I-Django e-Python: Iyini, ngeyani, nokuthi ungayithola kanjani ngokugcwele

Isibuyekezo sokugcina: 13 Agasti 2025
  • I-Django iwuhlaka lomthombo ovulekile lwePython olulungele ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu eziqinile nezivikelekile.
  • Isakhiwo sayo se-MTV namathuluzi ahlanganisiwe enza kube lula ukuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kwamaphrojekthi angaka.
  • Ihlanganisa i-ORM enamandla, iphaneli yokulawula ezenzakalelayo, nokuvikela okwakhelwe ngaphakathi kokuvikela.
  • Umphakathi wayo osebenzayo kanye nemibhalo emihle kakhulu kuyenza ibe inketho efinyeleleka kunoma yimuphi unjiniyela.

Uhlaka lwewebhu lwe-Django Python

Wake wama ukuze ucabange ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu ezinhle zenziwa kanjani ngePython? Uma unentshisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwewebhu futhi ufuna indlela esebenzayo, evikelekile, nephumelelayo yokushintsha imibono yakho ibe iqiniso ledijithali, kungenzeka ukuthi uzwile ngo-Django. Lolu hlaka olunamandla seluneminyaka lwenza ukuphila kube lula ezinkulungwaneni zabahleli bohlelo emhlabeni wonke iminyaka. Kodwa yini ngempela i-Django, futhi kungani abantu abaningi beyincoma ngokudala izinhlelo zokusebenza eziqinile? Sekuyisikhathi sokujula kule ndawo futhi uthole konke ekunikezayo.

I-Django ayilona nje elinye ithuluzi labasebenzisi bePython: iyifilosofi yonke yentuthuko. egxile ejubaneni, ekucaceni nasekuvikelekeni. Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sizohlaziya ukuthi isebenza kanjani, ihluke kanjani kwezinye izinhlaka, yini eyenza iphelele kangaka, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuthi ikwenzelani ngempela. Uma ubheke ukweqa okuyisisekelo futhi uqonde ngokugcwele i-Django, umhlahlandlela oqondile ukulindele lapha.

Iyini i-Django futhi yaqala kanjani?

I-Django wuhlaka lokuthuthukisa iwebhu olunomthombo ovulekile olubhalwe ngePython., egxile ekusizeni abathuthukisi bakhe amawebhusayithi ayinkimbinkimbi ngokushesha futhi kalula, ukunciphisa inani lekhodi ephindaphindayo nokwenza imisebenzi evamile ngokuzenzakalelayo. Igama layo lihlonipha umshayi wesigingci odumile u-Django Reinhardt, futhi umlando wayo usukela ngo-2005, lapho ikhishwe emphakathini ngemva kokusetshenziswa ukuphatha izingosi zezindaba e-United States.

Lolu hlaka lwaqale lwasungulwa ngu-Adrian Holovaty noSimon Willison, kwase kuba ochwepheshe be-PHP abafuna ukusebenza kahle okukhulu, futhi benza ukushintshela ku-Python ukuze kube lula ukubuyekezwa kwamaphrojekthi wezintatheli. Ngemuva kokukhombisa ukubaluleka kwayo ezindaweni zomhlaba wangempela, i-Django yatholakala njengesoftware yamahhala enomphakathi osebenzayo kanye nokwengamela kwe-Django Software Foundation.

Isihluthulelo sempumelelo yayo ukuzinikela Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo, ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwengxenye, ukuphepha, kanye nomgomo othi "Ungaziphindi Wena". (Ungaziphindi.) Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ugxile ezintweni ezibaluleke ngempela zephrojekthi yakho, ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi ngokuqamba kabusha isondo ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Yini iPython
I-athikili ehlobene:
Iyini i-Python futhi kungani idume kangaka?

