAC le-48-bit lihlukaniswe laba amabhlogo ayisithupha wezinhlamvu ezimbili ze-hexadecimalAmabhulokhi amathathu okuqala (amabhithi angu-24) akhomba umkhiqizi, into efana nenombolo ye-serial yomkhiqizo okhiqize ikhadi lenethiwekhi: lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi I-OUI (Inkomba Eyingqayizivele Yenhlangano)Amabhulokhi amathathu alandelayo ehlukile kudivayisi ngayinye ngaphakathi kwalowo mkhiqizi. Ngale ndlela, awukwazi nje ukuthi ngubani ophethe idivayisi, kodwa futhi imodeli kanye neyunithi eqondile ngaphakathi komugqa wokukhiqiza.

• Isibonelo: 00:1E:C2:9E:28:6B – lapho u-00:1E:C2 ekhombisa umkhiqizi (isb., i-Apple).

Ezindleleni I-EUI-64 (64-bit), uhlelo luyefana, nakuba kusetshenziswa amabhulokhi angu-8 wezinhlamvu ezimbili, ngaleyo ndlela sandise inani lamadivayisi ahlukile angabonakalaUkuze uthole ukuqonda okujulile, ungabhekisela kukho ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlelo zolwazi nokuthi lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa kanjani izihlonzi ezihlukene.

Lithini ikheli le-MAC ngempela?

I-MAC ayikho nje "uma kwenzeka." Umsebenzi wawo omkhulu ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwe-a inethiwekhi yendawo. Isebenza ku isendlalelo sesixhumanisi sedatha semodeli ye-OSI (ungqimba oludumile 2), okusho ukuthi luqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ifinyelela kudivayisi elungile ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi, ikhuluma ngqo nekhadi lenethiwekhi ledivayisi yendawo. Ngakho-ke, ngaso sonke isikhathi uma uxhuma iselula yakho, ikhompyutha ephathekayo, iphrinta noma i-TV ku-WiFi yakho, bonke bathumela ikheli labo le-MAC kumzila..

Lesi sihlonzi sibalulekile emisebenzini eminingi yokuphatha inethiwekhi nemisebenzi yezokuphepha.. Isibonelo, ungasetha izihlungi zokufinyelela kumzila wakho ngokuvumela amadivayisi athile kuphela (Ukuhlunga kwe-MAC), qapha ukuthi ubani oku-inthanethi, noma ngisho nika izinto eziza kuqala noma khawula umkhawulokudonsa ngokusekelwe ku-MAC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukubona abangeneleli noma izisetshenziswa ezingagunyaziwe kuwebhu. Ukuze ufunde ukuphatha lezi zihlungi, ungase ukuthole kuwusizo ukuqonda ungahlela kanjani ifayela labasingathi kumadivayisi akho, ukuze ulawule ukuthi imaphi amagama esizinda axazululiwe noma avinjiwe kunethiwekhi yakho.

Umehluko phakathi kwekheli le-MAC nekheli le-IP

Ikheli le-MAC nekheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi akuyona into efanayo futhi zisebenzisa izindima ezihluke kakhulu. I-MAC i ingunaphakade futhi irekhodwa kuhadiwe, akufanele neze ihluke (yize sizobona kamuva ukuthi lokhu kungashintshwa ngezikhathi ezithile). Ngokwengxenye yayo, i Isikhangiso se-IP Kuyinto a okokuhlonza okunengqondo ezingashintsha kuye ngenethiwekhi nesikhathi. Ngenkathi ikheli le-MAC likuvumela ukuthi uhlonze amadivayisi kunethiwekhi yendawo, ikheli le-IP lenza kube nokwenzeka ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene, okuvumela idatha ukuthi ihanjiswe ku-inthanethi yonkana. Ukuze uqonde indlela izinhlelo ezahlukene zolwazi phatha le datha, kuyasiza ukuqonda le mibono ngokujulile.

• I-MAC ihlukile, ingokoqobo, futhi isebenza kuphela kunethiwekhi yendawo (ayihambi yonkana kunethiwekhi ngale komzila).
• Ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi linengqondo futhi lingashintshashintsha (DHCP) noma lilungiswe, futhi livumela idatha ukuthi ifinyelele idivayisi yakho isuka noma yikuphi emhlabeni.

Izinhlobo zamakheli e-MAC

Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamakheli e-MAC kuye ngomsebenzi wawo kunethiwekhi:

• I-Unicast: Ihlonza ngokuhlukile idivayisi eyodwa ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi.
• Sakaza: Isetshenziselwa ukuthumela idatha kuwo wonke amadivayisi kusukela kunethiwekhi ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngefomethi ye-48-bit, lokhu kuzoba FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.
• I-Multicast: Ikuvumela ukuthi uthumele ulwazi eqenjini elithile lamadivayisi, iwusizo kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-multimedia nezinkomfa.

