Izingxenye eziyi-10 ezithokozisayo zamanethiwekhi e-Artificial Neural

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Amanethiwekhi emizwa yokwenziwa

Amanethiwekhi emizwa yokwenziwa amasistimu okucubungula ulwazi alingisa ukwakheka nokusebenza kobuchopho bomuntu. Kodwa kusho ukuthini ngempela lokhu? Cabanga ngenethiwekhi yamanodi axhumene, ngalinye limelela “i-neuron” yokwenziwa. Lawa ma-neurons athola, acubungule, futhi adlulise ulwazi, ukufunda nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuphindaphinda ngakunye.

Into ethokozisayo ngama-ANN yikhono lawo lokufunda kudatha ngaphandle kokuhlelelwa umsebenzi othile. Kufana nokunikeza ingane inqwaba yezitini ze-Lego ngaphandle kweziyalezo futhi, ngemva kokudlala nazo isikhashana, ziyakwazi ukuzakhela izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zodwa.

Kodwa sifike kanjani lapha? Umlando wama-RNA umangalisa njengokusebenza kwawo.

Umlando nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwama-RNA

Umqondo wamanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa awumusha njengoba ungase ucabange. Eqinisweni, ihlehlela emuva ngawo-1940! Konke kwaqala lapho uWarren McCulloch noWalter Pitts behlongoza imodeli yokuqala yezibalo ye-neuron yokwenziwa ngo-1943. Ungakukholwa? Babecabanga ngobuhlakani bokwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba kube khona namakhompyutha omuntu siqu!

I-athikili ehlobene:

Umlando wekhompyutha: kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuze kube manje

Kodwa-ke, i-boom yangempela ku-ANN ayizange ize kuze kube kamuva. Ngeminyaka yawo-80 kanye nawo-90, ngokwanda kwamandla ekhompyutha, ama-ANN athola ukuvuselelwa. I-algorithm ye-backpropagation, eyakhiwe abacwaningi abaningana ngokuzimela, yaba inguquko. Le-algorithm yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqeqesha amanethiwekhi emizwa anezingqimba eziningi ngendlela efanele, okuvula umnyango wezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, insimu iye yathuthuka ngokushesha. Ukufunda okujulile, igatsha le-ANN elisebenzisa amanethiwekhi anezendlalelo eziningi ezifihliwe, liguqule izinkambu ezifana nokubona ngekhompyutha nokucutshungulwa kolimi lwemvelo. Uyakhumbula lapho abasizi be-virtual bengasiqondi kahle? Ngenxa yama-ANN, manje angakwazi ukubamba izingxoxo ezingokwemvelo ngendlela emangalisayo.

Okuyisisekelo kwamanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa

Kodwa ake singene kwezamabhizinisi, asebenza kanjani la manethiwekhi? Ukuze sikuqonde lokhu, kufanele sihlukanise inethiwekhi ibe yizici zayo eziyisisekelo.

Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-neuron yokwenziwa

I-neuron yokwenziwa, ebizwa nangokuthi i-perceptron, iyunithi yokucubungula eyisisekelo ku-ANN. Isebenza ngendlela efanayo ne-biological neuron:

1. Amathikithi: Ithola amasignali kwamanye ama-neuron noma endaweni ezungezile.
2. I-Pesos: Okufakiwe ngakunye kunesisindo esihambisanayo esinquma ukubaluleka kwakho.
3. Umsebenzi wokwenza kusebenze: Ihlanganisa okokufaka okunesisindo bese inquma ukuthi i-neuron kufanele "icushwe" noma cha.
4. Phuma: Umphumela wokwenza kusebenze, okungaba okokufaka kwamanye ama-neurons.

Ingabe kuzwakala kuyinkimbinkimbi? Cabanga ngakho njengejaji lombukiso wethalente. Ijaji ngalinye (okufakayo) linikeza umbono walo (isisindo), bese kuthathwa isinqumo esiyiqoqo (umsebenzi wokwenza kusebenze) ngokuthi lowo ongenele umncintiswano udlulela emzuliswaneni olandelayo (ophumayo).

Izendlalelo zenethiwekhi nama-topology

Manje, i-neuron eyodwa ayikwazi ukwenza okuningi iyodwa. Umlingo uyenzeka lapho sixhuma ama-neuron amaningi ekucushweni okuhlukile noma "ama-topology." Ama-RNA ngokuvamile ahlelwa ngokwezigaba:

• isendlalelo sokufaka: Ithola idatha yokuqala.
• izingqimba ezifihliwe: Bacubungula imininingwane. Kungase kube nezinhlobo eziningana futhi ezahlukene.
• Isendlalelo sokuphumayo: Ikhiqiza umphumela wokugcina.