I-Architecture kanye nomsebenzi: I-MTV, Inhliziyo ye-Django

Izinhlaka eziningi zewebhu ezidumile zisebenzisa iphethini ye-MVC (Model-View-Controller), kodwa I-Django yethula okuhlukile kwayo: iphethini ye-Model-Template-View (MTV).Lokhu kuvame ukuphakamisa imibuzo kubasebenzisi bokuqala, ngakho nansi incazelo ecacile:

  • Imodeli: Inesibopho sokuchaza isakhiwo nezinhlobo zedatha ezosetshenziswa uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza, lisebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwePython kanye nesizindalwazi. Imodeli ngayinye iyikilasi lePython elihumusha etafuleni kusizindalwazi, ukuze ukwazi ukukhohlwa nge-SQL futhi usebenze ngokwemvelo kakhulu kulabo asebejwayele iPython.
  • Isifanekiso: Isendlalelo esinesibopho sokuthi idatha yethulwa kanjani kumsebenzisi. Ungabhala izifanekiso zakho nge-HTML ehlanzekile, kodwa futhi unenketho Ulimi Lwesifanekiso Se-Django (DTL) noma i-Jinja2, ekuvumela ukuthi udale kalula amakhasi aguqukayo futhi ugcine ingqondo yesethulo ihlukene.
  • Buka: Yilapho umqondo webhizinisi uhlala khona. Ukubuka kuyimisebenzi ephendula izicelo zabasebenzisi, enquma ukuthi iyiphi idatha ezoboniswa, futhi isebenzise yisiphi isifanekiso. I-Django iphinde ixhume ama-URL ukuze ibuke ikhodi isebenzisa isidluliseli esivumelana nezimo, okwenza kube lula ukuhlela ukugeleza kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza.
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El isilawuli Iphethini ye-MVC yakudala, ku-Django lo msebenzi uphethwe uhlaka ngokwalo, olunquma ukuthi izicelo zifika kanjani nokuthi yimuphi umsebenzi ophendulayo ngokuya ngokucushwa kwe-URL.

Izici ezenza i-Django ihluke

U-Django udume "ngokugcwala amandla", njengoba ihlanganisa isethi yamathuluzi nezici ezinye izinhlaka ngokuvamile ezidinga ukufakwa okwengeziwe. Izici zayo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Iphaneli yokuphatha ezenzakalelayo: Ikuvumela ukuthi uphathe abasebenzisi, izimvume nokuqukethwe ngaphandle kokuhlela kusukela ekuqaleni.
  • I-ORM (Imephu Yokuhlobana Kwento): Isiza ukufinyelela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedathabheyisi kusetshenziswa izinto zePython, ukwenza umsebenzi ube lula nokuqonda ikhodi.
  • Isistimu yesifanekiso enamandla: Kwenza kube lula ukuhlukana phakathi kwedizayini kanye nengqondo yebhizinisi, ikhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwabahleli bezinhlelo nabaklami bewebhu.
  • Ukusekelwa kwesizindalwazi esiningi: Isebenza ne-PostgreSQL (kunconyiwe), i-MySQL, i-SQLite, i-MariaDB nezinye ngama-plugin.
  • Ukuphathwa kwe-URL okuthuthukisiwe: Sebenzisa imizila nezinkulumo ezivamile ukuze unikeze imisebenzi kumakheli ahlukene kusayithi lakho.
  • I-middleware eyenziwe ngokwezifiso: Ikuvumela ukuthi ungenelele ezigabeni zokucutshungulwa kwesicelo ukuze ungeze imisebenzi efana nokuqinisekisa, ukuvikelwa kwe-CSRF, ukulawulwa kweseshini, phakathi kokunye.
  • I-Scalability ne-modularity: Isakhiwo sayo esisekelwe engxenyeni yenza kube lula ukukala nokwenza ngendlela oyifisayo.
  • Ukwenziwa kwamazwe ngamazwe: Isekela amaphrojekthi ezilimi eziningi kukho kokubili isixhumi esibonakalayo nokuphatha.
  • Hlola okuzenzakalelayo: Kufaka izinsiza zokuhlola okuzenzakalelayo, okusiza ukuthola amaphutha ngaphambi kokushicilela.