Lolu hlelo lwamakheli lwenza kwenzeke eyodwa-to-one, eyodwa-to-bonke, futhi eyodwa kuya-kwabaningi ukuxhumana, kuye ngokuthi yini edingekayo kunethiwekhi ngayinye.

Izici ezibalulekile zekheli le-MAC

• Ukuhluka: Akufanele kube namadivayisi amabili emhlabeni anekheli elifanayo le-MAC..
• Ubude obulungisiwe: 48 bits (6 bytes) Kuyindinganiso, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile okungu-64-bit.
• Ukuhlonza Umkhiqizi: Eyokuqala 24 bits Baveza ukuthi iyiphi inkampani edale ikhadi lenethiwekhi.
• Ukungaguquki: Ngokombono, ikheli le-MAC alishintshi ngesikhathi sokusebenziseka kwedivayisi, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile. Uma ungathanda ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokuphatha lezi zinguquko, sincoma ukuthi uvakashele isigaba sethu kokuthi .
• Okungalungiseki: Isebenza kuphela kunethiwekhi yendawo. Amarutha awasakazi ikheli le-MAC ngaphandle kwe-LAN; yilokho ikheli le-IP elingelayo.
• Ifomethi ye-hexadecimal: Ukusetshenziswa kwamadijithi e-hexadecimal kwenza kube lula ukuwabuka nokuwasebenzisa ezinhlelweni zamakhompyutha.

Ungathola kanjani ukuthi liyini ikheli le-MAC ledivayisi yakho?

Ukuthola ikheli le-MAC kulula kakhulu futhi kuyehluka kuye ngesistimu yokusebenza. Nazi izinyathelo zamasistimu avame kakhulu:

Windows

1. Cindezela ukhiye weWindows + R ukuvula u-'Run'.
2. Bhala cmd bese ucindezela u-Enter ukuze uvule ikhonsoli yomyalo.
3. Efasiteleni, faka ipconfig / konke bese ushaya u-Enter.
4. Bheka umugqa othi “Ikheli Lendawo”; lelo ikheli lakho le-MAC.

macOS

1. Vula ifayela le- Izintandokazi zesistimu.
2. Iya ku Red bese ukhetha uxhumano lwakho olusebenzayo.
3. Qhafaza Kuthuthukile bese ufaka ithebhu Hardware ukumgcina.

Linux

1. Vula itheminali.
2. Bhala ifconfig o ip link.
3. Bheka umugqa oqukethe "i-ether"; ikheli lakho le-MAC lizovela lapho.

Android

1. Ngena ngaphakathi Isethaphu.
2. Iya ku Mayelana nefoni bese ku Isimo.
3. Lapha uzobona Ikheli le-Wi-Fi MAC (yize kumamodeli akamuva lokhu kungokwangasese).

iOS

1. Vula Izilungiselelo bese uya ku General.
2. Ngena ngaphakathi Ulwazi bese uskrolela phansi kokuthi “Ikheli le-Wi-Fi.”

Ingabe ikheli le-MAC lingashintshwa?

Ekuqaleni, Ikheli le-MAC lishiswa ku-hardware futhi akufanele likwazi ukushintshwa.Nokho, izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje ziyakuvumela ishintshe okwesikhashana ngokusebenzisa amasu we I-MAC spoofing. Lokhu kungaba luwusizo ekuhloleni inethiwekhi, ukuvikela ubumfihlo, noma izimo eziphuthumayo uma i-MAC yakho yoqobo ivinjiwe kunoma iyiphi inethiwekhi.

Shintsha i-MAC ku-Windows

1. Finyelela ifayela le- Umlawuli wedivayisi.
2. En Ama-adaptha wenethiwekhi, chofoza kwesokudla ku-adaptha yakho bese uya ku Ama-propiedades.
3. Kuthebhu Kuthuthukile, funa inketho Ikheli lenethiwekhi noma okufanayo.
4. Faka ifayela le- ikheli elisha ngefomethi ye-hexadecimal ngaphandle kwezihlukanisi.

Ku-macOS ne-Linux

1. Vula i-Terminal bese usebenzisa imiyalo ethize njenge sudo ifconfig en0 ether 00:11:22:33:44:55 (shintsha isixhumi esibonakalayo kanye nekheli njengoba kufanele).
2. Ku-Linux, ungasebenzisa ifconfig o ip link ukwenza ushintsho okwesikhashana.

Kumadivayisi e-Android noma e-iOS, ukulungisa okwenziwa ngesandla kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi, ezimweni eziningi, kungenzeka kuphela ngemva kokuqeda izimpande noma ukugqekeza uhlelo, ngezingozi ezihambisana nalokhu. Kusukela ku-Android 10 ne-iOS yakamuva, ikheli le-MAC lenziwa ngokungahleliwe kunethiwekhi entsha ye-WiFi ngayinye oxhuma kuyo, kanjalo esiza ukuvikela ubumfihlo bakho.

