Ukuthuthukiswa komzila we-PCIe ku-NAS, imidlalo, kanye ne-homelab

Informatec Digital » Izinsiza » Ukuthuthukiswa komzila we-PCIe ku-NAS, imidlalo, kanye ne-homelab

Ukwakha i-home NAS noma i-homelab enamandla enehadiwe yedeskithophu kunenzuzo eyodwa ecacile: ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo okunikezwa yi -PCIe slots yokwandisa uhlelo ngamakhadi wehluzo, ama-NVMe SSD, amakhadi enethiwekhi asheshayo, nokunye okuningi. Inkinga ivela uma uqala ukwengeza izingxenye: ama-GPU, ama-drive amaningi e-NVMe, abalawuli, i-10GbE, amakhadi okuthwebula… bese uzibuza ukuthi imizila ye-PCIe yabelwe kanjani emhlabeni nokuthi yini elahlekayo endleleni.

Kulo mongo, ukuqonda ukuthi imizila ye-PCIe yebhodi lakho le-motherboard , amasokhethi e-M.2 , kanye namachweba e-SATA asebenza kanjani kubalulekile ekukhuliseni yonke imizila ye-bandwidth ngaphandle kokudala izithiyo . Sizokuhlukanisa lokhu isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, sisebenzisa izimo zangempela (njenge-NAS/homelab ene-GTX 1080, amadrayivu amaningana e-NVMe, kanye nekhadi le-10GbE SFP+) futhi sikuhlanganise nencazelo ephelele yobuchwepheshe be-PCI Express, izizukulwane zayo, imizila, kanye nemikhawulo esebenzayo.

Isimo sangempela: I-NAS / i-homelab enama-PCIe amaningi, ama-NVMe nama-SATA drive

Cabanga ukuthi ufuna ukusetha iseva yasekhaya enebhodi lomama le-X470 njenge-Fatal1ty X470 Gaming K4 futhi ucabanga ngesistimu egcwele izinto ezisetshenziswayo : phakathi kwama -HDD e-SATA angu-5 no-6 okugcina izinto eziningi, ama-SSD amabili e-NVMe ku-RAID1 lapho ungasebenzisa khona izitsha ze-unRAID ne-Docker, i-GTX 1080 yokudlala nokuhlola ama-LLM, kanye nekhadi le-10 GbE SFP+ lokuxhumana okusheshayo.

Le motherboard ye-X470 inikeza, njengejwayelekile, izikhala ezimbili ze-PCI Express 3.0 x16 (ezilungisekayo njenge-x16 endaweni yokuqala, noma i-x8/x8 uma zombili zisetshenziswa), ngaphezu kwezikhala ezine ze-PCIe 2.0 x1 zamakhadi amancane okunweba. Ukuze isitoreji, inamachweba ayisithupha e-SATA3 anokusekelwa kwe-RAID 0, 1, kanye ne-10, kanye nama-socket amabili e-M.2 (eyodwa ye-Ultra M.2 M2_1 kanye neyodwa ye-M2_2) anejubane elihlukile: eyokuqala ingasebenza kuze kufike ku-PCIe Gen3 x4 (kuye ngokuthi i-CPU), kanti eyesibili ifinyelela ku-Gen2 x2.

Umqondo wokufaka ama-HDD angu-6 e-SATA + ama-drive angu-2 e-NVMe + i-GPU + 10 GbE uyasebenza, kodwa kufanele uqaphele kakhulu ngokwabiwa kwemizila. Isikhala sokuqala se-PCIe 3.0 x16 sixhunywe ngqo kwi-Ryzen CPU: kwimodi ye-GPU kuphela, sisebenza ku-x16; uma ungeza ikhadi lesibili elikhulu lehluzo kwenye isikhala se-x16, zombili zizokwehla ziye ku-x8/x8. Ama-socket e-M.2 nawo anikwa amandla yimizila ye-PCIe, futhi emiklamweni eminingi, ukusebenzisa izindlela ezithile ze-PCIe x4 ku-M.2 kukhubaza amanye ama-port e-SATA angokoqobo kubhodi lomama.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi, kuye ngokuthi uhlela kanjani izikhala ze-M.2 kanye ne-PCIe, ungagcina ungenazo ezinye izimbobo ze-SATA noma ungenayo i-bandwidth ephelele ye-GPU yakho . Yingakho kubalulekile ukuhlola incwadi yakho yebhodi lomama ukuze ubone ukuthi yiziphi izinhlanganisela ezikhubaza ukuthi yiziphi izimbobo, futhi ungazifakanga ngokungaboni.

