Isayensi Yekhompyutha Nokuhlelwa: Ikusasa Lobuchwepheshe

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Amakhompiyutha ayimishini elandela ngokushesha imiyalelo yokuxazulula izinkinga nokwenza ama-oda. Isayensi yamakhompiyutha nohlelo sekuyizinsika eziyisisekelo emphakathini wanamuhla, okubumba indlela esisebenzelana ngayo, esisebenza ngayo nesixhumana ngayo. Kule nkathi yedijithali esiphila kuyo, lezi zifundo ziqhuba ukuqamba okusha nenqubekela phambili, okuvumela abantu namabhizinisi ukuthi basebenzise amathuba angapheli anikezwa ubuchwepheshe.

Isingeniso

Isayensi yamakhompiyutha nohlelo, njengoba luyisisekelo enkathini yesimanje, ayiqhubeki nje kuphela intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi ibumba umphakathi namasiko. Ithonya layo likhulu, kusukela endleleni esisebenzisana ngayo nemishini yansuku zonke kuya endleleni amabhizinisi enza ngayo imisebenzi yawo. Le ndatshana icubungula umhlaba othokozisayo wesayensi yekhompiyutha nohlelo, ichaza izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo, amathuluzi nezindlela, kanye namathrendi avelayo achaza kabusha ikusasa lethu.

Isayensi yekhompyutha kanye nezinhlelo

Abangane abakhulu

Isayensi yamakhompiyutha, njengesayensi efunda izici zethiyori nezisebenzayo ezihlobene nokucutshungulwa kolwazi, ihlanganisa inhlobonhlobo yezindawo nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Kusukela ekudalweni nasekuphathweni kwezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwesoftware nehardware, ukusebenzisa ikhompuyutha sekube yithuluzi elibalulekile kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlela kwethulwa njengolimi okwakhiwa ngalo izinhlelo zokusebenza, izinhlelo nezinhlelo ezahlukene esizisebenzisa nsuku zonke. Ngokusebenzisa izilimi zokuhlela, abahleli bayakwazi ukuhumusha imibono yabo ibe ama-algorithms namakhodi abese enikeza ukuphila ezinhlelweni zokusebenza namasevisi abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamabhizinisi, imfundo kanye nomphakathi uwonke.

Ngamafuphi, ukwenza ikhompuyutha kanye nezinhlelo kuyimikhakha ehlala ishintsha eguqule indlela yethu yokuphila kanye nendlela yethu yokwenza ibhizinisi. Ubuchule bayo busivumela ukuthi singene enkathini yokusungula nokukhula, lapho amandla obuchwepheshe eqa imingcele nemingcele. Masithole ndawonye yonke into i-computing nezinhlelo ezingasinika yona kulolu hambo oluhehayo olubheke kwikusasa ledijithali.

Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zekhompiyutha

Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zokwenza ikhompuyutha yizingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zomshini: iphrosesa (noma i-CPU) nenkumbulo. I-CPU iyingxenye yekhompyutha eyenza izibalo futhi icubungule idatha, kuyilapho inkumbulo isetshenziselwa ukugcina ulwazi. Amakhompyutha aklanyelwe ukucubungula idatha futhi enze izibalo, ngakho adinga zombili izinhlobo zemishini yokugcina ukuze enze umsebenzi wawo ngempumelelo.

I-CPU yakhiwe ngama-transistors amaningi amancane angavulwa noma acinywe ngokuthanda kwawo ngamasignali athunyelwe avela kwezinye izingxenye zehadiwe yekhompyutha noma kusuka ezinhlelweni zesofthiwe ezisebenza kuyo (njenge-Microsoft Word ). I-transistor ngayinye imele kancane kukhodi ye-binary, i-1 noma i-0, ehumushela ekunikezelweni kwamandla ngokusebenzisa umqhubi kagesi noma ukungabikho kwamandla ngokuphelele (okungukuthi, ivaliwe).

Ikhompyutha

Isayensi yekhompiyutha isifundo sama-algorithms, okuyisethi yemiyalelo yesinyathelo nesinyathelo esetshenziselwa ukuxazulula inkinga. Ama-algorithms asetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi, kusukela kuzibalo nefiziksi kuya kwezamabhizinisi nakwezezimali. Ziphinde zaba yingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke, zisiza amakhompyutha ukwenza imisebenzi efana nezinjini zokusesha noma izinqola zokuthenga eziku-inthanethi.

Emakilasini esayensi yekhompiyutha lapho kufundiswa khona izilimi zokuhlela ezifana ne-Java noma i-C++ (C plus plus), abafundi bafunda ukubhala ama-algorithms abo ukuze amakhompyutha akwazi ukuwasebenzisa uma kudingeka ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo:

• Funda idatha evela kukhibhodi noma komunye umthombo, njengefayela elikudiski noma inkumbulo ekhiphekayo;
• Lungisa lolu lwazi usebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokubala;
• Bhala imiphumela kudivayisi ebonisiwe njengesikrini sokuqapha noma indawo yethreyi yokukhipha iphepha yephrinta;

umdidiyeli

I-compiler uhlelo lwekhompyutha oluguqula ikhodi yomthombo ebhalwe ngolimi olulodwa lokuhlela ibe ngolunye ulimi lokuhlela, noma ikhodi "eqondiwe". Ama-compiler abalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe ngoba avumela abahleli bezinhlelo ukuthi bakhe izinhlelo ezisebenza ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zamakhompyutha (isibonelo, ama-PC e-Windows nama-Mac).