Ikheli le-MAC kanye Nokuphepha Kwenethiwekhi

Ikheli le-MAC liyithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuqinisa ukuphepha kumanethiwekhi endawo. Isibonelo, ungakhawulela ukufinyelela kumadivayisi kuphela amakheli awo e-MAC owagunyazile, okwenza impilo ibe nzima kakhulu kubangeneleli. Kodwa qaphela: Ukuvikeleka okusekelwe ku-MAC akubona ubuwula, njengoba, njengoba sesibonile, amakheli e-MAC angonakaliswa. Umhlaseli onekhono "angahlanganisa" ikheli le-MAC ledivayisi egunyaziwe futhi angene kunethiwekhi. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi ukuhlunga kwe-MAC kuwusizo njengesithiyo esengeziwe, akufanele nanini kube ukuphela kokuzivikela.

Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-MAC ingasetshenziselwa qapha futhi ulandelele amadivayisi, ngisho nokudala amaphrofayili okuziphatha asekelwe emaphethini okuxhumana. Ngakho-ke, kuyatuseka ukuthi ukhubaze i-Wi-Fi uma ingasebenzi noma unike amandla ukungahleliwe kwekheli kumadivayisi eselula noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka.

Ubumfihlo kanye nezingozi zokuveza ikheli lakho le-MAC

Ukuveza ngokusobala ikheli lakho le-MAC kungakubeka engcupheni yokulandelela kanye nobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi kumanethiwekhi omphakathi e-Wi-Fi. Izigebengu ze-inthanethi zingasebenzisa isofthiwe ukuze zenze ikheli lakho le-MAC, zifinyelele izinsiza ezikhawulelwe, noma zibambe ukuxhumana kwakho uma zikwazi ukugebenga inethiwekhi yakho. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwakho, sincoma ukuhlola I-ICT futhi ugcine idivayisi yakho isesikhathini samanje.

Ukuze uzivikele, landela lawa macebiso ayisisekelo:

• Vala i-Wi-Fi uma ingadingeki ukuze uvimbele i-MAC yakho ukuthi ibonakale kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi aseduze.
• Sebenzisa amanethiwekhi avikelekile nathembekile; qaphela kumanethiwekhi omphakathi.
• Hlala uvumela isici se-MAC esingahleliwe noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi kumaselula esimanje.
• Uma ungumlawuli wenethiwekhi, khumbula ukuthi ukuhlunga kwe-MAC kufanele kuhambisane nezinye izinyathelo zokuphepha, njengamaphasiwedi aqinile kanye nokubethela kwe-WPA2/WPA3.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Yini i-Router?

Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo namafomethi amakheli e-MAC

Amakheli e-MAC angatholakala kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi: amakhompyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, amaphrinta, izipikha ezihlakaniphile, ngisho nezimoto ezixhunyiwe noma izinto zikagesi zasekhaya ezihlakaniphile. Ikhadi ngalinye lenethiwekhi yabo lizoba nekheli elihlukile le-MAC, ngakho-ke idivayisi efanayo ingaba nokumbalwa (isibonelo, eyodwa ye-Wi-Fi nenye ye-Ethernet). Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi lawa madivayisi aphatha kanjani izihlonzi zawo, kungase kusize ukubuyekeza izinhlobo zezinhlelo zolwazi.

• Ifomethi ye-48-bit: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E
• Ifomethi ye-64-bit: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E:6F:7G
• Sakaza (48 bits): FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Ukusakaza okuningi (48 bits): 01:00:5E:12:34:56

Lolu hlelo lusiza a ukuxhumana okusebenzayo nokuvikelekile ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo, kodwa Khumbula ukuthi i-MAC ayisoze yathatha indawo ye-IP njengendlela yokuthumela idatha ngaphandle kwekhaya lakho noma inethiwekhi yebhizinisi.

Ukuqonda kahle ukuthi amakheli e-MAC asebenza kanjani kukusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono ukuthi amadivayisi ethu ahlonza futhi axhumane kanjani, kungani ubumfihlo noma izinkinga zokulandelela zingase ziphakame, nokuthi ungakuthuthukisa kanjani ukuphathwa nokuvikeleka kwenethiwekhi yakho, kokubili ekhaya nasemsebenzini. Ukwengeza, ukuqonda le mibono kuzokwenza kube lula ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuxhuma, ukulawula ukuthi ubani ofinyelela i-Wi-Fi yakho, nokuvikela amadivayisi akho emehlweni okubuka.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ubuchwepheshe Bolwazi Nokuxhumana (i-ICT): Lokho abayikho kanye nokuthi buthinta kanjani ikhompuyutha