Ukwabiwa kwemizila ye-PCIe kuthinta kanjani ama-GPU, i-NVMe, kanye nenethiwekhi?

Kumapulatifomu afana ne-X470 ne-Ryzen, i-CPU inikeza inani elilinganiselwe lemizila ye-PCIe eyabelwana phakathi kwe-GPU eyinhloko, amasokhethi e-M.2, kanye, ngezinga elincane, nezinye izikhala . I -chipset inikeza imizila eyengeziwe, kodwa ngokuvamile le yi-PCIe 2.0 noma i-3.0 enendlela engaqondile eya ku-CPU, futhi yabelana nge-bandwidth yangaphakathi.

Empeleni, isikhala sokuqala se-PCIe x16 sivame ukugcinelwa ikhadi lehluzo. Uma ufaka ikhadi lesibili kwenye isikhala se-x16, i-motherboard iyilungiselela njenge- x8/x8 ukuze isabalalise imizila engu-16 etholakalayo . Lokhu ngokuvamile kunomthelela omncane kuma-GPU e-PCIe 3.0 anamuhla: ukugxuma kusuka ku-x16 kuya ku-x8 akubonakali kangako ngokusebenza kwemidlalo noma umthwalo womsebenzi ojwayelekile.

Uma uzama ukusetha amadrayivu amabili e-NVMe ku-RAID 1 usebenzisa i-M.2 Gen3 x4 kanye ne-M.2 Gen2 x2, i-array izovinjelwa yi-drive ehamba kancane . I-bandwidth esebenzisekayo izoba yesokhethi ye-Gen2 x2, engase isanele i-NAS yasekhaya, kodwa kuyisici esibalulekile okufanele sicatshangelwe. Ngezinye izikhathi kusebenza kahle kakhulu ukusebenzisa ikhadi le-adapter ye-PCIe ye-NVMe endaweni ye-x4 noma ye-x8 ye-chipset bese ushiya indawo ye-M2_1 ingenawo amandla e-SSD yesistimu.

Ikhadi lenethiwekhi le-10GbE SFP+ lingafakwa endaweni ye-PCIe x4 noma x8 ngaphandle kwenkinga; i-bandwidth yayo yangempela ayigcwalisi i-PCIe 3.0 x4. Iphuzu elibalulekile ukunquma ukuthi kufanele libekwe endaweni yesibili ye-x16 eyabelwana ngayo ne-GPU (ephoqa imodi ye-x8/x8) noma kwenye yezindawo ezincane, uma ibhodi lomama lizisekela ngenani elanele lemizila.

Isibonelo esiphathekayo: Ungawandisa kanjani imizila ye-PCIe kanye namachweba e-SATA?

Ukuze uthole i-NAS/homelab ene-Fatal1ty X470 Gaming K4 kanye neprosesa ye-Ryzen ehambisanayo, ukucushwa okunengqondo kokukhulisa imizila nokugcina wonke amachweba e-SATA esebenza kungalandela lo mqondo ojwayelekile (njalo uhlola incwadi yemiyalelo yebhodi lomama eqondile):

• I-GPU (GTX 1080) ku-slot yokuqala ye-PCIe 3.0 x16 (PCIE1), esebenza ku-x16 uma kungekho khadi lesibili elikhulu.
• I-NVMe SSD yokuqala ku-M2_1, sisebenzisa i-PCIe Gen3 x4 njengediski yokuqalisa kanye nesistimu/i-unRAID.
• Ikhadi le-10 GbE SFP+ kusikhala sesibili se-PCIe x16 (PCIE4), ukwamukela ukuthi i-GPU ne-NIC zizokwabelana ngemigqa futhi zihlale ku-x8/x8, okwanele kwi-GTX 1080.
• I-HDD SATA Ukusebenzisa amachweba e-SATA angu-5-6, uma nje ukusebenzisa imodi ye-PCIe x4 ku-M2_1 kungakhubazi amanye amachweba athile (hlola ithebula elisebhukwini).
• Shiya M2_2 Gen2 x2 kungaba ngedrayivu yesibili ye-NVMe engabalulekanga kangako, noma nje mahhala uma kungekho ukusebenza okwengeziwe okudingekayo.

