- Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwama-GPU anamandla kakhulu emakethe, kusukela kuzixazululo zebhizinisi njenge-H200 kuya kuzinketho zabathengi njenge-RTX 5090.
- Izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezibalulekile zokukhetha ihadiwe, okugqamisa ukubaluleka kwe-VRAM, i-FLOPS, kanye ne-bandwidth.
- Amasu okusebenzisa aguquguqukayo kusukela kumaqoqo endawo kanye nezindawo zokusebenza kuya ekukhuleni kwamafu.
- Izindlela zokwenza ngcono ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamamodeli omthombo ovulekile ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kwe-AI.
Uma uke wangena ezweni lobuhlakani bokwenziwa, uzobe uqaphele ukuthi i-hardware akuyona nje imininingwane, kodwa injini enquma ukuthi iphrojekthi yakho iyaqala noma iyahamba. Muva nje, ukuqhuma kwamamodeli akhiqizayo kanye nokufunda okujulile kwenze ukukhetha ikhadi lehluzo elifanele kwaba yikhanda elibuhlungu kakhulu kubathuthukisi nezinkampani ezingafuni ukusala ngemuva emjahweni wezobuchwepheshe.
Akukhona nje ukuthenga ingxenye ebiza kakhulu, kodwa futhi nokuthola indawo emnandi phakathi kwamandla aluhlaza , inkumbulo etholakalayo, kanye nalokho ongakwazi ukukukhokhela. Kusukela ekusetheni i-home rig enamakhadi ehluzo emidlalo kuya ekuqasheni ama-supercomputer efwini, kunezindlela ezahlukene kakhulu zokuthola imodeli yolimi noma i-AI ye-multimodal ukuze isebenze kahle futhi ngaphandle kwamaphutha.
I-NVIDIA ecosystem: I-giant embonini
Uma kukhulunywa ngamandla aluhlaza ezikhungo zedatha, i -NVIDIA H200 Tensor Core ibuse kakhulu. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo kwe-Hopper kanye nenkumbulo ye-HBM3e efika ku-141 GB, ivumela ngisho namamodeli olimi amakhulu kakhulu ukuthi asebenze kalula, inikeza i-bandwidth eshiya umncintiswano othulini. Iyithuluzi elikhethwayo lalawo mamodeli okuqeqesha anezigidigidi zamapharamitha , yize idinga ingqalasizinda yokupholisa eqinile kakhulu kanye nesabelomali esikhulu.
Isinyathelo esisodwa ngezansi, kodwa sisalokhu kuligi ye-heavyweight, sithola i-H100. Leli khadi yilona eliqhube inguquko yamanje, livelele ngenjini yalo yokuguqula esheshisa ngonya ukuqagela kwemodeli ye-GPT. Ngenkathi i-H200 ikhanya ekuphatheni izigcawu ezinde, i-H100 isalokhu iyindinganiso yokusebenza kahle kwamalebhu amaningi ocwaningo.
Kulabo abafuna inketho elinganiselayo, i-A100 isalokhu iyisinqumo esinamandla kakhulu. Nakuba indala, ukuguquguquka kwayo kanye nekhono layo lokuhlukanisa i-GPU ibe yizimo eziyisikhombisa ezizimele kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-MIG kwenza kube ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlakaniphile ezindaweni ezinabasebenzisi abaningi lapho yonke imijikelezo yokubala idinga ukusetshenziswa kahle.
Izixazululo zobungcweti nezabathengi: Isisekelo esiphakathi
Akuwona wonke umuntu odinga iseva engu-€300.000. Yilapho-ke izindawo zokusebenza zingena khona. I -RTX 6000 Ada Generation iyisithelo esiyigugu kochwepheshe abafuna amandla esikhungo sedatha kwifomu ledeskithophu. Njengoba inememori engu-48GB ye-GDDR6 kanye nokusebenzisa amandla aphansi, ilungele labo abenza ukuqeqeshwa okuthuthukisiwe kokwenza umsebenzi kanye ne-AI ngaphandle kokuhlupheka kwengqalasizinda yezimboni.
Uma isabelomali sakho sincane, i-RTX A6000 inikeza ibhalansi enhle kakhulu. Isici esithakazelisa kakhulu ikhono layo le-NVLink, elikuvumela ukuthi wandise imemori efika ku-96GB ngokuhlanganisa amakhadi amabili, okuxazulula inkinga endala ye-VRAM enganele. Empeleni kuyisinqumo esiphephile kulabo abaphakathi kwabantu abathanda imidlalo yokuzijabulisa kanye nabangochwepheshe.
Enkundleni yemidlalo, i -RTX 5090 ithathe igxathu elikhulu phambili ngokwakhiwa kwayo kwe-Blackwell . Inkumbulo yayo ye-GDDR7 engu-32GB kanye nokusekelwa kwe-FP4 kwasendaweni kuyenza ibe yisilo sokwenza ama-prototyping. Kwabathuthukisi abazimele, yindawo efanele yokungena yokuzama ama-LLM endawo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali eningi.
Futhi uma sikhuluma ngesabelomali, i-RTX 4090 isalokhu iyidwala. Njengoba ine-VRAM engu-24GB kanye nokusebenza okuhle kwe-TOPS, iyintandokazi yokusingatha imisebenzi yokukhiqiza izithombe eziphakathi nendawo kanye nokumodela ulimi, uma nje ihambisana neprosesa enamandla yokugwema izithiyo.