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko kunezinye izindawo

Okwenza i-Django ihluke yikhono layo lokuhlanganisa isivinini, ukuphepha kanye nokuguquguquka.Amanye amandla ayo yilawa:

  • Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo: Ikuvumela ukuthi uqalise iwebhusayithi ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezinde noma ukufakwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, elungele ukuqalisa kanye namaqembu amancane.
  • Ikhodi ehlanzekile ne-modular: Ngenxa yephethini yayo ye-MTV nokuhleleka okucacile, kulula ukunakekela amaphrojekthi, ukusabalalisa imisebenzi, nokusebenzisa kabusha izingxenye.
  • I-Scalable futhi iguquguqukayo: Isebenza kukho kokubili amaphrojekthi amancane nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinokubukwa okuyizigidi. Amapulatifomu afana ne-Instagram ne-Disqus asethembele kuwo.
  • Ukuphepha okuhlanganisiwe: Ivikela ekuhlaselweni okuvamile okufana nomjovo we-SQL, i-XSS, i-CSRF, nokuchofoza, kuyilapho ihlinzeka ngokugunyaza okuqinile nezinhlelo zezimvume.
  • Ukuphatheka: Ihambisana ne-Linux, iWindows ne-Mac, futhi isekelwa yizo zonke izinsiza ezinkulu zokubamba.
  • Amadokhumenti amahle kakhulu: Iqashelwa ngokucaca nokujula kwayo, isiza abaqalayo nochwepheshe.
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Isetshenziselwa ini i-Django? Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kanye nezibonelo zempilo yangempela

I-Django isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukwenza izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu ezahlukahlukene., uma kubhekwa ukuguquguquka kwayo kanye nokusabela ezimeni ezahlukene. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuvame kakhulu kufaka:

  • Amanethiwekhi omphakathi nezinkundla eziqondene nawe: Ukwenza lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zibe lula ukuthuthukisa, zigxile ekusebenzelaneni nemisebenzi ehlukene.
  • Amasistimu okuphatha okuqukethwe (CMS): Ngenxa yephaneli yayo yokuphatha kanye nesakhiwo se-modular, ilungele ama-wikis, izingosi zezindaba, namasayithi adinga ukubuyekezwa njalo.
  • Izinkundla ze-E-commerce nezivikelekile: Imodeli ye-MTV nokuphathwa komsebenzisi kusiza ukudalwa kwezitolo ze-inthanethi, amasango okukhokha, nezinkundla ezivikelekile.
  • Amakhasi angakala nezinhlelo zokusebenza: Okwamaphrojekthi asekela ukuphakama kwethrafikhi, njengezinkundla noma amaphothali ezemfundo.
  • Ama-API nezingemuva zezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula: I-Django ingaphatha ukucabanga nedatha yezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula noma zewebhu, inikeze ulwazi nge-REST noma i-GraphQL.

Amanye amasayithi abalulekile asebenzisa i-Django afaka i-Pinterest, i-Instagram, i-Disqus, ne-Coursera. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kanye nokuzinza kwayo kuyenza ikhethele amaphrojekthi amakhulu adinga ukusebenza okuthembekile.

Izakhi zobuchwepheshe ezakha i-Django

Lezi izendlalelo ezinkulu kanye nezingxenye ezakha lolu hlaka:

  • Isistimu engaphansi yebhizinisi: Lawula izinto zebhizinisi njengabasebenzisi, imikhiqizo, noma okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, usebenzisa i-ORM ukuxhuma idatha namakilasi ePython.
  • Isisekelo: Isiza ukusebenzisana nezizindalwazi ezihlukene, ngenketho ekhethwayo ye-PostgreSQL, ngaphezu kwe-MySQL, SQLite, ne-Oracle.
  • I-Middleware: Ikuvumela ukuthi uguqule izigaba zokucutshungulwa kwesicelo se-HTTP, wengeze izici ezinjengokufakazela ubuqiniso, ukulondoloza isikhashana, noma ukuvikelwa kwe-CSRF.
  • Isistimu ye-URL: Chaza umzila usebenzisa amaphethini kumafayela okumisa.
  • Isistimu yesifanekiso: Ihlanganisa izinto ezimile neziguqukayo ukuze kukhiqizele umsebenzisi amakhasi e-HTML angenazihibe.
  • Amathuluzi ahlanganisiwe: Kubandakanya iseva yokuhlola, ukwesekwa kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuphathwa kweseshini, nokufuduka, phakathi kwezinye izinsiza zokuthuthukisa eziwusizo.

