Ukuqina Kwe-Boot Nokuqina Kwe-Firmware: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokuvikela

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Ukuqina Kwe-Boot Nokuqina Kwe-Firmware: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokuvikela

Kumadivayisi amaningi nemishini, i-firmware iqala buthule njalo uma ucindezela inkinobho yokuvula, kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, konke okunye kuncike ekubeni okuthembekile noma okungahlelekile ngokuphelele. Iyini i-firmware futhi isetshenziselwa ini?. Inhlanganisela ye-Secure Boot, i-UEFI, kanye nokuqina okuhle kwe-firmware Kwenza umehluko phakathi kwesistimu engamelana nokuhlaselwa okukhulu kanye nesistimu engase yonakaliswe yidrayivu ye-USB elula enonya.

Kulesi sihloko sizobheka izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga bese sichaza, ngokuthula kodwa ngokuqondile, Kuyini i-Secure Boot, ihlobene kanjani ne-firmware ye-UEFI, futhi yiziphi izinkinga eziphakama ngezitifiketi eziphelelwa yisikhathi ngo-2026? Futhi ukuthi konke lokhu kuhambisana kanjani nokuphepha ku-Windows, Linux, kanye nezinhlelo ezifakiwe. Uzobona nezixazululo ezithuthukisiwe njengokuphathwa kwe-BIOS okude, ukuqapha ubuqotho, kanye nendima yabalingani abangochwepheshe lapho izinto ziba nzima.

Iyini i-Secure Boot futhi kungani ibaluleke kangaka?

I-Secure Boot iyi- umsebenzi wokuphepha ohlanganiswe ne-firmware ye-UEFI elawula ukuthi iyiphi isofthiwe engasebenza ezigabeni zokuqala zokuqalisa. Umsebenzi wayo ulula ukuwusho kodwa kunzima ukuwufeza kahle: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhodi esayiniwe nethembekile kuphela (ama-bootloaders, abashayeli be-UEFI, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-EFI) iyaqaliswa kanye nokuvimba noma iyiphi i-binary engahambisani nezinqubomgomo ezichazwe ku-firmware.

Empeleni, i-firmware ye-UEFI iqhathanisa isiginesha yedijithali yekhodi ezoyisebenzisa nochungechunge lwezitifiketi kanye nohlu lwesiginesha olugcinwe ngaphakathi. Uma isiginesha sifana nesitifiketi esivunyelwe noma i-hash kusizindalwazi esithembekile (i-DB)Leyo ngxenye iyasebenza; ngaphandle kwalokho, ivinjiwe. Lokhu kuhloswe ukuvimbela ukwenziwa kwama-bootkit kanye ne-malware ezama ukuxhuma enqubweni yokuqalisa.

I-Secure Boot yavela ngobuningi nge-Windows 8, lapho izinsongo ezazilayishwa ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lokusebenza luqale ukwanda. Imodeli iqukethe uchungechunge lokwethembanaI-firmware ye-UEFI ngokwayo iqinisekisa amamojula ayo angaphakathi (njenge-Option ROMs), bese ihlola i-bootloader (isibonelo, i-Windows Boot Manager noma i-shim/GRUB ku-Linux) futhi, kuphela uma konke kwamukelwa, inika ukulawula kuleyo bootloader, okuthi yona iqinisekise i-kernel noma amanye ama-binary.

Okubalulekile wukuthi I-Secure Boot trust ichazwa yinqubomgomo ye-firmware esethwe efektriLe nqubomgomo ivezwa ngomuthi wezihluthulelo kanye nezizindalwazi: ukhiye weplatifomu oza kuqala kunabo bonke abanye, ama-KEK agunyaza izinguquko, kanye nohlu olubili, i-DB ne-DBX, oluqondisa ukuthi yini evunyelwe nokuthi yini evinjelwe. Ukuphatha le ndlela yokusebenza ngendlela efanele kubaluleke njengo... Nika amandla i-Secure Boot ku-Windows 11 kumenyu.

Isakhiwo esiyinhloko: i-PK, i-KEK, i-DB ne-DBX

Inhliziyo ye-Secure Boot iyi- uhlu lwezihluthulelo kanye nezizindalwazi zesigineshaUkukuqonda kubalulekile kunoma yiliphi isu lokuqinisa, kokubili ezindaweni zasekhaya futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ebhizinisini noma engqalasizinda ebalulekile emsebenzini.

