Ukujwayela Kwesizindalwazi: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele kanye Nezibonelo Zesinyathelo Nesinyathelo

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Ukuphatha idatha ngendlela efanele kuyinsika yanoma iyiphi inhlangano yedijithali. Uma ngabe uke wabhekana namathebula agcwele idatha eyimpinda, engaguquki, noma okunzima ukuyihlanganisa, kungenzeka ukuthi uke wazibuza ukuthi ungazigwema kanjani lezi zimo. Yilapho ukhiye ungena khona. I-database normalization, inqubo okuthi, nakuba ingase izwakale iyimfundo kakhulu, inomthelela oqondile nongokoqobo ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke kwanoma iyiphi inkampani.

Ukulinganisa isizindalwazi akuyona nje indaba yokulandela inkambiso noma inkomba yezobuchwepheshe: kumayelana nokuklama imininingwane egciniwe okulula ukuyinakekela, eqinile ukuyishintsha, futhi ekwazi ukukhula ngaphandle kokuba yiphupho elibi. Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nokumiswa: ukuthi iqukethe ini, yiziphi izinjongo zayo, izinyathelo ezihilelekile, nezibonelo ezingokoqobo ukuze, lapho uqeda ukufunda, uqonde ukuthi ungakusebenzisa kanjani kumaphrojekthi akho.

Kuyini ukwenziwa kwe-database evamile?

Ukwenziwa kwesizindalwazi kujwayelekile kuyinqubo ehlelekile ehlela kabusha ulwazi kumathebula ahlukene nobudlelwano. ukuqeda ukuchithwa, ukugwema ukungahambisani, nokuqinisekisa ubuqotho bedatha egciniwe. Le nqubo isekelwe sebenzisa uchungechunge lwemithetho eyaziwa ngokuthi "amafomu ajwayelekile" okuthi, isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, siguqule itafula elikhulu, elingcolile libe isethi yamatafula amancane, akhethekile axhumene ngokuphelele.

Yize kukhulunywa kakhulu ngezingobolwazi zobudlelwano-lapho lo mqondo usuka khona-iqiniso liwukuthi Izimiso zokumisa zingasetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi lapho ukuphathwa kwedatha nokungaguquguquki kubalulekile.

Inhloso esemqoka yokujwayela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ucezu ngalunye lwedatha lugcinwa kanye kuphela endaweni efanele, kodwa lutholakala noma kuphi lapho ludingeka khona. Lokhu kuvimbela izinguqulo ezingqubuzanayo, konga isikhala, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwenza ukubuyekezwa kanye nemibuzo kube lula.

Iyini inhloso yokujwayela kwesizindalwazi?

Ukwenza isizindalwazi sibe esijwayelekile akuwona nje umkhuba omuhle: kuyisidingo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ihlangabezana nezici ezibalulekile zanoma yiliphi ibhizinisi ledijithali. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko kanye nezinsiza zenqubo zichazwe ngezansi:

• Ukuqedwa kokuphelelwa umsebenzi: Idatha eyimpinda ithatha isikhala futhi, okubi nakakhulu, idala ukudideka namaphutha uma ingavumelanisiwe. Ukujwayela kuqeda lezi zimpinda.
• Ubuqotho bedatha obuthuthukisiwe: Ngokuba nayo yonke idatha endaweni eyodwa, ingcuphe yokungqubuzana nokulahlekelwa kolwazi olufanele iyancishiswa.
• Isiza ukunakekelwa: Imininingo egciniwe eyenziwe kahle ilula kakhulu ukuyilungisa nokwandisa. Ukwengeza idatha entsha noma ukushintsha ubudlelwano kuyashesha futhi akuvamile ukuba namaphutha.
• Ukulungiselela isitoreji: Ngokunciphisa idatha engadingekile, uzuza ekusebenziseni kahle kakhulu izinsiza zehadiwe, okubalulekile ezinhlelweni ezinkulu noma lapho ulawula izigidi zamarekhodi.
• Thuthukisa ukusebenza kombuzo: Nakuba kunama-nuances, ngokuvamile, imibuzo kusizindalwazi esijwayelekile iyashesha futhi inembe kakhulu, njengoba umklamo uthuthukiswa ukuze kutholwe ulwazi oluqondile olufunwayo.
• Gwema izibuyekezo ezididayo: Uma idatha ingahlelekile kahle, kulula ukuthi isibuyekezo kwelinye ithebula singaboniswa kwelinye, kubangele ukungafani. Ukujwayela kuvimbela lezi zimo.