Indlela lezi zendlalelo ezixhumeka ngayo kwezinye ichaza i-topology yenethiwekhi. Amanye amanethiwekhi adlulisela phambili, lapho ulwazi lugeleza luye ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, kuyilapho amanye ephindaphinda, ngoxhumo olwakha imijikelezo.

Wake wazibuza ukuthi ifoni yakho ingabubona kanjani ubuso bakho ngokushesha okungaka? Lokho kungenxa ye-topology ethile ye-ANN ebizwa ngokuthi inethiwekhi ye-convolutional neural. Kuyahlaba umxhwele, akunjalo?!

Izinhlobo zamanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa

Uma sikhuluma nge-topology, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamanethiwekhi emizwa yokwenziwa, ngalinye linamandla alo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ake sibheke ezinye ezidume kakhulu:

I-multilayer perceptron

I-multilayer perceptron (MLP) ifana nehhashi lomsebenzi lama-ANN. Inethiwekhi yokudlulisela phambili enesendlalelo esifihliwe esisodwa noma ngaphezulu. Isetshenziselwa ini? Awu, ingabe wake wawudlala lowo mdlalo lapho kufanele uqagele ukuthi isithombe senja noma sekati? I-MLP ingakwenza ngamehlo avaliwe (ngokomfanekiso, kunjalo).

Ama-MLP alungele ukuhlukanisa kanye nemisebenzi yokubuyisela emuva. Isibonelo, bangasiza ibhange linqume ukuthi liyigunyaze noma lingasigunyazi imali ebolekiwe ngokusekelwe ezicini eziningi. Akukuhle yini?

amanethiwekhi okuxhumana

Amanethiwekhi e-Convolutional neural (CNNs) ayizinkanyezi zokubonwa kwesithombe. Uyakhumbula lapho ngikhuluma ngokubonwa kobuso kufoni yakho? Kunesibonelo esihle sama-CNN asebenzayo.

Lawa manethiwekhi aklanyelwe ukucubungula idatha ngesakhiwo segridi, njengezithombe. Basebenzisa izendlalelo ze-convolutional ezisebenzisa izihlungi ukuthola izici ezithile ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesithombe. Kufana nokuba nengilazi ekhulisayo enyakaza sonke isithombe, ibheka amakhala, amehlo, izindlebe, njll.

Amanethiwekhi avelayo

Amanethiwekhi e-neural ajwayelekile (RNN) angochwepheshe ekucubunguleni ukulandelana. Wake wamangala ngekhono lefoni yakho lokubikezela igama elilandelayo ozolibhala? Cishe kukhona i-RNN ngemuva kwalokho.

Ama-RNN anokuxhumana okwakha imijikelezo, okubavumela ukuthi bagcine ulwazi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuzenza zilungele imisebenzi efana nokucutshungulwa kolimi lwemvelo, ukuhumusha ngomshini noma ukukhiqiza umculo.

Okuhlukile okunamandla kwama-RNN amanethiwekhi e-LSTM (Inkumbulo Yesikhathi Esifushane Eside). Lawa manethiwekhi angakhumbula ulwazi isikhathi eside, awenze abe wusizo ngendlela emangalisayo emisebenzini edinga umongo wesikhathi eside.

Inqubo yokufunda kuma-ANN

Manje njengoba sesibone izinhlobo ezahlukene zamanethiwekhi, kuphakama umbuzo obalulekile: afunda kanjani la manethiwekhi? Inqubo yokufunda iyona eyenza ama-ANN abe namandla futhi enze izinto ezihlukahlukene. Ake sibheke izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokufunda:

Ukufunda okugadiwe

Ukufunda okugadiwe kufana nokuba nothisha onesineke. Ngale ndlela, sondla idatha yokufaka yenethiwekhi kanye nemiphumela ehambisanayo oyifunayo. Inethiwekhi izama ukuthola amaphethini ahlobene nokokufaka kokuphumayo.

Isibonelo, uma sifuna ukufundisa inethiwekhi ukubona izithelo, sizoyibonisa izinkulungwane zezithombe zezithelo ezilebulwe (“leli i-apula,” “lona ubhanana,” njll.). Inethiwekhi ilungisa izisindo zayo zangaphakathi ukuze inciphise umehluko phakathi kokuqagela kwayo namalebula angempela.