Kulokhu kusetha, udela imodi ephelele ye-x16 ku-GPU, kodwa uthola isikhala esikhulu se-PCIe se-10GbE futhi ulondoloze idrayivu ye-NVMe esheshayo kakhulu kusikhala se-M2_1. Uma ufuna i-RAID1 NVMe, unezinketho ezimbili: yamukela i-bottleneck ye-M2_2 Gen2 x2, noma uthenge ikhadi le-PCIe lamadrayivu amaningi e-NVMe bese ulifaka kusikhala sesibili se-x16, uhambise i-NIC kusikhala esincane uma ibhodi lomama likuvumela.

Kunoma ikuphi, isihluthulelo ukuqonda ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kokusebenza kwangempela lapho wehlisa i-GPU ibe yi-x8 ku-PCIe 3.0 kuphansi kakhulu, kanti ukulahlekelwa amachweba e-SATA noma ukukhawulelwa ku-NVMe kungalimaza kakhulu ku-NAS noma kuseva encike ku-I/O yediski.

Kusukela kudeskithophu kuya epulatifomu yokwandisa: yini engangezwa nge-PCIe

Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zama-desktop PC ngaphezu kwama-laptop noma ama-console ukuthi izikhala ze-PCIe ziguqula ikhompyutha ibe uhlobo lwesakhiwo sehadiwe "Lego" . Cishe noma yisiphi isici esithuthukisiwe ongase usidinge singangezwa ngekhadi lokunweba le-PCIe.

Ukwandiswa okuvamile okuxhuma kwi-PCIe kufaka phakathi amakhadi okuthwebula ividiyo, amakhadi omsindo azinikele, amakhadi ehluzo, amakhadi enethiwekhi, abalawuli be-USB, kanye nama-adapter esitoreji se-NVMe . Eziningi zalezi zifakwa ngemizuzwana futhi ziqashelwa uhlelo lapho luqala, ngokuvamile ngokusekelwa kwendawo noma abashayeli abambalwa.

Isibonelo, uma ufuna ukuthwebula isignali kusuka ku-console noma ikhamera yobungcweti, ikhadi lokuthwebula le-PCIe linikeza i-bandwidth engcono kanye nokubambezeleka okuphansi kunezixazululo eziningi ze-USB. Kunjalo nalapho ufuna umsindo wekhwalithi ephezulu: ikhadi lomsindo le-PCIe likunikeza okokufaka okuningi kanye nokulawula okungcono kunomsindo ohlanganisiwe, ofanele ama-podcast noma ukuqoshwa komculo.

Enkundleni yezithombe, i-PCIe x16 slot iyindinganiso yama-GPU emidlalo kanye nochwepheshe. Vele uqinisekise ukuthi amandla ekhadi lezithombe alinganiswe ne-CPU ukuze ugweme izithiyo; okungukuthi, ukuthi iprosesa ayikwazi ukunikeza idatha eyanele ekhadini.

Kuvamile futhi ukufaka amakhadi e-PCIe ukuze wengeze ama-port e-USB-A noma e-USB-C lapho i-motherboard isihlulekile, noma ngisho namakhadi e-TV tuner, amakhadi enethiwekhi e-WiFi athuthukile, noma amakhadi anama-SSD amaningana e-M.2 ukuze kwandiswe isitoreji esisebenza kahle ngale kwe-M.2 ehlanganiswe ku-motherboard.