Izihlanganisi nazo zisetshenziselwa ukuhumusha ikhodi yomthombo ukusuka kwenye ingxenyekazi iye kwenye: isibonelo, uma ufuna uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lusebenze kukho kokubili amafoni e-Android nama-iPhone, uzodinga abahlanganisi ababili (owodwa wenkundla ngayinye) kanye namanye amathuluzi engeziwe (njenge-emulator).

Umhumushi

Umhumushi uhumusha ikhodi yomthombo ebhaliwe ibe isethulo esimaphakathi esibizwa ngokuthi i-bytecode, esibe sisetshenziswa ngokuqondile yihadiwe. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa umhumushi ukuthi ingashesha kakhulu kunokuhlanganisa uhlelo lube ikhodi yomshini.

Isibonelo sotolika yiPython:

• Guqula ikhodi yakho yomthombo ibe uchungechunge lwemiyalelo engahunyushwa ngemishini (bytecode).
• Ibese ikhipha leyo miyalelo emshinini wayo obonakalayo.

Umhlanganisi ukhiqiza ifayela elisebenzisekayo eliqukethe ikhodi yomshini elingasebenza kunoma iyiphi ikhompuyutha ehambisanayo ngaphandle kokuhumusha okwengeziwe.

Umhlanganisi uhumusha ikhodi yomthombo ibe ikhodi yomshini. Ikhodi yomshini iwuchungechunge luka-1 no-0 amakhompyutha angalusebenzisa. Ifayela elisebenzisekayo elikhiqizwe umdidiyeli liqukethe le khodi yomshini, ngakho-ke lingasetshenziswa kunoma iyiphi ikhompuyutha ehambisanayo ngaphandle kokuhumusha okwengeziwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware: isayensi yekhompyutha kanye nezinhlelo

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kungenziwa umklami oyedwa osebenza yedwa noma ithimba labahleli bohlelo abasebenzisanayo ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yesofthiwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kuyinqubo yokudala noma yokuguqula isofthiwe, okungaba uhlelo lwekhompyutha noma ingxenye yesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi (isibonelo, isistimu yokusebenza). Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware kwenziwa ngabahleli bezinhlelo, kodwa kungabandakanya abaklami nabanye abantu abakha imikhiqizo yesofthiwe.

Igama elithi "ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe" lingabhekisela kukho kokubili inqubo yokuhlela kanye namathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukuyifeza. Ezimweni eziningi, isetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kukho kokubili ngesikhathi esisodwa; Nokho, lapho lezi zici ezimbili zihlukaniswa komunye nomunye zibizwa ngokuthi "uhlelo" kanye "namathuluzi."

Ukuhlela kubhekisela ekubhaleni ikhodi, kuyilapho ukwenza ithuluzi kubhekisela ekusebenziseni izindawo zokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe njengama-IDE (Izindawo Zokuthuthukiswa Okudidiyelwe) ezisiza ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo eminye yemisebenzi ephindaphindwayo ehilelekile ekubhaleni ikhodi, njengokuhlanganisa nokuhlola, njll.

Ayikho incazelo ejwayelekile yokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe, kodwa kunezindlela eziningi zokuyihlukanisa ibe imisebenzi emincane noma imisebenzi engaphansi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware kungahlukaniswa ngemisebenzi ehlukene. Indlela ejwayelekile kakhulu yokuhlukanisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware ngezigaba, njengalezi:

• Ukuqoqa Izidingo
• Ukuhlaziya nokuklama
• Ukuqaliswa (noma ukubhala ikhodi)
• Ukuhlola (okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganiswa nokuhlolwa kwesistimu).

Amakhompyutha

Amakhompiyutha ayimishini elandela ngokushesha imiyalelo yokuxazulula izinkinga nokwenza ama-oda. Amakhompiyutha akhiwe ngehadiwe nesofthiwe, futhi angahlelwa ukuba enze imisebenzi ngokubhala izinhlelo ngolimi lokuhlela.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha kuhlanganisa:

• Iyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi (CPU): I-CPU "iwubuchopho" bekhompyutha yakho futhi ikwenzela izibalo ngakho-ke akudingekile.
• Inkumbulo Yokufinyelela Ngokungahleliwe (RAM): I-RAM igcina idatha okwesikhashana ngenkathi isetshenziswa izinhlelo ezisebenza emshinini wakho; Lapho beqeda ukuyisebenzisa noma uma bedinga isikhala esiningi kunesitholakala ku-RAM, babhala imininingwane yabo ukuze olunye uhlelo lukwazi ukuyifunda/ukulubhala kamuva uma kudingekile.

Isiphetho seComputer Science and Programming

Ikhompyutha nezinhlelo zihlala zivela, ziguqula indlela esiphila ngayo nesenza ngayo ibhizinisi. Kulabo abanentshisekelo kule mikhakha, kubalulekile ukuhlala unolwazi lwakamuva ngamathrendi nentuthuko yakamuva. Sikumema ukuthi wabelane ngalesi sihloko futhi uqhubeke uhlola umhlaba othakazelisayo wekhompyutha nokuhlela.