Izimiso nemiqondo ebalulekile ngaphambi kokumiswa

Ngaphambi kokuthi ugxumele kokujwayelekile, kubalulekile ukuqonda eminye imiqondo eyisisekelo yolwazi ehlobene. Le mibono ivela ngokuqhubekayo kuyo yonke inqubo:

• Isizindalwazi: Isethi yamathebula ahlobene agcina ulwazi.
• Ithebula: Isakhiwo esakhiwe ngemigqa (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi ama-tuples noma amarekhodi) namakholomu (izibaluli noma izinkambu).
• Ukhiye oyinhloko: Isibaluli noma inhlanganisela yezibaluli ekhomba ngokuhlukile irekhodi ngalinye kuthebula.
• Ukhiye wangaphandle: Inkambu kuthebula ebhekisela ivelu yokhiye oyinhloko kwelinye ithebula, evumela ubudlelwano ukuthi busungulwe.
• Ukhiye oyinhlanganisela: Ukhiye oyinhloko wakhiwe amakholomu amabili noma ngaphezulu.
• Ukuncika ekusebenzeni: Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinkambu lapho inani lokukodwa lincike ngokuphelele enanini lenye inkambu noma isethi yezinkambu.
• Izinkambu ze-athomu: Lawo aqukethe inani elilodwa kuphela elingahlukaniseki iseli ngalinye.

Yiziphi izinjongo zokulinganisa?

Inqubo yokujwayela yakhelwe ukubhekana nezinselelo ezimbalwa ezivela njalo kusizindalwazi esiningi:

• Susa idatha eyimpinda kanye namaphutha okuphinda asetshenziswe kabusha.
• Vimbela okudidayo ukuthi kungenzeki lapho kufakwa, kubuyekezwa, noma kususwa.
• Thuthukisa ikhwalithi yedatha nokufinyeleleka.
• Lungiselela ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina.
• Yenza kube lula ukuxhumana namanye amasistimu noma izinhlelo zokusebenza.
• Qinisa ukuphepha ngokwazi kahle ukuthi ucezu ngalunye lwedatha lugcinwe kuphi.

Izigaba zokujwayelekile: amafomu ajwayelekile

Ukujwayela kuqhubeka ngezigaba eziqhubekayo ezibizwa ngokuthi amafomu avamile. Ifomu ngalinye lakhela kwedlule futhi lengeza izidingo ezengeziwe. Nakuba kukhona amafomu ajwayelekile afika kwayisithupha, emhlabeni wangempela, inqubo ivamise ukuma kwesithathu noma kwesine, njengoba ukumboza amaleveli amaningi kuvame ukuxaka isakhiwo ngaphandle kwezinzuzo ezicacile zezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi.

Ifomu Lokuqala Elijwayelekile (1NF)

Injongo eyinhloko ye-1NF iwukwenza idatha ibe i-athomu, okungukuthi, iseli ngalinye kuthebula liqukethe inani elilodwa kuphela elingehlukaniseki futhi awekho amaqembu aphindaphindiwe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ezinye izimiso ezibalulekile kufanele zilandelwe:

• Susa amaqembu aphindayo (amakholomu afana ne-Phone1, Phone2…)
• Dala isakhiwo lapho ikholomu ngayinye inohlobo olulodwa lwedatha kanye nenani elilodwa ngerekhodi ngalinye.
• Gwema imigqa eyimpinda futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ukhiye oyinhloko ongakhonjwa ukhona.
• Ungavumeli ukuhluka kwenani lamakholomu.

Isibonelo: Uma unetafula lekhasimende lapho inkambu igcina khona uhlu oluhlukaniswe ngokhefana lwezinombolo zocingo, ithebula alikho kokuthi 1NF. Ukuze uyilungise, uzodinga ukudala umugqa omusha wenombolo ngayinye yefoni noma ithebula elihlukile lamafoni.

Izinzuzo ze-1NF: Isiza ukufinyelela nokucutshungulwa kwedatha, yenza amatafula afane, futhi ivula indlela yezigaba ezilandelayo.

Ifomu Lesibili Elijwayelekile (2NF)

Ku-2NF, ukuncika kancane kuyatholakala futhi kuyaqedwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izibaluli ezingewona ukhiye kufanele zincike ngokusebenza kuwo wonke ukhiye oyinhloko, futhi hhayi nje ingxenye yawo (esimeni sokhiye oyinhlanganisela).

• Yiba netafula ngaphambilini ku-1NF.
• Thola ukuncika okungenzeka engxenyeni kuphela yokhiye oyinhloko (uma kunamakholomu amaningi).
• Dala amathebula ahlukene edatha ancike kuphela engxenyeni yokhiye oyinhlanganisela.