Izikhala ze-PCIe: ukuthi ziyini nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhona

Isikhala se-PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) siyindlela yamanje yokuxhuma amakhadi okunweba ngesivinini esikhulu ebhodini lomama. Ngokungafani namabhasi amadala e-PCI noma e-AGP, i-PCIe isebenzisa ukwakheka kwe-point-to-point serial : idivayisi ngayinye inesixhumanisi sayo esizinikele ebhodini lomama, ngaphandle kokwabelana ngebhasi elivamile nezinye izingxenye.

Izikhala zamakhadi ezithombe ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu bazo obubonakalayo kanye nenani lemizila, okunquma umkhawulokudonsa wazo otholakalayo. Amafomethi avame kakhulu yi -x1, x4, x8, kanye ne-x16 . Imizila eminingi isho amaphini amaningi kanye nesikhala eside. I-GPU yedeskithophu ivame ukusebenzisa i-x16, kuyilapho ikhadi lomsindo noma lenethiwekhi lingasebenza kahle ku-x1 noma ku-x4.

Into ethakazelisayo ukuthi, ngokomzimba, ikhadi elifushane lingangena endaweni ende: isibonelo, ikhadi le-x1 lisebenza kahle endaweni ye-x16 , yize lizosebenzisa umzila owodwa kuphela. Ukubuyela emuva akunakwenzeka, ngoba ikhadi le-x16 ngeke lingene endaweni ye-x1.

Ezingeni lesizukulwane, i-PCIe ishintshe kusuka ku-1.0 kuya ku-6.0 (ngo-7.0 ozayo), iphinda kabili i-bandwidth ngomzila ngamunye ngokuthuthukiswa kwenguqulo ngayinye. Lokhu kuvumela ukwanda okukhulu kokusebenza okuphumelelayo kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye, ngenkathi kugcinwa inani elifanayo lemizila ebonakalayo.

Indlela imizila ye-PCIe, i-bandwidth, kanye nezinguqulo ezisebenza ngayo

Ukwakheka kwe-PCIe kusekelwe emizileni emibili egcwele , ngayinye equkethe imigqa emibili ehlukene yokuthumela idatha kanye nenye yokuyithola. Umzila udlulisela idatha kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi izikhala zakhiwa ngokungeza imizila: u-x1 uno-1, u-x4 uno-4, u-x8 uno-8, kanti u-x16 uno-16.

I-bandwidth iyonke yesixhumanisi se-PCIe incike eziguquguqukweni ezimbili ezibalulekile: inani lemizila kanye nenguqulo ye-PCIe . Isibonelo, ku-PCIe 3.0, umzila ngamunye unomkhawulokudonsa wethiyori ongaba ngu-984,6 MB/s; ngakho-ke, isikhala se-x16 PCIe 3.0 singaphatha cishe u-15,8 GB/s. Ku-PCIe 4.0, i-bandwidth ngomzila ngamunye iyanda ibe cishe u-1969 MB/s, okuletha u-x16 cishe u-31,5 GB/s, njalo njalo.

• PCIe 1.0: ~250 MB/s ngomzila ngamunye.
• PCIe 2.0: ~500 MB/s ngomzila ngamunye.
• PCIe 3.0: ~984,6 MB/s ngomzila ngamunye.
• PCIe 4.0: ~1969 MB/s ngomzila ngamunye.
• PCIe 5.0: ~3938 MB/s ngomzila ngamunye.
• PCIe 6.0: ~8 GB/s ngomzila ngamunye (sibonga i-PAM4 ne-FLIT).

Njengoba ihambisana nokubuyela emuva, ikhadi le-PCIe 3.0 lisebenza endaweni ye-PCIe 4.0 noma i-5.0, yize lilinganiselwe kwisivinini sekhadi. Futhi okuphambene nalokho: ikhadi le-PCIe 4.0 endaweni ye-3.0 lizosebenza ngesivinini se-3.0. Lokhu kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila samabhodi omama.

Umlando kanye nokuvela kwe-PCIe: kusukela ku-PCI kuya ku-7.0

Ngaphambi kwe-PCIe, indinganiso eyayivelele kwakuyi-PCI, eyasungulwa yi-Intel ekuqaleni kwawo-90 njengesikhundla samabhasi afana ne-ISA, i-MCA, i-EISA, kanye ne-VESA. Nakuba i-VESA yayincintisana ngokwejubane elimsulwa, i-PCI yaphumelela ngenxa yezindleko zayo, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokulula kokuhlanganiswa , okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-CPU ngaphandle kokuklama kabusha yonke i-motherboard.