Izindlela Zokusebenzisa i-AMD kanye ne-Intel: Ukuqeda i-Monopoly
I-AMD ayizange ihlale ingasebenzi futhi yethule i- Instinct MI300X , indawo enamandla ngempela. Inzuzo yayo enkulu yimemori yayo: i-192 GB ye-HBM3, ephinda kabili amandla ezinketho eziningi ze-NVIDIA. Kulabo ababeka phambili amandla ememori kune-software ecosystem , leli khadi liyinketho ephazamisayo futhi, ezimweni eziningi, lingabizi kakhulu ngokwezindleko nge-GB ngayinye.
Emakethe yabathengi, i-Radeon RX 7900 XTX iyindlela yokuncintisana kakhulu. Nakuba ingafinyeleli ezingeni le-NVIDIA ekulandeleni ama-ray, ekulungiselelweni kwe-LLM okuthile, ibonakale isebenza kahle kakhulu kune-4090 kwezinye izilinganiso. Kuyindlela enengqondo kakhulu kulabo abafuna i-VRAM engu-24 GB ngaphandle kokukhokha "intela ye-NVIDIA" futhi abakhetha ukusethwa kwe-PC yemidlalo ye-AMD.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Intel ingene empini ne- Gaudi 3 accelerator . Ayihlose ukuncintisana kuyo yonke imininingwane, kodwa ihlose ukunikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kuwo wonke amadola atshaliwe. Ukusebenzisa i-software stack yomthombo ovulekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-SynapseAI, kuyindlela ekhangayo yamabhizinisi amasha adinga ingqalasizinda engabizi kakhulu futhi enwebekayo.
Ifu kanye ne-silicon eyenziwe ngokwezifiso
Ngezinye izikhathi, i-GPU engcono kakhulu yileyo ongadingi ukuyithenga. I-Google Cloud, ene -TPU v5p yayo, inikeza ukukhuliswa okumangalisayo, okulungiselelwe i-TensorFlow. Yisisombululo esifanele kulabo abadinga ukukhuliswa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokushisa ngokweqile kwekhadi noma ukuthi bangalixhuma kuphi.
I-AWS nayo inecebo layo neTrainium2 . Njengoba i-silicon yenzelwe ngqo ukuqeqeshwa, inikeza ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo ne-SageMaker, isusa ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kwehadiwe futhi ivumela imodeli yokukhokha njengoba uhamba ethokozisayo kunoma yimuphi umphathi wezezimali.
Amathiphu obuchwepheshe okugwema amaphutha lapho uthenga
Ukuze ugweme amaphutha, udinga ukugxila kuzilinganiso ezintathu: i-FLOPS (amandla okusebenzisa ikhompyutha), i-VRAM (isikhala semodeli esingakanani), kanye ne-bandwidth. Uma uqeqesha imodeli enkulu, i-VRAM ibalulekile; uma ungenayo eyanele, ukuqeqeshwa ngeke kuqale noma kuzohamba kancane ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-RAM yesistimu.
Isofthiwe nayo idlala indima ebalulekile. I-NVIDIA ihola phambili nge -cuDNN kanye ne-CUDA , okuyizilimi ezisemthethweni ze-AI. I-AMD ene-ROCm kanye ne-Intel ene-SynapseAI zivala igebe, kodwa ukuhambisana nezinhlaka ezifana ne -PyTorch kanye ne-TensorFlow ngokuvamile kubushelelezi kuhlelo lwe-NVIDIA.
Ngokuphathelene nokuthunyelwa, kunezindlela ezintathu. Ukuthunyelwa endaweni kunikeza ukulawula okuphelele kanye nokuphepha kwedatha; ifu linikeza ukusabalala okungenamkhawulo; futhi imodeli ye-hybrid iyona ehlakaniphe kakhulu, evumela ukwenziwa kweprototype okusheshayo efwini kanye nokusebenza kokukhiqiza kwihadiwe yendawo ukuze kongiwe izindleko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukwenza ngcono kanye nendlela yokufunda
Uma usunayo ihadiwe, icebo liwukusebenzisa ngokugcwele. Umqondo owodwa othuthukisiwe ukwenza ngcono okuguquguqukayo usebenzisa i-AI , esebenzisa i-voltage kanye ne-frequency curve ukulungisa ama-voltage, ama-frequency, kanye nokunemba (ukushintsha phakathi kwe-FP16, FP32, noma i-INT8) ngesikhathi sangempela ngokuya ngomthwalo. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kodwa futhi kuvimbela ibhili lakho likagesi ukuthi lingakhuphuki kakhulu.
Kulabo abanezinsiza ezincane, kunezixazululo ezifana nokusebenzisa umtapo wolwazi. Ama-Transformer Obuso AgoneneNgenxa yezici ezifana apply_chat_templateAma-chatbot angasese angasebenza ngisho nakuma-GPU emidlalo ane-VRAM engu-8 GB kuphela. Eqinisweni, kunezinhlobo ezifana nalezi I-StableLM-Zephyr-3B ezisebenza kahle ngokumangalisayo ngama-GB angu-4 kuphela, okwenza ukufinyelela kubuchwepheshe kube lula.
Amapulatifomu afana ne-NVIDIA NeMo asiza ukuvala igebe, enikeza amathuluzi okuhlelwa kwedatha kanye nokulungiswa kwemodeli, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ihadiwe isebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kobunjiniyela bedatha yilokho okuvumela ngempela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwehadiwe ukuthi kuhumushe kube imiphumela yangempela hhayi nje umthwalo wephepha obizayo.