Isibonelo: Uma unethebula le-invoyisi lapho okhiye abayinhloko "kuyinombolo ye-invoyisi" kanye "nomugqa we-invoyisi," kodwa igama lekhasimende lincike kuphela kunombolo ye-invoyisi hhayi umugqa, kufanele uhlukanise idatha yekhasimende kwelinye ithebula elihlobene.

Ifomu Lesithathu Elivamile (3NF)

I-3NF iqeda ukuncika kokusebenza okuguquguqukayo. Okusho ukuthi, asikho isibaluli esingewona ukhiye okufanele sincike kusibaluli esingewona ukhiye; kufanele kuncike kuphela kukhiye oyinhloko.

• Yiba netafula ku-2NF.
• Thola ukuncika lapho inkambu eyodwa incike kwenye inkambu engeyona ukhiye.
• Hlukanisa le datha kumathebula amasha axhunywe okhiye bangaphandle.

Isibonelo: Uma unetafula labasebenzi eligcina igama lomnyango negama lomphathi, futhi igama lomphathi lincike emnyangweni, hhayi isisebenzi, kufanele udale ithebula leminyango ehlobanisa kokubili idatha futhi uyibhekise etafuleni labasebenzi.

Amanye amafomu ajwayelekile: BCNF, 4NF kanye ne-5NF

I-BCNF (Ifomu Le-Boyce-Codd Normal): Isandiso se-3NF esixazulula izimo zokuncika eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona okhiye bekhandidethi abaningi.

I-4NF (Ifomu Lesine Elivamile): Noma yikuphi ukuncika okungabalulekile okunamanani amaningi kuyanyamalala lapha. Lokhu kwenzeka uma isibaluli sincike kuzibaluli ezimbalwa ngokuzimela.

I-5NF (Ifomu Lesihlanu Elivamile): Igxile ekuhlukaniseni amathebula angahlukaniswa abe izingxenye ezincane ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ulwazi. Kuyindlela ethuthuke kakhulu futhi engavamile ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Uyenza kanjani isizindalwazi sibe ngokwejwayelekile: izibonelo ezisebenzayo zesinyathelo nesinyathelo

Ukwenza kube lula ukukuqonda, ake sibheke inqubo yokujwayela ngokusebenzisa amafomu amathathu okuqala avamile esibonelweni esilula, esifana nezimo zangempela ongase uhlangane nazo:

Isinyathelo 1: Ithebula elingajwayelekile

Cabanga ngethebula elithi “Ama-invoyisi” njengalokhu okulandelayo:

Inombolo ye-invoyisi	Usuku	Ikhasimende	Ikheli	Isigaba 1	Isigaba 2	Isigaba 3
101	2024-02-15	UJuan Pérez	Sol Street 7	Ikhibhodi	Igundane
102	2024-02-16	Lucia Gomez	Av. Luna 3	Isikrini

Izinkinga: Izinto zihlakazeka kumakholomu amaningi, futhi idatha yekhasimende iyaphindwa uma kunama-invoyisi amaningi.

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Faka isicelo se-1NF

Ukuphindaphinda kuqediwe futhi i-atomicity iqinisekisiwe:

Inombolo ye-invoyisi	Usuku	Ikhasimende	Ikheli	Isigaba
101	2024-02-15	UJuan Pérez	Sol Street 7	Ikhibhodi
101	2024-02-15	UJuan Pérez	Sol Street 7	Igundane
102	2024-02-16	Lucia Gomez	Av. Luna 3	Isikrini

Isinyathelo sesi-3: Faka isicelo se-2NF

Idatha yekhasimende incike kuphela kunombolo ye-invoyisi, ngakho ithebula elithile lidalelwa le njongo:

Ithebula le-invoyisi:

Inombolo ye-invoyisi	Usuku	Ikhasimende	Ikheli
101	2024-02-15	UJuan Pérez	Sol Street 7
102	2024-02-16	Lucia Gomez

Ithebula Lezinto Ze-invoyisi:

Inombolo ye-invoyisi	Isigaba
101	Ikhibhodi
101	Igundane
102	Isikrini

Isinyathelo sesi-4: Faka isicelo se-3NF

Ithebula lenzelwe amakhasimende abuyekeziwe kanye nobudlelwano:

Ithebula Labathengi:

Ikhasimende	Ikheli
UJuan Pérez	Sol Street 7
Lucia Gomez	Av. Luna 3

Ithebula lama-invoyisi (nedatha ebuyekeziwe):