Phezulu kukhona Ukhiye Wepulatifomu (i-PK)Lo khiye, ovame ukukhiqizwa futhi uphathwe ngumenzi wehadiwe, unegunya eliphelele: noma ubani onawo angashintsha zonke ezinye izinto ze-Secure Boot, ngaleyo ndlela abeke engcupheni lonke uchungechunge lokwethenjwa. Ezinye izinhlangano zishintsha ukhiye oyinhloko osethwe efektri ngowazo ukuze zilawule ipulatifomu.

Izinga elilodwa ngezansi sithola Izihluthulelo Zokushintshana Ngezihluthulelo (i-KEK)Izihluthulelo ezigunyaza ukubuyekezwa kwezizindalwazi ze-DB kanye ne-DBX. Ngokuvamile kukhona i-Microsoft KEK, eyodwa noma ngaphezulu evela kumkhiqizi wehadiwe, futhi, ezindaweni zezinkampani, ama-KEK aqondene nenhlangano. Noma yiliphi ibhizinisi eline-KEK evumelekile lingangeza noma lihoxise izitifiketi kanye nama-hashe ohlwini lwe-Secure Boot.

La isizindalwazi samasignesha avunyelwe (i-DB) Igcina izitifiketi kanye nama-hashes ama-binary i-firmware engayenza ngesikhathi sokuqalisa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izitifiketi ezivela ku-Microsoft, i-OEM, kanye, uma kusebenza, nenkampani ephethe izimoto. Lapho i-firmware ihlaziya i-bootloader noma i-Option ROM, ibheka okufanayo kusizindalwazi ukuze inqume ukuthi iyilayishe yini.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona isizindalwazi sesiginesha esihoxisiwe (i-DBX)I-DBX, eqoqa ama-binary kanye nezitifiketi okungafanele zibhekwe njengeziphephile, ibuyekezwa njalo yi-Microsoft ukuze ingasebenzi ama-bootloader asengozini (njengoba kubonakala ecaleni le-BootHole) noma izingxenye eziye zabonakala zingaphephile. Ukugcina i-DBX isesikhathini kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni i-binary esayiniwe kodwa esiphelelwe yisikhathi ukuthi ingahlali iyindawo yokungena.

Izitifiketi ze-Secure Boot eziphelelwa yisikhathi ngo-2026

Kusukela kwethulwa i-Secure Boot, cishe wonke amakhompyutha ahambisana ne-Windows ayifakile. isethi evamile yezitifiketi ze-Microsoft ku-KEK kanye ne-DBInkinga ukuthi ezinye zalezo zitifiketi zakhishwa ngo-2011 futhi sezisondele osukwini lwazo lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, okunomthelela oqondile ekuvikelweni kwebhuthi kumadivayisi ayizigidi.

Ngokuqondile, izitifiketi ezifana I-Microsoft Corporation KEK CA 2011, I-Microsoft Windows Production PCA 2011 o I-Microsoft UEFI CA 2011 Zinezinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi phakathi kukaJuni no-Okthoba 2026. Ngayinye igcwalisa indima ehlukile: ukusayina izibuyekezo ze-DB ne-DBX, i-Windows loader, ama-bootloader ezinkampani zangaphandle, noma ama-Option ROM avela kubakhiqizi bangaphandle.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha okuqhubekayo, iMicrosoft yakhipha ngo-2023 izitifiketi ezintsha ezithatha indawo yalezo zango-2011Isibonelo, i-Microsoft Corporation KEK 2K CA 2023 esikhundleni se-KEK yokuqala, i-Windows UEFI CA 2023 ye-bootloader yesistimu, kanye nezitifiketi ezibuyekeziwe zokusayina izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-EFI kanye nama-ROM e-Option ezinkampani zangaphandle.

Le nkampani iphatha ngokuyisisekelo ukuvuselelwa kwalezi zitifiketi engxenyeni enkulu yesistimu ye-Windows, ngendlela efana kakhulu nendlela esabalalisa ngayo amanye ama-patch okuphepha. Ama-OEM aphinde akhiphe izibuyekezo ze-firmware uma kudingeka ukufaka izitifiketi ezintsha noma ukulungisa izilungiselelo ze-Secure Boot.

Uma idivayisi ingatholi okhiye abasha ngaphambi kokuba abamanje baphelelwe yisikhathi, izoqhubeka nokuqalisa futhi ithole izibuyekezo zeWindows ngokujwayelekile, kodwa ngeke isakwazi ukusebenzisa izindlela ezithile zokunciphisa isigaba sokuqalaNgeke uthole izinguquko ezithile ku-Windows Boot Manager, izibuyekezo ze-DB/DBX, noma ama-patches ezingozini eziphansi ezisanda kutholakala.