Iminyaka eminingi, i-PCI yathuthuka futhi yandisa i-bandwidth, kodwa ekugcineni yahlangabezana nemikhawulo yebhasi elabiwe, ikakhulukazi ngokukhuphuka kwamakhadi ehluzo anamandla. Isixazululo esiphakathi kwakuyi-AGP, ichweba elizinikele le-GPU, kwaze kwaba yilapho i-PCI Express ifika cishe ngo-2004 njengokufaka esikhundleni kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha kwefilosofi yokuxhumana.

I-PCIe 1.0 yethule izixhumanisi ze-point-to-point serial ezine-2,5 GT/s (gigatransfers ngomzuzwana) ngomzila ngamunye kanye ne-8b/10b encoding, okwenze kwaba ngu-250 MB/s we-throughput esebenzisekayo. I-PCIe 2.0 iphindwe kabili ijubane laba ngu-5 GT/s kanye no-500 MB/s ngomzila ngamunye. Uguquko olukhulu kakhulu lufike nge- PCIe 3.0, eyashintshela ku-128b/130b encoding , yanciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokusebenzisa futhi yakhulisa i-throughput yaba cishe yi-1 GB/s ngomzila ngamunye.

I-PCIe 4.0 kanye ne-5.0 ziqhubekile nomkhuba wokuphinda kabili isivinini ngenkathi zigcina ikhodi ye-128b/130b, zandisa i-bandwidth ye-x16 yaba yi-31,5 GB/s kanye ne-63 GB/s ngokulandelana. Lezi zinguqulo sezibe zibalulekile ku- AI, izikhungo zedatha, amanethiwekhi e-400/800 GbE, kanye nesitoreji esisheshayo.

I-PCIe 6.0 yethula ukusayinda kwe-PAM4 kanye nokuthuthwa kwe-FLIT (Flow Control Unit), okuvumela isivinini esifinyelela ku-64 GT/s nge-throughput yethiyori engu-256 GB/s ku-x16, ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhambisana okungemuva. I-PCIe 7.0, esathuthukiswa njengamanje, ihlose isivinini esifinyelela ku-128 GT/s kanye ne-512 GB/s ku-x16, isebenzisa ne-PAM4 kanye ne-1b/1b encoding esebenza kahle kakhulu.

Abakhiqizi abanjengoSynopsys sebevele bamemezele izixazululo ze-IP eziphelele ze-PCIe 7.0 , ezinama-controller ahlanganisiwe, ama-PHY, namamojula okuphepha, aklanyelwe izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezithuthukisiwe futhi axhumene kakhulu ne-CXL kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu ze-AI. Nakuba kusazothatha iminyaka ukufinyelela emakethe yabathengi, kubonisa ngokusobala ukuthi ukuxhumana okuphezulu kuyaphi.

Ingabe udinga ngempela isivinini se-PCIe esengeziwe se-GPU yakho?

Umbuzo ovame kakhulu ukuthi ikhadi lehluzo lisebenza kangcono yini ngoba nje lisesikhaleni esisha se-PCIe noma elinemizila eminingi. Iqiniso namuhla ukuthi ayikho i-GPU yabathengi egcwalisa i-bandwidth yesixhumanisi se-PCIe 4.0 x16 , futhi ezimweni eziningi, ngisho naleyo yesixhumanisi se-PCIe 3.0 x16.

Ikhadi lehluzo lesimanje lisebenzisa kakhulu i-VRAM yalo, evame ukushesha kune-RAM yesistimu. Ibhasi le-PCIe lisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukudlulisa ukwakheka, idatha yomyalo, ukuxhumana ne-CPU, kanye nokufinyelela imemori eyabiwe ezimweni ezithile . Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa ijubane kusuka ku-x16 kuya ku-x8 ku-PCIe 3.0 kuvame ukuphumela kumaphuzu ambalwa kuphela omehluko, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi komkhawulo wephutha.

