Amadivayisi enethiwekhi

Isibuyekezo sokugcina: I-13 February ka-2025
Author: Dr369
  • Amadivayisi enethiwekhi axhuma futhi alawule ukuxhumana phakathi kwamakhompyutha namanye amadivaysi.
  • Amarutha, amamodemu, amaswishi, nama-firewall yizinhlobo eziyinhloko zamadivayisi enethiwekhi.
  • Ama-firewall avikela inethiwekhi ngokulawula ithrafikhi engagunyaziwe nohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha.
  • Izindawo zokufinyelela okungenantambo zivumela amadivayisi eselula ukuthi axhume kumanethiwekhi anezintambo.
Amadivayisi enethiwekhi

Amadivayisi enethiwekhi ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zanoma iyiphi inethiwekhi. Basiza ukuxhumanisa amadivaysi, amakhompyutha neminye imishini komunye nomunye. Amadivayisi akunethiwekhi angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwedivayisi okuyilo: amarutha, amamodemu, amaswishi, ama-firewall, namaphoyinti okufinyelela angenantambo (ama-AP). Lesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi ngasinye salezi zigaba sisho ukuthini nokuthi sisetshenziselwa ini.

Amadivayisi enethiwekhi

Amarutha

Amarutha angamadivayisi enethiwekhi abaluleke kakhulu. Baxhuma ama-LAN nama-WAN, ama-subnet, noma wonke amanethiwekhi.

Amarutha anokuxhumana okuningi okubavumela ukuthi bathumele futhi bamukele idatha evela emithonjeni ehlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngale ndlela, bangakwazi ukusingatha imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yomzila ngokuphumelelayo kunezinye izinhlobo zehadiwe, njengamaswishi.

Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu we- ama-routers yikhono layo lokwenza izinqumo zomzila ezisekelwe olwazini olugcinwe kuthebula layo lomzila (RT).

amamodemu

Amamodemu ngamadivayisi avumela amakhompyutha ukuthi axhume ku-inthanethi. Angasetshenziswa futhi ukuxhuma amanye amadivaysi, njengamaphrinta nezikena, ukuze akwazi ukwabelana ngokuxhuma okufanayo. Amamodemu axhumeka ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile (ngomzila noma ngokushintsha) kunethiwekhi ye-ISP kusetshenziswa ikhebula noma amasignali e-DSL.

Ukushintsha

Ukushintsha kusetshenziselwa ukuxhuma amadivayisi amaningi kunethiwekhi. Iswishi iyidivayisi evumela amakhompyutha nezinye izisetshenziswa ezisesigabeni esifanayo senethiwekhi yendawo (LAN) ukuthi zixhumane. Ukushintsha kungasetshenziswa futhi ukudala izizinda ezihlukene zokushayisana ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ye-Ethernet.

  Indlela yokudlulisa amafayela phakathi kwama-PC: zonke izinketho zichaziwe

Ngamagama alula, ukushintsha kusetshenziselwa ukuxhuma amadivayisi amaningi ndawonye ukuze kwabelwane ngedatha ngekhebuli yenethiwekhi efanayo noma ngaphandle kwentambo ngamasignali e-Wi-Fi asuka kumarutha namaphoyinti okufinyelela (ama-AP) asebenza njengamabhuloho phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene.

I-Firewall noma i-Firewall

I-firewall iyidivayisi noma uhlelo lokusebenza oluhlunga ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ngokusekelwe kusethi yemithetho. Isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kumanethiwekhi ayimfihlo kanye nokunciphisa ithrafikhi engafuneki njengogaxekile nohlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha. I-firewall ingaba ngokusekelwe kwisofthiwe (ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu), i-hardware-based (irutha), noma kokubili (inhlanganisela).

I-firewall isebenza ngokuhlola okuqukethwe kuwo wonke amaphakethe adlula kuwo; Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlunga iphakethe. Isihlungi singavumela iphakethe ukuthi lidlule, livimbe, noma lilenqabe ngokusekelwe kumibandela efana nalena:

  • Iphakheji ithunyelwe isuka kuphi?
  • Iyiphi inombolo yembobo esetshenzisiwe?
  • Ubani oyithumele?

Amaphoyinti okufinyelela okungenantambo

Izindawo zokufinyelela okungenantambo zisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma amadivayisi ku-inthanethi. Ziphinde zisetshenziswe ukuxhuma amadivayisi kunethiwekhi.

Izindawo zokungena okungenantambo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi inethiwekhi engenantambo, ekuvumela ukuthi wabelane ngekhebula lakho noma imodemu ye-ADSL namanye amakhompyutha ekhaya noma ehhovisi lakho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izintambo ezindongeni, osilingini naphansi.

Amadivayisi enethiwekhi

Amadivayisi enethiwekhi yihadiwe exhuma ikhompyutha yakho kwamanye amakhompyutha namadivayisi. Asetshenziselwa ukwabelana ngamafayela, amaphrinta nezinye izinsiza.