Umphumela wokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwesitifiketi kanye nezenzo ezidingekayo

Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezitifiketi zika-2011 akusho ukuthi ikhompyutha yakho izoyeka ukuvula, kodwa Yebo, kunciphisa kancane kancane ikhono lohlelo lokuzivikela ezinsongweni ezithinta ukuqala kwezinhlelo.Lokhu kungaba nemiphumela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ezimweni ezifana nokuqina kwe-BitLocker noma ukusetshenziswa kwama-bootloader ezinkampani zangaphandle ancike kuchungechunge lokwethenjwa lwe-Secure Boot.

Ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi, iMicrosoft itusa futhi, ezimweni eziningi, yenza inqubo ibe ngokuzenzakalelayo Isibuyekezo se-KEK ne-DB ngezitifiketi zika-2023Abaphathi be-IT kanye nezikhulu zokuphepha kufanele bahlole ukuthi amadivayisi abo athole lezi zinguquko, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezinazo ihadiwe noma i-firmware endala engasavuselelwa njalo.

Isimemo sokwenza okuthile sicacile: Hlola isimo se-Secure Boot kuhlobo ngalunye lwedivayisiKhomba ukuthi izitifiketi zesikhathi esidlule ziyasetshenziswa yini bese uhlela ukuthuthukiswa, bese ulandela iziqondiso zokuthi Nika amandla ukuqalisa okuphephile ngemva kokubuyekezwa kwe-BIOSEzindaweni ezilawulwayo, kuvame ukudingeka ukubheka imibhalo ethile yomkhiqizi noma ukulandela "Isiqondiso Sokudala Nokuphatha Ukhiye We-Windows Secure Boot" ukuze uhlanganise kahle okhiye abasha enkambisweni yokufakwa.

Kwezinye izimo, ikakhulukazi uma i-PK, i-KEK noma i-DB zenziwe ngokwezifiso ngezitifiketi zenhlangano uqobo, Isibuyekezo singadinga izinyathelo ezenziwe ngesandla kanye nokuhlolwa okucophelelayo Ukuze kugwenywe ukukhubaza ama-bootloader asemthethweni angakasayinwa kabusha ngezihluthulelo zamanje. Iphutha lokuhlanganisa lapha lingabangela ukuthi izinhlelo zihluleke ukuqala ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwe-security patch.

I-Secure Boot ne-Linux: uchungechunge lokuthembela, i-shim ne-GRUB2

Ezinhlelweni ze-Linux, isimo sifana, kodwa sinezici zaso. Ukusabalalisa okuningi kwanamuhla kuncike ku- ingxenye ebizwa ngokuthi i-shimI-Shim iyi-bootloader encane esayinwe yi-Microsoft ukuze i-firmware ye-UEFI iyamukele ngaphandle kwebhokisi. I-Shim isebenza njengebhuloho: i-firmware iyilayisha ngenxa yesiginesha ye-Microsoft, futhi kusukela lapho, i-Shim iqinisekisa i-GRUB2 kanye ne-kernel ngezihluthulelo ezithile zokusabalalisa.

Ukuhamba komsebenzi ojwayelekile ku-Linux nge-Secure Boot kuthatha lesi simo: I-UEFI iqinisekisa i-shim, i-shim iqinisekisa i-GRUB2 kanye ne-GRUB2 iqinisekisa i-kernelIsigaba ngasinye sincike ekusayinweni kwedijithali kanye nenqubomgomo eyisihluthulelo ehlala ngaphakathi kwe-shim uqobo kanye nasezindaweni zedatha ze-Secure Boot. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umenzi wehadiwe akadingi ukwazi okhiye bokusatshalaliswa ngakunye kusengaphambili, ngenkathi esalawula ukuthi iyiphi i-kernel engayiqalisa.

Kulesi simo, izinto ezifanayo esizibonile ngaphambili zisabalulekile: I-PK ilawula ukuthi ubani ongashintsha izilungiselelo ze-Secure Boot zomhlaba wonke. Ku-firmware, ama-KEK anquma ukuthi ubani ongabuyekeza i-DB ne-DBX, i-DB iqoqa okhiye abavunyelwe (kufaka phakathi labo abadingekayo ku-shim) bese i-DBX igcina ukuhoxiswa okuvimba ama-binary asengozini.

Imodeli inezinzuzo ekusebenzisaneni kahle, kodwa yengeza ubunzima bokusebenza. Isibonelo, uma kuvela ubuthakathaka obubalulekile ku-shim noma ku-GRUB2, kuyadingeka Buyekeza ngokushesha i-bootloader ethintekile bese, ngesikhathi esifanayo, usabalalisa okufakiwe kwe-DBX okuhoxisa izinguqulo ezindalaUma i-oda lenziwe ngendlela engafanele, ungase uhlangane nezinhlelo ezisadinga i-shim endala ukuze ziqale, kodwa i-binary yazo isusiwe.

Umphumela uba ukuthi ukuphathwa okufanele kwama-signature e-DBX kanye ne-Linux bootloader Lokhu kuba umsebenzi obucayi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ukusatshalaliswa okuningana, izinguqulo ze-LTS kanye nesofthiwe yomuntu wesithathu ehlanganyela futhi enqubweni yokuqalisa kuhlangana khona (isibonelo, abaphathi bokubethela noma ama-hypervisor).

Lokho i-Secure Boot ekuvikelayo… nalokho engakuvikeli.

I-Secure Boot iklanyelwe ukuthi ukuhlasela okuvimbayo okusebenza ezigabeni zokuqala zokuqalisaSikhuluma ngama-bootkit aguqula i-bootloader ukuze ilayishe umthwalo wayo, ama-kernel athathelwe indawo yizinguqulo ezinonya, ama-ROM e-Option ashintshiwe asebenza ngaphambi kwesistimu yokusebenza, noma ama-binary e-EFI angeniswe ukuze athole ukuphikelela.

Ngokudinga ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yochungechunge lokuqalisa isayinwe futhi iqinisekiswe, indawo yokuhlasela incishiswa kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna "ukucasha" ngaphansi kwesistimu yokusebenza. I-bootloader esengozini ingakhubaza i-telemetry, igweme ukuhlolwa kobuqotho, noma ama-rootkit ezitshalo. ngaphambi kokuba amathuluzi okuphepha asebenze. I-Secure Boot izama ukuvala leyo ndlela.

Futhi ikhawulela kancane izinketho zomhlaseli ngokufinyelela ngokomzimba: ukuqalisa nje kusuka kudrayivu ye-USB nge-bootloader eguquliwe akusanele, ngoba i-firmware Izokwenqaba ama-binary angasayinwanga ngezitifiketi ezisekelwayo.Lokho akusho ukuthi ukuphepha ngokomzimba akusabalulekile, kodwa kuphakamisa izinga kulabo abahlose ukulimaza iqembu ngokusebenzisa ithuba lokunganaki.

Noma kunjalo, i-Secure Boot inemingcele ecacile. Akuvikeli ekubuthakatheni ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenza ngokwalo.Futhi akuvimbeli umsebenzisi onamalungelo aphezulu ekusebenziseni kabi imisebenzi esemthethweni ukuze abangele umonakalo. Akuvimbeli futhi ukuhlaselwa kwenethiwekhi, ukuxhashazwa kwensizakalo, noma ukulungiselelwa okungalungile kungqimba yohlelo lokusebenza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlando ubonisa ukuthi iketanga lamabhuthi ngokwalo lingaba sengozini. UShim no-GRUB2 babhekane nokwehluleka okukhuluNjengecala elidumile le-BootHole, lapho iphutha ekuhlaziyweni kokucushwa kwe-GRUB2 livumele ukuphathwa kwenqubo yokuqalisa ngaphandle kokwenza isiginesha ingasebenzi. Impendulo kulezi zigameko kube ukubuyekeza ama-binary nokususa izinguqulo ezingavikelekile nge-DBX, okuphinde kugqamise ukubaluleka kokugcinwa kwe-Secure Boot esebenzayo.

Izinselele zokuqalisa, ukuqinisa, kanye nokulungisa

Izinkinga eziningi nge-Secure Boot aziveli ekuhlaselweni okuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa zivela Amadivayisi ane-firmware esiphelelwe yisikhathi, uhlu lwe-DBX oluphelelwe yisikhathi, noma okhiye okungekho muntu owake wawahlola selokhu ihadiwe yaphuma ebhokisini.Okusho ukuthi, ngenxa yobudedengu bokusebenza obunqwabelanayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ezimweni eziningi, iphuzu lokuqala lokuthuthuka lilula njengokuthi sebenzisa ngokuhlelekile Izibuyekezo ze-UEFI/BIOS eshicilelwe ngumkhiqiziLezi zibuyekezo azilungisi nje kuphela amaphutha, kodwa zingafaka nezici zokuphepha ezintsha, ukuthuthukiswa kokuphathwa kwezihluthulelo, kanye nama-patches obuthakathaka ku-firmware uqobo.