Kunezimo lapho umkhawulo ubonakala khona, isibonelo ngama-GPU ane-x8 kuphela ngokuklama noma lapho ikhadi elinamandla liphoqeleka ukusebenza ku-x4 kunguqulo endala yejwayelekile. I-Radeon RX 5500 XT, ekhawulelwe ku-PCIe 4.0 x8 noma i-3.0 x8, ihlangabezana nokwehla kokusebenza okukhulu kakhulu uma iwela ku-3.0 x8 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-4.0 x8 ngoba ayisebenzisi yonke imizila engu-16 futhi incike kakhulu kububanzi bomkhawulokudonsa ngomzila ngamunye.

Ekuhlolweni ngamakhadi aphezulu njenge-RTX 5090, ukusebenzisa i-PCIe 5.0 x16 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-x8 kubonise umehluko omncane ekusebenzeni, kuyilapho ukunciphisa kakhulu i -PCIe 3.0 x4 kubangela ukwehla kokusebenza cishe ngo-25% kwezinye izinhlobo zomsebenzi kanye ne-AI. Ngamanye amazwi: khathazeka kakhulu ngokugwema ukwehlisela ku-x4 kunguqulo endala kunokuthi i-GPU yakho isebenza ku-x16 noma ku-x8.

Umthelela wokusebenzisa izintambo zokuphakamisa kanye nokufakwa kwe-GPU okuqondile

Imibhoshongo ezinhlangothini zengilazi yenze ukufakwa kwamakhadi ehluzo aqondile kwathandwa kusetshenziswa izintambo ze-PCIe riser . Kubukeka kumangalisa, kodwa kunengozi enkulu: akuwona wonke ama-risers adalwe ngokulinganayo, futhi imodeli eshibhile ingakukhawulela ku-PCIe 3.0 x4 noma ifake izinkinga zesiginali, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kokusebenza.

Ukuze ufake i-GPU ngokuqondile ngokuzethemba, kunconywa ukuthi ubheke izandiso ze-PCIe eziqinisekiswe okungenani i-PCIe 4.0 x16 , kanye nasezinkundleni zakamuva zesizukulwane, ngisho ne-PCIe 5.0 x16. Izintambo zekhwalithi ephezulu zigcina ubuqotho besiginali futhi zenza ukulahlekelwa kokusebenza kwangempela kungabi bikho nhlobo, ngale kwesilinganiso esincane, esingabonakali.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhebula elikhuphukayo elishibhile elinezivikelo ezingezinhle noma imininingwane ephelelwe yisikhathi lingabangela ukuthi i-motherboard kanye ne-GPU baxhumane noxhumano olusheshayo noma imizila embalwa, okuholela ekwehleni kwe-FPS, ukungingiza okuncane, noma ngisho nokungazinzi . Kuhlale kunconywa ukuhlola imininingwane esemthethweni yekhebula ngaphambi kokuthenga.

Uma ufuna ukuhlola isivinini kanye nenani lemizila ikhadi lakho lezithombe elisebenza kuyo ohlelweni lwakho lwamanje, amathuluzi afana ne -GPU-Z abonisa insimu ethi "Bus Interface" , lapho ungabona khona ngesikhathi sangempela ukuthi i-GPU isebenza ku-PCIe 3.0 x16, 4.0 x8, njll. Lokhu kuwusizo kakhulu ekutholeni imikhawulo engalindelekile ebangelwa ikhadi le-riser, i-slot yesibili, noma ukucushwa kwe-BIOS okungalungile.

Ukucushwa kwe-M.2 kanye nobudlelwano namachweba e-SATA

Enye imininingwane evame ukunganakwa ukuthi, kumabhodi amaningi e-motherboard, amasokhethi e-M.2 abelana ngezinsiza nama-port e-SATA. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuvumela idrayivu ye-M.2 kumodi ye-PCIe x4 kungakhubaza ama-port athile e-SATA angokoqobo . Lolu lwazi luvame ukutholakala encwadini yemiyalelo futhi ngezinye izikhathi nasemilayezo ye-BIOS/UEFI.