Ukuqalisa nge-Django: Izinyathelo Zokuqala

Ukuqalisa nge-Django kulula njengokufaka iPython nokuyiqhuba usuka kutheminali yakho.:

  1. Faka i-Django nge-pip:
    pip install django
  2. Dala iphrojekthi yakho:
    django-admin startproject nombre_del_proyecto
  3. Dala uhlelo lokusebenza olusha ngaphakathi kwephrojekthi:
    python manage.py startapp nombre_de_la_aplicacion
  4. Lungiselela isizindalwazi namamodeli: I-Django ikuvumela ukuthi ukhethe phakathi kwezinjini ezimbalwa futhi uchaze amamodeli kuPython azoba amatafula kusizindalwazi.
  5. Yakha imibono yakho nezifanekiso: Uchaza indlela enengqondo yokuphendula izicelo namakhasi azobonisa idatha.
  6. Hlola uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza: Sebenzisa iseva yokuthuthukisa nge python manage.py runserver futhi uzulazule endaweni yangakini.
  7. Hambisa ekukhiqizeni: Uma usulungile, hambisa iphrojekthi yakho kuseva ukuze ifinyeleleke noma yikuphi.
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Ukwengeza, i-Django inikeza izinsiza zokusiza ukufuduka, ukuphathwa kwabasebenzisi, nokuhlola okuzenzakalelayo, okusiza ukwehlisa amaphutha nokuthuthukisa ukulawula kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa.

Umphakathi omkhulu kanye nemibhalo, ukuhlanganisa okukhulu

Esinye sezizathu ezenza ukuthi i-Django ihlale ingenye yezinhlaka ezidume kakhulu umphakathi wayo osebenzayo nokusekelwa njalo. Ezinkundleni, kumabhulogi, nasezifundweni ngesiNgisi nangeSpanishi, ungathola izinsiza, izibonelo, nezixazululo zazo zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga.

Imibhalo yayo esemthethweni igqama ngokucaca nokujula kwayo., ukusiza kokubili abaqalayo nabasebenzisi abathuthukile ukuthi bathole okuningi kubuchwepheshe. Uma ungathanda ukumba ujule ekutheni iPython isebenza kanjani ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, ungabheka imisebenzi engcono kakhulu ehlobene nekhompyutha.

Lokhu kwenza i-Django ifinyeleleke kulabo abasha ezinhlelweni kanye nenketho enokwethenjelwa kochwepheshe abafuna izixazululo ezithuthukile nezibuyekeziwe.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zamaphrojekthi ezilungele ukudalwa nge-Django?

Su I-Versatility ivumela ukuthi isetshenziswe kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukeneKusukela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, izinhlelo zokubhukha, izitolo ezivikelekile ze-inthanethi, nezinhlelo zokuphatha okuqukethwe kuye kumaphrojekthi esayensi namasayithi ezinkampani, i-Django ikala kalula.

Ukwakheka kwayo okunengqondo kanye nezici ezithuthukile kuyenza ibe inketho efanelekile kukho kokubili amaphrojekthi omuntu siqu nawebhizinisi. Ingase futhi ihlanganiswe nobuchwepheshe besimanje futhi isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezifana ne-Linux, Mac, noma i-Windows, kumaseva e-Apache, noma ngisho nasezindaweni ezithuthukayo ezingasindi.

Kungani laziswa kakhulu onjiniyela?

Okubalulekile ukusebenza kahle kwayo, ukuvikeleka, ukusekela kanye nokufunda kalula.I-syntax elula yePython, ehlanganiswe nemisebenzi eminingi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, inciphisa kakhulu isikhathi nomzamo odingekayo wokuqalisa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphelele. Uma ufuna ukuqonda indima yePython ekuthuthukisweni kwewebhu ngokujula, sincoma ukuthi uvakashele Isingeniso sePython.

I-Django iphinde ibeke phambili ukuvikela ekuhlaselweni okuvamile kwewebhu., enikeza amasistimu aqinile ngokumelene nomjovo we-SQL, i-XSS, i-CSRF nobunye ubungozi, ngaphezu kokuba nomphakathi osebenzayo oqinisekisa ukusekela nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo.