Umlando Wekhompiyutha: Yazalwa kanjani futhi yawuguqula kanjani umhlaba wanamuhla

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Umlando wekhompiyutha uwuhambo oluhehayo olushintshe kakhulu indlela esiphila ngayo, esisebenza ngayo nesixhumana ngayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi le mishini engavamile isuke kanjani ekubeni amathuluzi ekhompiyutha alula yaba yisizinda soguquko lwedijithali. Kusukela kuma-abacuses akudala kuya kumakhompiyutha aphambili anamuhla, umugqa wesikhathi womlando wekhompiyutha ugcwele izinto ezintsha ezimangalisayo kanye nezibalo zemibono ezishiye uphawu olungenakucimeka enqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe.

Umlando Wekhompiyutha: Yazalwa kanjani futhi yawuguqula kanjani umhlaba wanamuhla

Umlando wekhompyutha: imvelaphi

Umlando wekhompiyutha ubuyela emuva kakhulu kunalokho abaningi abakucabangayo. Imishini yokubala yokuqala, njenge-abacus, yavela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule emiphakathini ehlukahlukene yasendulo. Lawa mathuluzi angajwayelekile abeka isisekelo sokwakhiwa kwemishini eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngekhulu le-17, isazi sezibalo saseFrance uBlaise Pascal sasungula iPascaline, eyayibhekwa njengesixhobo sokubala sokuqala esisebenza ngomshini. Le divayisi ehlakaniphile yayingakwazi ukwengeza nokususa, iphawula ingqophamlando ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemishini yokubala.

Kamuva, ngekhulu le-19, uCharles Babbage wasungula i-"Analytical Engine," ithuluzi lomshini elihlelwayo elibhekwa njengelandulela ngqo amakhompyutha anamuhla. Nakuba lalingakaze lakhiwe ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sakhe, umklamo kaBabbage wawuhlanganisa imiqondo eyisisekelo efana neyunithi yokucubungula, inkumbulo, kanye nokufakwa/ukuphuma kwedatha.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Umlando wekhompiyutha nezizukulwane zayo: Indlela isigaba ngasinye esiwuguqule ngayo umhlaba wedijithali

Isikhathi samakhompyutha e-elekthronikhi

Intuthuko yangempela eya kumakhompyutha anamuhla yenzeka ngawo-1940 ngokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokuqala kagesi. I-ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), eyakhiwa ngo-1945, ibhekwa njengekhompyutha yokuqala kagesi enenhloso ejwayelekile.

Lawa makhompyutha akuqala ayemakhulu, ethatha amagumbi wonke, futhi esebenzisa izinkulungwane zamashubhu evacuum ukuze enze izibalo. Naphezu kobukhulu bazo kanye nemikhawulo, bamele intuthuko eguquguqukayo kumthamo wokucubungula idatha.

Umlando wekhompuyutha nezizukulwane zayo ubonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buvele kanjani ngokushesha emashumini eminyaka alandelayo:

1. Isizukulwane sokuqala (1940-1956): Amakhompyutha asekelwe kumashubhu e-vacuum.
2. Isizukulwane sesibili (1956-1963): Ukusetshenziswa kwama-transistors, amancane futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu.
3. Isizukulwane sesithathu (1964-1971): Ukwethulwa kwamasekethe ahlanganisiwe.
4. Isizukulwane sesine (1971-manje): Ama-Microprocessors nama-silicon chips.
5. Isizukulwane sesihlanu (esathuthukiswayo): Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nokucubungula okufanayo.

Ukuzalwa kwekhompyutha yomuntu siqu

Esinye sezigigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wekhompiyutha kwaba ukufika kwekhompuyutha yomuntu siqu (PC) ngeminyaka yawo-1970s Izinkampani zokuphayona ezifana ne-Apple, Commodore, kanye ne-Tandy yethula amakhompyutha asekhaya athengekayo, ashintsha unomphela ubudlelwano phakathi kobuchwepheshe nomsebenzisi ojwayelekile.

Ukwethulwa kwe-Apple II ngo-1977 kanye ne-IBM PC ngo-1981 kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha. Le mishini, nakuba ilinganiselwe ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla, yenza amandla ekhompyutha afinyelele izigidi zabantu.

I-graphical user interface (GUI) kanye negundane, okwaduma i-Apple nge-Macintosh ngo-1984, kwenza amakhompyutha afinyeleleke kalula futhi asebenziseke kalula emphakathini jikelele.

I-inthanethi kanye nenguquko yezokuxhumana

Ukudalwa nokwanda kwe-inthanethi ngawo-1980 nawo-1990 kwathatha inguquko yamakhompyutha yayisa ezingeni elisha ngokuphelele. I- World Wide Web , eyasungulwa nguTim Berners-Lee ngo-1989, yaguqula i-inthanethi yaba yindawo yokuxhumana yomhlaba wonke kanye nomthombo wolwazi ongapheli.

I-imeyili, izinjini zokusesha, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana zishintshe kakhulu indlela esixhumana futhi sabelana ngayo ngolwazi. Umlando wekhompyutha kanye nezizukulwane zayo uhlobene kakhulu nentuthuko ye-inthanethi, okudala uhlelo lwedijithali oluchaze kabusha cishe zonke izici zomphakathi wanamuhla.

Inkathi yeselula kanye nekhompyutha etholakala yonke indawo

Ikhulu lama-21 libone enye inguquko emlandweni wekhompyutha: inkathi yamadivaysi eselula. Omakhalekhukhwini namathebulethi alethe amandla ekhompuyutha emaphaketheni ethu, okuvumela ukufinyelela njalo olwazini nasekuxhumaneni noma kuphi.