Enye ingaphambili eliyinhloko yi- inhlanzeko ebalulekileIzinhlangano ezithembele kuphela kukhiye be-OEM kanye ne-Microsoft PK kanye ne-KEK zithembele ngokuphelele kushejuli yalaba bathengisi, kuyilapho lezo eziphatha okhiye bazo zidinga uhlu olucacile: ukuthi ubani osayina ukhiye ngamunye, ukuthi uphelelwa nini yisikhathi, nokuthi uhlelo lokujikeleza luyini. Ukulahlekelwa ukulawula le mephu kuyindlela yokuphazamiseka ekuqaleni.

U-DB no-DBX bafanelwe ukulandelwa okuqondile. I-DBX engakabuyekezwa ezinyangeni eziningi cishe ishiya izimpahla ezimbili esezivele zithiwe aziphephile.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isibuyekezo esingahlolwanga kahle singaphula ukuhambisana nezinguqulo ezindala ze-shim noma i-GRUB2. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani eziningi zihlanganisa izinguquko ze-DB/DBX emjikelezweni wazo ojwayelekile wokuphathwa koshintsho, zizenza zihlolwe ngaphambilini ezindaweni zokulinganisa.

Ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu, kuya ngokuya kuvame ukuhlanganisa i-Secure Boot ne- Izilinganiso zokuqalisa ezilinganisiwe kanye nokusekelwa kwe-TPMLokhu kurekhoda ama-hashes esigaba ngasinye sokuqalisa ku-TPM, ukuze kuqinisekiswe kude ukuthi idivayisi iqalise kabusha ngenhlanganisela eyaziwayo negunyaziwe ye-firmware, i-bootloader, kanye ne-kernel.

Ngale kokuqalisa kabusha: ukuvikela i-firmware kuzo zonke izigaba

Noma ngabe i-Secure Boot inamandla kangakanani, ayanele ngokwayo. Ukuphepha kwe-firmware kuyinqubo eqhubekayo Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukucushwa, izibuyekezo, ukuqapha, kanye nokusabela ezigamekweni. Umqondo ukwakha izendlalelo zokuvikela eziqinisanayo.

Isici esibalulekile yileso se- izibuyekezo ze-firmware ezivikelekileAkunangqondo ukufihla ngemuva kwe-Secure Boot uma samukela ukukhanya kwe-firmware kunoma iyiphi indawo ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa amasignesha, ngaphandle kokuvikelwa ekuhlaselweni kwe-downgrade, noma ngaphandle kwendlela yokutakula uma kwenzeka yehluleka. Izibuyekezo kumele zisayinwe ngedijithali, zisetshenziswe ngokulandela inqubo eqinile, futhi, uma kungenzeka, zifake ukuvikelwa ekubuyeleni ezinguqulweni ezisengozini.

Kunconywa futhi ukusebenzisa ihadiwe yokuphepha etholakalayo: izimpande zehadiwe zokwethembana, izindawo zokugcina ukhiye ovikelekile, i-TPM, i-TrustZone, amamojula avikelekile angaphandleLezi zingxenye zivumela izimfihlo ze-cryptographic ukuthi zihlukaniswe, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu kumhlaseli onokufinyelela ngokomzimba ukukhipha okhiye noma ukuguqula ikhodi ngaphandle kokutholwa.

Ngokuphathelene nedatha, inhlanganisela ukuqalisa okuqinisekisiwe kanye nokubethela kolwazi olubucayi Lokhu kuyintuthuko ebalulekile. Uma idivayisi isebenzisa i-Secure Boot ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ivula i-firmware ethembekile kuphela, ingaxhumanisa ukubethela kwedatha kuleso simo esiqinisekisiwe. Ngale ndlela, noma ngabe othile ukopisha imemori, ngeke akwazi ukufinyelela okuqukethwe ngaphandle kokuthi akwazi ukuphinda akhiqize ukulandelana okufanayo kwe-boot okusemthethweni.

Umjikelezo uqedwa ngezindlela zokuvikela isikhathi sokusebenza: Ukuhlolwa kobuqotho bememori kanye ne-firmware ngezikhathi ezithile, abaqaphi, amalogi emicimbi yokuphepha okuhlobene nokwehluleka kokuqalisa noma imizamo yokuguqula kanye, vele, ukuvimba izixhumi zokulungisa amaphutha, ukufundwa okuvikelwe kwememori yohlelo kanye nezilawuli zokufinyelela zehadiwe ezifanele.

I-FirmGuard kanye nokuphathwa kwe-BIOS/UEFI okude

Ezindaweni zebhizinisi kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo abaphethwe, ukuphatha ukucushwa kwe-firmware ngedivayisi ngayinye kuwukuchitha isikhathi futhi kuwumthombo wamaphutha. Yilapho izixazululo ezifana nalezi I-FirmGuard, enikeza ipulatifomu ephakathi nendawo yokuvikela, ukulungisa, ukuqapha, nokuvuselela i-firmware ye-BIOS/UEFI kude.

Enye yezinsika zayo ikhono lokwenza lungiselela ukude izinketho ezibalulekile ze-BIOS/UEFI (SecureConfig)Lokhu kuvumela abaphathi ukuthi bavule i-Secure Boot ngokuhlelekile, balungise amapharamitha okuphepha, bakhubaze ukuqala kabusha kumadivayisi angagunyaziwe, noma basebenzise amathempulethi okucushwa aqinisiwe ngaphandle kokuya ngokoqobo endaweni ngayinye yokusebenza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-FirmGuard ihlanganisa izici ze ukuqapha ubuqotho be-firmware okuqhubekayo (i-SecureCheck)Ipulatifomu iqapha izinguquko ku-BIOS/UEFI, ibona izinguquko ezingalindelekile, futhi ixwayise lapho okuthile kukhomba emisebenzini enobungozi noma izinguquko zokucushwa ezingagunyaziwe. Endaweni lapho i-firmware iyinto ekhangayo kakhulu, lokhu kubonakala kubaluleke kakhulu.

Kumasistimu asasebenza kumodi ye-BIOS yakudala, i-FirmGuard ingeza umlenze wesithathu, I-SecureSense, ekwazi ukuhlonza izinhlelo ezisasebenzisa i-Legacy BIOS futhi kube lula ukuthuthela kwabo ku-UEFI, isinyathelo esibalulekile sokusebenzisa i-Secure Boot kanye namanye amakhono okuphepha esimanje. Ngokombono wenkampani noma i-MSP, lokhu kusho ukusuka engqalasizinda engafani futhi enzima ukuyiphatha uye esisekelweni esifanayo nesivikelekile.

Uma zizonke, lezi zinhlobo zezixazululo azinciphisi nje kuphela ingozi yokuhlaselwa yi-firmware, kodwa futhi Banikeza inani elicacile elengeziwe kubahlinzeki bezinsizakalo abaphethweBangazihlukanisa ngokunikeza izinga elengeziwe lokuvikelwa ngaphansi kwe-hood, futhi, ngeshwa, bathuthukise imingcele yabo ngokwenza imisebenzi eyayisetshenziswa ngesandla futhi ibiza kakhulu ngokuzenzakalela.

I-Firmware kanye ne-Secure Boot ezinhlelweni ezifakiwe

Ngaphandle kwama-PC namaseva, ukuphepha kwe-firmware kubalulekile ku amadivayisi afakiwe: abalawuli bezimboni, imishini yezokwelapha, izinto zikagesi zabathengi, izimoto njalo njalo. Lapha, ukwehluleka akugcini nje ngokulahlekelwa idatha, kodwa kuvame ukubangela izingozi zokuphepha ngokomzimba kanye nesibopho somthetho.

Abasebenzisi bokugcina bala madivayisi bavame ukungazi ukuthi i-firmware esengozini ingaphansi kobuso. Kodwa-ke, lezi zigameko zingokoqobo kakhulu: Kube nokubuyiswa okukhulu kwamadivayisi ezokwelapha ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphepha.Njengecala elaziwayo lama-pacemaker okwadingeka avuselelwe noma ashintshwe ngenxa yengozi yokuhlaselwa kude. Lezi zimo zithinta ukwethenjwa, ezezimali kanye nedumela labakhiqizi.