Isibonelo, kumabhodi ebhodi afana ne-ASUS ROG Maximus IX Formula, uma imodi ye-PCIe x4 ivuliwe kwisikhala se-M.2, i-BIOS ixwayisa ngokuthi amachweba e-SATA 5 no-6 akhutshaziwe . I-UEFI ikhombisa ngisho nesikrini esithize "sokucushwa kwe-bandwidth ye-M.2" esibonisa ngokusobala ukuyekethisa kokusebenza okuhilelekile kwimodi ngayinye.

Imfundiso yendaba ukuthi ngaphambi kokusebenzisa idrayivu ye-NVMe ngokungazi lutho ekucushweni kwe-M.2, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ufinyelele ku-UEFI, uthole isigaba sokucushwa kwe-M.2, bese uhlola imodi yokusebenza: i-PCIe x4, x2, noma i-SATA . Ukushintsha phakathi kwamamodi akuthinti nje kuphela ukusebenza kwe-NVMe kodwa futhi kunquma ukuthi yimaphi amachweba e-SATA ahlala esebenza.

Ku-NAS/homelab enama-HDD amaningi, lokhu kubalulekile. Ukucushwa okungalungile kungabangela ukuthi ama-drive amabili anyamalale ku-RAID array lapho kufakwa i-NVMe drive yesibili ngoba i-chipset isike ama-port awo ukuze ikhulule imizila ye-M.2 drive. Hlola njalo ithebula lokuhambisana encwadini ukuze ugweme ukumangala.

Ukufakwa nokugcinwa kwamakhadi e-PCIe ngokomzimba

Ukufaka ikhadi le-PCIe kulula kakhulu, kodwa kuhlale kungumqondo omuhle ukulandela i-oda elithile ukuze ugweme izinkinga zokuthintana noma ugesi . Okokuqala, cisha i-PC yakho, khipha ikhebula likagesi, bese uvula ikesi. Thola i-PCIe slot efanele (isibonelo, i-x16 slot ephezulu ye-GPU) bese ususa i-backplate ehambisanayo.

Okulandelayo, qondanisa ikhadi nesikhala bese ulicindezela ngokuqinile kodwa ngobumnene kuze kube yilapho lichofoza endaweni yalo. Amabhodi amaningi e-motherboard anesivalo esincane ekugcineni kwesikhala esichofoza lapho ikhadi lihlezi kahle. Bese, shutheka ibhulakhethi yensimbi yekhadi ebhokisini ukuze uliqinise.

Ngamakhadi ehluzo noma amanye amadivayisi adinga amandla engeziwe, xhuma izintambo ze-PCIe ezivela kumthombo wamandla. Uma konke sekuhlanganisiwe, vala ikesi, xhuma ikhompyutha, bese uyiqalisa. Uhlelo lokusebenza luvame ukubona ikhadi elisha ngokuzenzakalelayo , lufake abashayeli abajwayelekile noma lukuvumela ukuthi ufake abashayeli bomkhiqizi.

Ngokuphathelene nokulungisa, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukugcina izikhala namakhadi engenalo uthuli, kungcono ukusebenzisa umoya ocindezelwe . Ukuhlola njalo ukuthi izikulufo azikakhululeki nokuthi azikho izimpawu zokugqwala noma umonakalo ongokwenyama kusiza ukuvimbela ukwehluleka ngezikhathi ezithile. Kungumkhuba omuhle futhi ukugcina i-BIOS/UEFI ibuyekeziwe, njengoba izinguqulo eziningi zithuthukisa ukuhambisana nokusebenza kwemizila ye-PCIe. Uma unokungabaza mayelana nokunikezwa kwamandla, bheka umhlahlandlela wethu wokuthi unganquma kanjani ukuthi ukunikezwa kwamandla kuhle futhi kunamandla anele.

Izinkinga ezijwayelekile ze-PCIe kanye nendlela yokuzixazulula

Izinkinga ezivame kakhulu lapho kufakwa amakhadi e-PCIe zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuhlala kabi kwamakhadi, amandla anganele, noma abashayeli abangalungile . Uma uhlelo lungalwazi ikhadi, into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ukuvala ikhompyutha, ukukhipha ikhadi, bese ulifaka kabusha ngokucophelela, uqiniseke ukuthi liqondene ngokuphelele futhi licindezelwe yonke indlela.