Uke wezwa ngedathasethi edumile ye-MNIST? Kuyisethi yezithombe zamadijithi abhalwe ngesandla esetshenziselwe iminyaka ukuqeqesha nokuhlola ama-algorithms okubona isithombe. Kufana nencwadi ejwayelekile yokufunda okugadiwe kumbono wekhompyutha!

ukufunda okungajwayelekile

Ukufunda okungagadiwe kufana nokuvumela ingane ukuthi izihlole ngokwayo. Kulokhu, sinikeza kuphela idatha yokokufaka kunethiwekhi, ngaphandle kwamalebula. Inethiwekhi izama ukuthola amaphethini noma izakhiwo kudatha iyodwa.

Isibonelo sakudala ukuhlanganisa, lapho inethiwekhi iqoqa idatha efanayo ndawonye. Cabanga ukuthi unedatha eningi mayelana namakhasimende esitolo. Inethiwekhi engagadiwe ingase iwaqoqele amasegimenti emakethe ahlukene ngaphandle kokuthi uyitshele ukuthi lawo masegimenti ayini.

ukuqinisa ukufunda

Ukufunda ukuqinisa kufana nokuqeqesha inja: imivuzo ngokuziphatha okuhle, "izijeziso" zokubi. Inethiwekhi ifunda ngokusebenzisana nendawo, ithola imiklomelo noma izinhlawulo ngokusekelwe ezenzweni zayo.

Lolu hlobo lokufunda luwusizo ikakhulukazi ezinkingeni zokwenza izinqumo ezilandelanayo. Uke wezwa nge-AlphaGo, uhlelo olunqobe umpetha womhlaba we-Go? Usebenzise ukufunda kokuqinisa ukuze athuthukise isu lakhe ngokudlala izigidi zemidlalo ngokumelene naye.

Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwamanethiwekhi e-neural

Ukusetshenziswa kwamanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa ahlukahlukene njengoba ejabulisa. Baguqula izimboni zonke futhi bathuthukisa izimpilo zethu zansuku zonke ngezindlela esingaziqondi nakuziqapheli. Ake sibheke izibonelo ezithile ezibambekayo:

1. Imithi: Ama-RNA aguqula ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha. Isibonelo, bangakwazi ukuhlaziya izithombe ze-MRI ukuze bathole izimila ngokunemba okungqubuzana nezazi ze-radiologists ezihamba phambili. Ungacabanga ukuthi zingaki izimpilo ezingasindiswa ngenxa yokutholwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi okunembe kakhudlwana?
2. izimaliEmhlabeni wezezimali, ama-ANN asetshenziselwa ukubikezela izitayela zemakethe, ukuthola ukukhwabanisa nokwenza ukuhweba ngokuzenzakalela. Ezinye izikhwama zokutshala sezivele zisebenzisa i-ANN ukwenza izinqumo zokutshala izimali ngesikhathi sangempela.
3. Izithuthi:Izimoto ezizimele zithembele kakhulu kuma-ANN ukuze zitolike indawo yazo. Kusukela ekuboneni izimpawu zomgwaqo kuya ekubikezeleni ukuziphatha kwezinye izimoto, ama-ANN awungqondongqondo balezi zimoto zesikhathi esizayo.
4. Ukuzijabulisa: Uke wazama noma yiziphi zalezo zihlungi ezijabulisayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zemidiya yezenhlalo? Abaningi babo basebenzisa i-RNA ukuze bathole futhi balungise izici zobuso ngesikhathi sangempela.
5. abasizi be-virtual: Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant... bonke laba basizi basebenzisa i-RNA ukuze baqonde futhi bacubungule ulimi lwemvelo, okusivumela ukuthi sihlanganyele nobuchwepheshe ngendlela yomuntu nemvelo.
6. Ubuciko nokudala: Kuyamangaza ukuthi ama-RNA nawo angena emkhakheni wezobuciko. Kunamanethiwekhi akwazi ukukhiqiza izithombe, umculo ngisho nezinkondlo. Wake wezwa ukuthi “Lo muntu Akakho? Kuyiwebhusayithi esebenzisa i-ANN ukuze ikhiqize ubuso bomuntu obokwenziwa ngokuphelele kodwa obungokoqobo ngendlela emangalisayo.

Akumangalisi yini? Futhi ingxenye engcono kakhulu ukuthi simane sinwaya lokho okungenziwa ama-RNA.

Izinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo ye-RNA

Njenganoma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe, amanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa anobuhle nobubi bawo. Ake sibone ezinye:

Ventajas:

1. Ikhono lokufunda: Ama-ANN angafunda kudatha, athuthukise ukusebenza kwawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlela kabusha okusobala.
2. Ukwenza okuvamile: Uma sebeqeqeshiwe, bangakwazi ukuphatha idatha abangakaze bayibone ngaphambili, ngokujwayelekile kusukela ekuqeqeshweni kwabo.
3. Ukubekezelela amaphutha:Uma ingxenye eyodwa yenethiwekhi yonakele, ingaqhubeka nokusebenza ngenxa yemvelo yayo esabalalisiwe.
4. Ukufana: Ama-ANN ayafana ngokwemvelo, avumela ukucutshungulwa okusheshayo ngehadiwe efanele.

Ukulinganiselwa:

1. Ibhokisi elimnyama:Kuvame ukuba nzima ukuqonda ukuthi i-ANN ifinyelela kanjani esinqumweni esithile, okungaba yinkinga ezinhlelweni ezibucayi.
2. Isidingo sedatha: Ama-ANN ngokuvamile adinga inani elikhulu ledatha ukuze aqeqeshwe ngempumelelo.
3. Ukufaka ngokweqile:Uma engaklanyelwe futhi eqeqeshwe ngokucophelela, ama-ANN angakwazi “ukubamba ngekhanda” idatha yokuqeqeshwa kunokufunda ukwenza okuvamile.
4. Izinsiza zekhompyutha: Ukuqeqesha ama-ANN ayinkimbinkimbi kungadinga amandla amaningi kanye nesikhathi.

Ikusasa lamanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa

Futhi lisiphatheleni ikusasa? Amathuba ayajabulisa:

1. Ama-RNA asebenza kahle kakhulu: Ucwaningo luyenziwa nge-RNA oludinga idatha encane namandla ekhompyutha ukuze kuqeqeshwe futhi kusebenze.
2. Ukuhlanganisa nobunye ubuchwepheshe: Inhlanganisela ye-RNA nobunye ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-inthanethi Yezinto noma i-quantum computing ithembisa ukuvula imingcele emisha.
3. I-RNA echazayo: Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ezindleleni zokwenza izinqumo ze-RNA zibe sobala kakhulu futhi zichazeke.
4. I-RNA enekhono lokucabanga:Umgomo wesikhathi eside ukuthuthukisa ama-RNA angakwazi nje ukubona amaphethini, kodwa futhi acabange ngawo ngendlela efana neyomuntu.
5. Izinhlelo zokusebenza emikhakheni emishaKusukela ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuya ekuhloleni indawo, ama-ANN azothola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni esingeke sizicabange okwamanje.

Izimiso zokuziphatha nokucatshangelwa ekusetshenzisweni kwe-RNA

Ngawo wonke lawa mandla, kubalulekile ukuthi sicabangele imithelela yesimilo yokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi okwenziwa ezinzwa. Ingabe siwulungele umhlaba lapho imishini yenza izinqumo ezibucayi?

1. Ukuchema kwedatha: Ama-RNA afunda kudatha esiwanikeza yona. Uma le datha iqukethe ukuchema (isibonelo, ukuchema kobuhlanga noma ubulili), i-ANN ingase iqhubekisele phambili lokhu kuchema ezinqumweni zayo. Singaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi ama-ANN ethu anobulungiswa futhi awakhethi?
2. Ubumfihlo: Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ze-ANN zidinga inani elikhulu ledatha yomuntu siqu. Singakwazi kanjani ukuvikela ubumfihlo babantu ngenkathi sisebenzisa amandla ama-ANN?
3. Isibopho: Uma i-ANN yenza isinqumo esingalungile esidala umonakalo (isibonelo, emotweni ezimele), ubani onesibopho? Unjiniyela, umsebenzisi, noma i-RNA ngokwayo?
4. ukuthunyelwa komsebenzi: Njengoba ama-ANN eba namandla kakhulu, angakwazi ukuzenzela imisebenzi eminingi yamanje. Sizojwayelana kanjani nalolu shintsho njengomphakathi?
5. Ukulawula nokuvikeleka: Kwenzekani uma ama-RNA ewela ezandleni ezingalungile noma egetshengwa? Singaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi la mathuluzi anamandla asetshenziswa ngokuzibophezela?

Lena imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi edinga inkhulumomphendvulwano eqhubekayo phakathi kososayensi, abenzi benqubomgomo kanye nomphakathi wonkana. Asinazo zonke izimpendulo, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi siqhubeke nokubuza le mibuzo njengoba siqhubekela phambili kulo mkhakha othokozisayo.

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Izigaba Eziyisi-7 Ezithokozisayo: Indlela Amanethiwekhi We-Neural Ayifunda Kanjani Futhi Aguqule I-AI

Amanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa: amazwibela esikhathi esizayo

Amanethiwekhi okwenziwa yi-neural asehambe ibanga elide kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1940s Namuhla, asenhliziyweni yobunye ubuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu esibusebenzisa nsuku zonke. Kusukela kuma-smartphone ethu kuya ekuxilongweni kwezokwelapha, ama-ANN aguqula umhlaba wethu buthule.

Kodwa okujabulisa kakhulu ukuthi sisesezigabeni zokuqala zalo mguquko. Njengoba ama-ANN eba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ehlanganiswa nobunye ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa, cishe sizobona intuthuko esingayicabanga namuhla.

Ungalibona ngeso lengqondo ikusasa lapho abasizi be-virtual bengabamba izingxoxo ezingokwemvelo nezinozwela ngempela? Noma lapho ukuxilonga kwezokwelapha kunembile futhi kufinyeleleka khona kangangokuthi izifo ezimbi zitholwa futhi zelashwe ngaphambi kokuba zibangele izimpawu? Noma mhlawumbe izwe lapho ukuhumusha kwesikhathi sangempela kungenazihibe kangangokuthi izithiyo zolimi zishabalala ngokuphelele?

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ubuchwepheshe Besikhathi esizayo: Amathrendi asafufusa ku-Artificial Intelligence

Konke lokhu nokunye okuningi kungenzeka ngenxa yamanethiwekhi okwenziwa yi-neural. Kodwa ngalamandla amakhulu kuza umthwalo omkhulu. Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi sithuthukisa futhi sisebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ngendlela elungile nenesibopho.

Amanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa awalona nje elinye ithuluzi lobuchwepheshe. Ziwukubonakaliswa kobuhlakani bethu, umzamo wokuphindaphinda nokukhulisa amakhono amangalisayo obuchopho bethu. Futhi njengoba nje ubuchopho bethu buye baba ukhiye wenqubekelaphambili yethu njengohlobo lwezilwane, ama-RNA angaba ukhiye wokuvula isahluko esilandelayo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwethu kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho ifoni yakho ibona ubuso bakho, noma umsizi obonakalayo esiqonda kahle isicelo sakho, noma uthola isincomo esinembe ngokumangazayo esivela endaweni yokusakaza-bukhoma, khumbula: ubona ikusasa lisebenza. Futhi lokhu kuyisiqalo nje.

Isiphetho

Amanethiwekhi okwenziwa ezinzwa asukile ekubeni umqondo wetiyori kuya kubuchwepheshe obushintsha umhlaba wethu ngezindlela esisaqala ukuziqonda. Kusukela kwezokwelapha kuye kwezokuzijabulisa, kusukela ekushayeleni ukuzimela kuye ekuhumusheni okusheshayo, ama-ANN enza uphawu lwawo cishe kuzo zonke izici zempilo yethu.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba sesibonile, lobu buchwepheshe buphinde bube nezinselelo ezinkulu. Izinkinga zokuziphatha, ukukhathazeka okuyimfihlo, kanye nethuba lokuxoshwa kwemisebenzi ngezinye zezithiyo okufanele sibhekane nazo njengoba siqhubekela phambili kulo mkhakha othokozisayo.

Ngaphandle kwalezi zinselelo, ikusasa lamanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa lithembisa ngendlela emangalisayo. Njengoba siqhubeka sithuthukisa futhi sithuthukisa lobu buchwepheshe, kungenzeka sibone ukuthuthuka esingakucabanga nje namuhla. Ama-RNA anamandla okusisiza ukuxazulula ezinye zezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu zesikhathi sethu, kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ezifweni ezingelapheki.

Ekugcineni, umthelela wamanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa uzoncika ekutheni sikhetha ukuwathuthukisa futhi siwasebenzise kanjani. Njengomphakathi, sinesibopho sokuqondisa lobu buchwepheshe ngendlela ezuzisa isintu sisonke.

Ngakho-ke noma ngabe ubuthakasela ubuchwepheshe, ukhathazekile ngemiphumela yabo, noma umane ufuna ukwazi ngekusasa, into eyodwa iqinisekile: amanethiwekhi okwenziwa yi-neural ayisihloko okufanele sibhekwe ngaso. Kwazi bani? Uguquko olukhulu olulandelayo ku-AI lungase lusondele.