Inombolo ye-invoyisi	Usuku	Ikhasimende
101	2024-02-15	UJuan Pérez
102	2024-02-16	Lucia Gomez

Ukucatshangelwa okusebenzayo nokuhlukile ekulinganisweni

Emhlabeni wangempela, ukusebenzisa ukujwayela kwebhuku kungase kungasebenzi kahle kakhulu. Kunezimo lapho kunengqondo kakhulu ukushiya ukuchithwa okuthile okuthile ngenxa yezizathu zokusebenza, ikakhulukazi kumasistimu amakhulu kakhulu noma lapho imibuzo ethile ivama kakhulu kangangokuthi kuyatuseka ukuba idatha ethile iphindaphindwe (i-controlled denormalization).

Futhi, Ezinye izingosi zolwazi ze-NoSQL noma amasistimu agxile ekufundeni angakhetha imiklamo engajwayelekile kangako. ukukhulisa isivinini. Ngakho-ke, nakuba amafomu ajwayelekile eyisisekelo sokuklama okuhle, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya isimo ngasinye futhi uvumelanise isixazululo nezidingo zangempela zebhizinisi.

Kunini lapho kufaneleka khona ukwenza isizindalwazi sibe esijwayelekile?

Ezimweni eziningi, ukujwayela kuyindlela enconyiwe, kodwa kufanelekile ukuhlaziya isimo esithile ngaphambi kokuthatha isikebhe.

• Ilungele: Izizindalwazi zokuphathwa kwebhizinisi, amasistimu lapho ubuqotho bubalulekile, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezizoshintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma okumele zilinganise ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukulawula idatha.
• Okugwemekayo noma okuhlukile kokuthi: Amasistimu okuhlaziya okufundwayo kuphela, imininingo egciniwe yesikhashana, amaphrojekthi okuhlola, noma lapho izinsiza nesikhathi kukhawulelwe kakhulu.

Ukujwayela kusiza ukugcina idatha ihlelekile, ingaguquguquki, futhi kulula ukuyiphatha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nakuba kwezinye izimo, idizayini engajwayelekile kangako ingase ibe ngcono ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi okungase kube khona kokujwayelekile

Izinzuzo zokuma ziningi futhi zisobala, kodwa kukhona nezihibe ezingase zibhekwe., ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezithile:

• Ukudilizwa kwesikhala kanye nedatha ethembeke kakhulu.
• Ukuvuselelwa nokugcinwa kalula.
• Ukuhlelwa okunengqondo nokulandelana kwedatha.
• Ngezinye izikhathi ukubonisana kungase kube nzima kakhulu. ngoba amajoyina amaningi adinga ukwenziwa phakathi kwamatafula.
• Ukusebenza kungase kuthinteke uma amathebula amaningi edinga ukweqa kanyekanye.
• Kulwazi olufundwayo kuphela noma olukhethekile kakhulu, kungase kungadingeki ukuthatha ukujwayela kube ngokwedlulele.

Amaphutha ajwayelekile kanye nezinqubo ezihamba phambili lapho kwenziwa isizindalwazi esijwayelekile

Phakathi kwamaphutha avame kakhulu lapho ukwenza okujwayelekile akubonisi ukuncika ngendlela efanele, ukudala okhiye abayinhlanganisela abangadingekile, noma ukushiya izinkambu ezinamanani amaningi "ukuze kube lula." Ukuze ugweme lezi zinkinga, kungakuhle ukuthi:

1. Chitha isikhathi esanele uhlaziya izimfuneko kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwedatha.
2. Chaza kahle okhiye abayinhloko nabangaphandle.
3. Ungeqi izinyathelo kunqubo yokujwayela.
4. Buyekeza imodeli yokugcina nabanye abasebenzisi noma onjiniyela.
5. Bhala ngokusobala ubudlelwano, imikhawulo, nezizathu zedizayini.

Ngokuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha nokulandela le mihlahlandlela, ukujwayezwa kuzophela ukuba umqondo okude otholakala ezincwadini zesayensi yekhompiyutha futhi kube yithuluzi elisebenzayo elithuthukisa ngempela amaphrojekthi akho esizindalwazi.

Ngemva kokubukeza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi iyini, isetshenziselwa ini, ukuthi yenziwa kanjani kanye namaphutha avamile enqubweni yokumisa, kuyacaca ukuthi Ukutshala izimali kuma-database asezingeni elifanele kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokugwema ukukhanda ikhanda esikhathini esizayo, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kolwazi oluqinile kunoma iyiphi inkampani noma inhlangano esebenza nedatha ezingeni elithile.