Uma i-firmware yedivayisi efakiwe isengozini, imiphumela ingaba mibi kakhulu: ukulahlekelwa ukuzethemba kwamakhasimende, ukukhunjulwa okubizayo, ukubambezeleka kwezitifiketi (ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izimoto, izimboni), umthelela esithombeni somkhiqizo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwengqalasizinda ebalulekile.

Kulezi zimo, i-Secure Boot iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa i- uchungechunge lokuthembela oluvela ku-byte yokuqala esetshenziswayo Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-firmware esayinwe ngumenzi (noma igunya elithembekile) kuphela engaqalwa. Ukusuka lapho, isigaba ngasinye senqubo yokuqalisa singaqinisekisa okulandelayo: i-bootloader yokuqala, i-bootloader yesibili, i-firmware yohlelo lokusebenza, i-kernel yesistimu yokusebenza efakiwe, njll.

Kodwa-ke, ukufaka i-Secure Boot kumadivayisi afakiwe akuyona into encane. Usekelo lwehadiwe luyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe okhiye ngokuphephileLokhu kuhilela ingxenye yekhodi engaguquki esebenza njengempande yokwethenjwa kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza ekwazi ukwenza ngezifiso idivayisi ngayinye ngezihluthulelo zayo nezitifiketi ngaphandle kokuzidalula. Ezinkundleni ezilinganiselwe kakhulu, kungadingeka ukusebenzisa ama-bootloader avikelekile ngokwezifiso, nazo zonke izinselelo zokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza, kanye nezindleko ezihambisana nalokhu.

Izendlalelo ezengeziwe ze-firmware eqinile ngempela

Ukuze kuvikelwe i-firmware eqinile, kudingeka izendlalelo eziningi. Eyokuqala yi-Secure Boot, kodwa ezinye izendlalelo kumele zihlale ndawonye eduze kwayo. izindlela zokuvuselela ezivikelekile, isitoreji esivikelekile, izivikelo zesikhathi sokusebenza, kanye nemikhuba emihle yokuhlela.

Esigabeni sokubuyekeza, yonke i-firmware noma isithombe sesofthiwe esisezingeni eliphansi kufanele sibe kusayinwe ngedijithali futhi, uma kungenzeka, kuvikelwe ekwehlisweni kwama-gradeIzinhlelo ze-On-the-air (OTA) noma izibuyekezo zendawo kufanele ziqinisekise isiginesha ngaphambi kokwamukela izinguquko, futhi kuyalulekwa ukuba nezinhlelo zesikhashana (amakhophi e-firmware yokusekelayo, izindlela zokubuyisa ezivikelekile) ukuze ugweme "izitini" ezingasetshenziswa ngemva kokwehluleka, ngokulandela imikhuba emihle kakhulu. izibuyekezo zokuphepha kwesofthiwe.

Indawo yokugcina izinto evikelekile idlala indima ebalulekile. Ama-MCU esimanje, ama-SoC ane-TrustZone, ama-TPM noma izinto ezivikelekile ezinikezelwe Zikuvumela ukuthi uvikele okhiye kanye nedatha ebucayi ukuze ngisho nomuntu onokufinyelela ngokomzimba angakwazi ukuzikhipha ngaphandle kokushiya umkhondo noma ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu. Ukuxhumanisa ukufinyelela kulezi zimfihlo nempumelelo ye-Secure Boot kunezela isendlalelo esengeziwe sesiqinisekiso.

Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kobuqotho ngezikhathi ezithile, abaqaphi, ukuvikelwa kwenkumbulo (i-MPU, i-MMU, i-lockstep), izingodo zemizamo yokuqalisa ehlulekile noma izinguquko ze-firmware ezisolisayo, futhi emikhiqizweni ebaluleke kakhulu, ngisho nezinzwa zokuphazamisa ezibonakalayo.

Okokugcina, akukho kulokhu okusebenza kahle uma inhlangano ingazamukeli imikhuba yokuthuthukiswa okuphephile kanye nokuphathwa kobuthakathakaUkuhlaziywa kwezinsongo, ukwakheka okugxile kwezokuphepha, ukubuyekezwa kwekhodi, ukuhlolwa kokungena, izinqubo ezicacile zokuphendula ezigamekweni, kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila lapho ukuphepha nekhwalithi kuhambisana khona. I-Firmware ayikwazi ukubhekwa njengento ebhalwe kanye futhi yakhohlwa.