Lesi sigaba esisha sokubala okusabalele sifiphaze imingcele phakathi kwezwe elingokoqobo neledijithali, okwadala imiqondo efana ne- Internet of Things (IoT) kanye ne-augmented reality.

Uhlu lwezikhathi zomlando wekhompyutha lubonisa ukuthi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule sisuke emishinini engangegumbi saya kumadivayisi anamandla kakhulu angena entendeni yesandla sethu.

I-Artificial Intelligence kanye nekusasa lekhompyutha

Insimu ye-Artificial Intelligence (AI) imele umngcele wamanje emlandweni wekhompyutha. Intuthuko ekufundeni komshini kanye namanethiwekhi ezinzwa ivumela amakhompyutha ukuthi enze imisebenzi eyayibhekwa njengeyabantu kuphela, kusukela ekuqaphelweni kwenkulumo kuya ekushayeleni okuzenzakalelayo.

I-AI ithembisa ukuguqula imikhakha ehlukahlukene njengemithi, imfundo kanye nezimboni, kuyilapho iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yokuziphatha nefilosofi mayelana nekusasa lobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nemishini.

Umthelela wezenhlalo nezomnotho wenguquko yamakhompyutha

Umlando wekhompiyutha awuyona nje indaba yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi nezinguquko ezijulile zezenhlalakahle nezomnotho. Ukusebenzisa idijithali kuyishintshe kakhulu indlela esisebenza ngayo, esizifundisa ngayo kanye nesisebenzisana ngayo.

Zonke izimboni zishintshiwe noma zadalwa kusukela ekuqaleni ngenxa yenguquko yamakhompyutha. I-E-commerce, umnotho wokwabelana kanye ne-cryptocurrencies ngezinye zezibonelo zendlela ubuchwepheshe obuchaza ngayo kabusha amamodeli ebhizinisi kanye nokuthengiselana kwezomnotho.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlukana kwedijithali kanye nokukhathazeka mayelana nobumfihlo bedatha kanye nokuphepha kuletha izinselelo ezibalulekile umphakathi okumele uzixazulule njengoba siqhubekela phambili enkathini yedijithali.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Umlando wekhompyutha: kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuze kube manje

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nomlando Wekhompyutha

Yayiyini ikhompyutha yokuqala kagesi? I-ENIAC (i-Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengekhompyutha yokuqala kagesi enenhloso ejwayelekile. Yakhiwa ngo-1945 eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania futhi yayithatha igumbi lonke.

Amakhompyutha okuqala ayeqhathaniswa kanjani nawanamuhla? Amakhompyutha okuqala ayemakhulu kakhulu, ehlala amakamelo aphelele, futhi ayesebenzisa izinkulungwane zamapayipi okuhlanza. Ayenamandla amancane kakhulu kune-smartphone yesimanje futhi edla amandla amaningi. Umthamo wawo wokucubungula nokugcina wawuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezindinganiso zanamuhla.

Ubani owasungula ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu? Akekho noyedwa owasungula ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu, njengoba yayiwumphumela wezinto eziningi ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, izinkampani ezifana ne-Apple (noSteve Jobs noSteve Wozniak) kanye ne-IBM zadlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ama-PC athandwe ngawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-80.

Isitoreji sedatha sithuthuke kanjani kuwo wonke umlando wekhompyutha? Isitoreji sedatha sithuthuke kusukela kumakhadi acindezelwe kanye namatheyiphu amagnetic kuya kuma-hard drive, ama-solid-state drive (ama-SSD), kanye nesitoreji samafu. Umthamo ukhule kakhulu kuyilapho usayizi obonakalayo wamadivayisi wehle kakhulu.

Iyiphi indima eyadlalwa yiMpi Yomshoshaphansi ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhompyutha? IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yasheshisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bamakhompyutha. I-United States kanye neSoviet Union batshale imali enkulu ocwaningweni lwekhompyutha nasekuthuthukisweni kwezicelo zempi kanye nezikhala, okwaholela entuthukweni eyasetshenziswa kamuva emkhakheni wezomphakathi.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwehadiwe nesofthiwe emlandweni wekhompyutha? Ihadiwe ibhekisela ezingxenyeni ezibonakalayo zekhompyutha, njengeprosesa, inkumbulo, namadivayisi okufaka/okukhipha. Isofthiwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqukethe izinhlelo nedatha esebenza kwihadiwe. Umlando wekhompyutha ubone intuthuko efanayo kuzo zombili lezi zindawo, nesofthiwe iba yinkimbinkimbi njengoba ihadiwe iba namandla kakhulu.

Isiphetho: Umlando Wekhompyutha: Yazalwa futhi yawuguqula kanjani umhlaba wanamuhla

Umlando wekhompiyutha uwubufakazi bobuhlakani bomuntu kanye nekhono lethu lokusungula izinto ezintsha nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Kusukela emishinini yokuqala yamakhompiyutha kuya emishinini yanamuhla enamandla, amakhompyutha aguqule zonke izici zempilo yethu.

Njengoba siqhubekela phambili ekusaseni ledijithali elikhulayo, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungasetshenziswa kanjani ukuthuthukisa isimo sabantu nokubhekana nezinselele zomhlaba wonke. Isigaba esilandelayo emlandweni wekhompyutha sithembisa ukujabulisa nokuguqula njengaleso esake saba khona ngaphambili.

Umlando wekhompiyutha nezizukulwane zayo usikhombisa ukuthi uguquko luhlala lukhona emhlabeni wezobuchwepheshe. Ukugcina umqondo ovulekile kanye nokuzimisela ukufunda kuzobaluleka ekuzuleni indawo yedijithali ehlala ishintsha.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Umlando wekhompiyutha kanye nokuvela kwayo: Kusukela kumasekhethi okuqala kuya ku-Artificial Intelligence