Uma ikhadi okukhulunywa ngalo liyi-GPU noma isilawuli esinamandla, kuyalulekwa ukuhlola ukuthi zonke izixhumi zamandla ze-PCIe zixhunywe kahle nokuthi ugesi une-wattage eyanele. Ngezinye izikhathi, ugesi one-wattage eyanele uzokwenza uhlelo luqale kodwa ikhadi lisebenze ngokungajwayelekile.

Izinkinga zokusebenza zingavela ngoba ikhadi lisebenza endaweni elinganiselwe (isibonelo, i-GPU endaweni ye-chipset ye-x4) noma ngoba i-BIOS ilungiselele isixhumanisi enguqulweni endala ye-PCIe. Amathuluzi afana ne-GPU-Z noma i-Device Manager angakusiza ukuthi ubuke isivinini sesixhumanisi kanye nenani lemizila esebenzayo.

Kwezinye izimo, ukuhlanganiswa kwekhadi le-motherboard kanye nekhadi lehluzo kungadinga isibuyekezo se-BIOS ukuze kulungiswe amaphutha ekuxhumaneni kwe-PCIe. Uma, ngemva kokuhlola isikhala, izintambo, kanye nabashayeli, inkinga iqhubeka, kungumqondo omuhle ukuhlola ikhadi kwenye isikhala noma kwenye ikhompyutha ukuze kutholakale ukuthi inkinga ikubhodi le-motherboard noma ikhadi ngokwalo.

Indlela yokuhlela ukucushwa kwe-PCIe ucabanga ngekusasa

Uma wakha i-PC, i-NAS, noma i-workstation manje futhi ufuna ukuthi ihlale iminyaka eminingi, kunengqondo ukukhetha i-motherboard enikeza izikhala eziningana ze-PCIe ezisheshayo kanye nokusekelwa kwezinguqulo ezintsha , njenge-PCIe 4.0 noma i-5.0, noma ngabe i-hardware yakho yamanje ayikazisebenzisi ngokugcwele.

Ngale kwe-GPU, cabanga ngezithuthukisi ezingaba khona esikhathini esizayo: amadrayivu e-NVMe engeziwe, amakhadi e-10/25/40 GbE, amakhadi okuthwebula, abalawuli be-HBA, njll. Ibhodi lomama elihle elinemizila eyanele, izikhala zomzimba ezivulekile kahle, kanye nokwakheka okucacile phakathi kwe-CPU ne-chipset kuzokunika indawo yazo zonke lezo zithuthukisi ngaphandle kokushintsha ipulatifomu yakho.

Kubalulekile futhi ukulinganisa kahle ugesi kusukela ekuqaleni, ube nesikhala esanele samakhadi ehluzo adingayo esikhathini esizayo. Futhi qiniseka ukuthi ibhokisi linomoya owanele wamakhadi amaningi okunweba, ikakhulukazi uma uhlanganisa i-GPU enamandla, ikhadi lenethiwekhi elinamandla aphezulu, kanye namadrayivu amaningana e-NVMe akhiqiza ukushisa.

Ngayo yonke into esiyibonile, kusobala ukuthi ukwazi ukuthi imizila ye-PCIe isatshalaliswa kanjani, ukuthi yiziphi imikhawulo ezilethwa yinguqulo ngayinye, nokuthi i-M.2, i-SATA, kanye nezindawo zokunweba zixhumana kanjani kukuvumela ukuthi wakhe izinhlelo eziphelele kakhulu: kusukela ekhaya elithobekile le-NAS elinama-HDD angu-6, amadrayivu ama-NVMe amabili, kanye nenethiwekhi ye-10 GbE kuya ezindaweni zokusebenza ezinama-GPU amaningi kanye nesitoreji esisebenza kahle, njalo sisebenzisa yonke imizila etholakalayo futhi sigwema ukumangala lapho singeza ihadiwe entsha.