Ukubaluleka kokuba nabalingani abangochwepheshe ku-firmware kanye nokuphepha

Ngakho konke esikubonile, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani. Izinkampani eziningi ziphendukela kubalingani abangochwepheshe bezinhlelo ezifakiwe kanye nokuphepha kwe-cyber Uma kudingeka baqinise ukuvikelwa kwe-Secure Boot kanye ne-firmware. Lapha, ukwazi ukuthi ungahlela kanjani akwanele: udinga ukwazi kahle ihadiwe, i-cryptography, izinqubo zezimboni, imithethonqubo, kanye nayo yonke i-ecosystem yokuhlasela nokuzivikela.

Umlingani omuhle uletha ulwazi olusebenzayo lokuthuthukisa ama-bootloader, abashayeli, izinhlelo ezifakiwe eziyinkimbinkimbi, izindlela zokubethela, kanye nezilawuli zehadiweLokhu kuvumela ukwakheka kwezixazululo zokuphepha ezihlanganiswe ngempela nomkhiqizo, hhayi izengezo zomzuzu wokugcina ezisebenza kuphela ekwenzeni kube nzima ukugcinwa.

Ngokuvamile futhi banayo izincwadi zokudlala namathuluzi aqinisekisiweAmamojula okuqalisa avikelekile angasetshenziswa kabusha, izikripthi zokuphatha okhiye nezitifiketi, iziqondiso zokuqinisa i-firmware, amapayipi e-CI okuhlanganisa ukusayina okubili kanye nokuqinisekisa okuzenzakalelayo, njll. Lokhu kusindisa isikhathi futhi kunciphisa amathuba okwenza amaphutha abizayo kwabaqalayo.

Isici sokuphepha kwe-inthanethi sibalulekile ngokufanayo. Amaqembu ahlala enolwazi lwakamuva ngezindaba zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi Ubuthakathaka obusha, ukuhlaselwa kwesiteshi esiseceleni, amaphutha ezinqwabeni ze-IoT ezidumile Futhi imikhuba emihle yokuklama evikelekile isiza ukufaka ukuphepha kusukela esigabeni sokwakha, kunokuzama ukukulungisa ekugcineni. Ngokuvamile basebenza ngomqondo "wokuphepha ngokuklama", benza imodeli yokusongela kanye nokubuyekezwa kwengozi kusukela esigabeni sezidingo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma lowo mlingani esekelwa yi- izitifiketi ze-ISO ezifanele (ISO 9001, ISO 13485, ISO 26262, njll.)Unesiqiniseko esengeziwe sokuthi izinqubo zabo ziyahlolwa futhi zihlelekile. Akukhona nje ukuthi bayazi ukuthi yini okudingeka yenziwe, kodwa nokuthi banezinqubo ezisemthethweni kanye nokulandelelwa kwazo, into ebaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni elawulwayo njengokunakekelwa kwempilo noma yezimoto.

Futhi kukhona isici sokugcina, esingesona esobuchwepheshe kodwa esibaluleke ngokulinganayo: ukuxhumana kanye nozwelaUmlingani omuhle akafiki ekhuluma ngendlela engaqondakali noma izixazululo eziphoqelelayo ezingenakwenzeka ukuthi zilingane nesikhathi sakho noma isabelomali. Uyalalela imingcele yakho, achaze izinketho ngokucacile, futhi alungise indlela yakhe yokuthola ibhalansi phakathi kokuphepha, izindleko, kanye nesikhathi sokumaketha. Kumaphrojekthi e-firmware kanye ne-Secure Boot, lowo muzwa wokuba sekhasini elifanayo wenza umehluko omkhulu.

Ngamafuphi, Lungiselela i-Secure Boot bese uqinisa i-firmware Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlanganisa isisekelo sobuchwepheshe esiqinile (i-UEFI, ukuhlelwa kwezihluthulelo, izitifiketi ezivuselelwe, i-DB/DBX egciniwe), ukusebenza okuhlelekile (izibuyekezo ze-firmware, ukuphathwa kwezihluthulelo, ukuqaliswa okulinganisiwe, ukuqapha), futhi, lapho umongo udinga lokho, ukusekelwa kwezixazululo ezikhethekile kanye nabalingani abakwazi ukugcwalisa izikhala zangaphakathi. Uma konke lokhu kwenziwa kahle, uhlelo luqala ngenqubo yokuqalisa ethembekile eqinisa noma yiziphi ezinye izinyathelo zokuphepha ezisetshenziswa kamuva, kusukela ku-kernel kuya kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Indlela yokuvuselela izitifiketi ze-Secure Boot ku-Windows futhi ugweme izinkinga zokuphepha