Amadivayisi enethiwekhi afaka amarutha, amamodemu, amaswishi, nama-firewall. Lawa madivayisi anemisebenzi ehlukene:

  • Amarutha adlulisa idatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi noma ama-subnets ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi esebenzisa amakheli e-IP.
  • Ukushintsha kukuvumela ukuthi uxhume amakhompuyutha amaningi ndawonye ukuze akwazi ukwabelana ngolwazi ngoxhumano olulodwa olunesivinini esikhulu ngaphandle kokunciphisa uxhumano lwakho lwe-inthanethi (njengoba irutha yenza).
  • Ama-firewall avimbela ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe okuvela emithonjeni yangaphandle ukuya kukhompuyutha noma inethiwekhi yakho ngokulawula ukuthi imaphi amawebhusayithi angafinyelelwa ngawo.
  Umlando Wamanethiwekhi Ekhompyutha

Isifinyezo: Amadivayisi akunethiwekhi

Amadivayisi enethiwekhi ayingxenye ebalulekile yokusungula nokugcina ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi. Ngayinye yalezi zisetshenziswa yenza umsebenzi othile ekucubunguleni nasekuthutheni idatha. Lapha sifingqa imisebenzi nezici zamadivayisi enethiwekhi ajwayelekile.

Shintsha

Iswishi iyidivayisi exhumanisa amadivaysi ahlukene kunethiwekhi yendawo (LAN). Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuvumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwalawa madivayisi ngokudlulisa idatha ngezimbobo ze-Ethernet. Ukushintsha kungaphathwa noma kungaphathwa, okunquma amandla azo okulungiselelwa nokulawulwa.

router

Amarutha ngamadivayisi asetshenziselwa ukuxhuma amanethiwekhi noma izingxenye zenethiwekhi. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko uwukuhambisa idatha isuka kwenye inethiwekhi iye kwenye, okungukuthi, ukunquma indlela efanele yokuthumela amaphakethe edatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene. Amarutha angase futhi afake izici ezengeziwe ezifana nokuhlunga iphakethe, izindonga zomlilo, nokuphathwa komkhawulokudonsa.

Indawo yokungena engenantambo (Indawo yokufinyelela)

Indawo yokufinyelela okungenantambo iyidivayisi evumela amadivayisi angenantambo (njengamaselula, amakhompyutha aphathekayo noma amathebulethi) ukuthi axhume kunethiwekhi enezintambo. Umsebenzi wayo ukudlulisa nokwamukela amasignali angenantambo, ngaleyo ndlela ivumele ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi.

modem

Imodemu iyidivayisi eshintshashintshayo futhi yehlise amasignali ukuze idlulise idatha ngocingo noma ngolayini wekhebula. Esimweni samanethiwekhi edatha, amamodemu asetshenziselwa ukusungula uxhumano lwe-inthanethi ngokuxhumana Nomhlinzeki Wesevisi Ye-inthanethi (ISP).

  Ungalihlela kanjani iqoqo lakho le-ROM isinyathelo ngesinyathelo se-NAS

firewall

I-firewall iyidivayisi noma isofthiwe enesibopho sokuvikela inethiwekhi ezinsongweni zangaphandle. Umsebenzi wayo ukulawula nokuhlunga ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi, ukuvumela noma ukuvimba amaphakethe edatha athile ngokusekelwe emithethweni emisiwe. Ama-firewall asetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi nokuvimbela ukungena.

Iseva

Iseva iyidivayisi ehlinzeka ngamasevisi nezisetshenziswa kwamanye amadivaysi akunethiwekhi. Amaseva angaba ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, njengamaseva wefayela, amaseva wokuphrinta, amaseva wewebhu, iziphakeli ze-imeyili, njll. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukugcina, ukucubungula nokusabalalisa ulwazi noma amasevisi kumakhasimende alucelayo.

Ophindayo

Isiphindaphinda idivayisi esetshenziselwa ukukhulisa nokudlulisa kabusha isignali yenethiwekhi. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukunweba ububanzi benethiwekhi ngokukhulisa amasignali abuthakathaka. Iziphindaphinda zisetshenziswa uma isignali yenethiwekhi iba buthaka ngenxa yebanga noma ukuphazamiseka, futhi ibekwe ngendlela ehlelekile kunethiwekhi ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala.

Lawa amanye amadivaysi enethiwekhi ajwayelekile. Ngamunye wabo udlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenethiwekhi, ehlinzeka ngoxhumano, ukuphepha kanye nezinsizakalo kubasebenzisi.

Isiphetho

Sithemba ukuthi ukujabulele ukufunda ngalezi zisetshenziswa zenethiwekhi. Njengoba ubona, ziyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi inethiwekhi yasekhaya noma yebhizinisi.