- Ukuthuthuka kwesitoreji kuqhubekele phambili kusukela kumakhadi acindezelwe kanye namatheyiphu amagnetic kuya kuma-hard drive, ama-optical drive, kanye ne-flash memory enciphile futhi eshibhile.
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwamanethiwekhi asheshayo kanye nezikhungo ezinkulu zedatha kuye kwakhulisa ifu, amachibi edatha, futhi kwasabalalisa isitoreji esikhulu se-Big Data.
- Izinselele zamanje zigxile ekuqineni, ukuphepha, kanye nokuphatha ukukhula kwedatha ye-exponential, ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe obufana nenkumbulo ye-holographic kanye nokugcinwa kwe-DNA.
Kuwo wonke umlando, isintu siye sasungula zonke izinhlobo zamaqhinga namathuluzi okugcina ulwazi : kusukela ezibhebheni zobumba namakhadibhodi aqoshiwe kuya emafwini edatha asakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Umthamo wedatha esiwukhiqizayo namuhla uyamangalisa kangangokuthi ubuchopho bethu, noma ngabe buguquke kangakanani, buyasilela futhi budinga usizo lobuchwepheshe.
Ukuqonda ukuthi sisuke kanjani kuma-kilobytes ambalwa ekhabetheni lensimbi saya kuma -terabytes emaphaketheni ethu kanye nama-zettabytes ezindaweni zedatha ezisatshalalisiwe akuyona nje into ethakazelisayo emlandweni: kuchaza ukuthi kungani sisebenza ngendlela esenza ngayo, indlela esisebenzisa ngayo ukuzijabulisa kwedijithali, kanye nezingozi esibhekene nazo zokulahlekelwa yizinkumbulo, amadokhumenti, noma ulwazi uma sikhetha indawo yokugcina engalungile.
Kusukela enkumbulweni yomuntu kuya emishinini yokugcina idatha yokuqala
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngamadiski, amatheyiphu, noma amafu, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi idivayisi yokugcina isitoreji ubuchopho bomuntu, obunenkumbulo yabo elinganiselwe nengaphelele yezinto eziphilayo . Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwandise ubukhulu bayo kanye namandla ayo: izinhlobo ezifana ne -Australopithecus afarensis zazinobuchopho obungaba ngu-400-500 cm³, i-Homo habilis yafinyelela ku-600-700 cm³, i-Homo erectus yafinyelela ku-800-1100 cm³, kanti amaNeanderthal ayengaba ngu-1200-1600 cm³ . Abantu banamuhla, amaHomo sapiens, banobuchopho obungaba ngu-1230 cm³.
Lokhu kugxuma kwasivumela ukuthi sakhe amathuluzi, sakhe amasiko, amasiko, kanye nezilimi eziyinkimbinkimbi , kodwa inkumbulo ihlala ibuthakathaka: siyakhohlwa, sihlanekezela izinkumbulo, futhi asikwazi ukubhekana nenqwaba yedatha yamanje. Yingakho kudingeka sithuthukise amadivayisi angaphandle agcina ulwazi ngokuqina , ngaphandle kokuthembela kuma-neurons ethu.
Amakhadi abhotshoziwe: ulimi lwezimbobo
Igxathu lokuqala elikhulu eliya ekugcinweni kwedijithali kwaba amakhadi aqoshiwe ngomshini . Ngo-1725, umFulentshi uBasile Bouchon wasungula uhlelo lwamakhadi anezimbobo ukulawula izintambo. Kwakungeyona indlela yokubala ngomqondo wesimanje, kodwa kwakuyindlela yokufaka ikhodi nokusebenzisa kabusha imiyalelo.
Ngo-1837, isazi sezibalo saseBrithani uCharles Babbage waklama i-Analytical Engine yakhe edumile , umshini wokubala onezingxenye ezihambayo ezazisebenzisa amakhadi abhotshoziwe kokubili imiyalo nemiphumela. Izimbobo zazisebenza njengezinkinobho zokuvula/ukuvala , zilindele ikhodi ye-binary.
Kamuva, umMelika uHerman Hollerith wasebenzisa lo mbono nge-Analytical Engine yakhe ye-Census: izimbobo ezibhotshoziwe zazimelela imiyalelo kanye nedatha umshini owawungayifunda ngokuzenzakalelayo. Emashumini eminyaka, amakhadi abhotshoziwe ayeyindawo yokugcina ejwayelekile yezinhlelo nedatha kumakhompyutha amaningi.
Kusukela ngawo-60 kuqhubeke zaqala ukuthathelwa indawo ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa amandla kazibuthe, yize zaqhubeka zisetshenziswa kwaze kwaba ngawo-80 emisebenzini efana nokuhlolwa okujwayelekile noma ukuvota nge-elekthronikhi ephepheni eligobile.
Ukuqala kobugqinsi: amateyipu, izigubhu, kanye nama-cores
Ngawo-50, umhlaba wekhompyutha wamukela i-magnetism yokugcina ulwazi. Umqondo oyisisekelo ulula: gcoba i-medium ngezinto ezikwazi ukudonswa amandla bese uyihlela ibe yizizinda ezincane (ama-dipole) ezimele ama-bits.
Ngo-1928, unjiniyela waseJalimane uFritz Pfleumer wagunyaza i-magnetic tape , ephefumulelwe ikhebula likaValdemar Poulsen elinobuthi. Ngo-1965, iMohawk Data Sciences yethula i-magnetic tape encoder eyenzelwe ukuthatha indawo yamakhadi abhotshoziwe kancane kancane . Ama-tape ayenikeza amandla amakhulu ngentengo ephansi, yize ukufinyelela kwahlala kulandelana.
Ngo-1932, uGustav Taushek wase-Austria wasungula isigubhu sikamazibuthe , isilinda esimbozwe ngezinto ezikwazi ukudonswa ugesi. Lezi zigubhu zazikwazi ukugcina amagama angaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi futhi zaziyizandulela eziqondile zama-hard drive anamuhla, zinikeza ukufinyelela okusheshayo kunetheyiphu.
Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwavela ubuchwepheshe bememori eyinhloko. Phakathi kweminyaka yama-40 kanye nama-50, kwasungulwa inkumbulo eyinhloko yamagnetic , ebizwa nangokuthi imemori ye-toroid,: amasongo amancane ezinto ze-ferromagnetic adlula ngezintambo eziqhubayo. Inhloko ngayinye igcina i-bit eyodwa , futhi isimo sayo samagnetic sasingafundwa futhi sibhalwe ngokushesha.
Ngo-1953, i-MIT yathola ilungelo lobunikazi futhi yakha ikhompyutha i -Whirlwind , iphayona ekusebenziseni inkumbulo eyinhloko kamazibuthe njenge-RAM. Yayishesha kakhulu futhi ithembekile kunamakhadi aqoshiwe, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwakuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kubiza kakhulu , kudinga ukuhlanganiswa okunembe kakhulu nokukhathazayo.
Izinkumbulo ze-elekthronikhi: kusukela ku-Williams tube kuya ku-semiconductor
Ngaphambi kokuba ama-transistors ashintshe yonke into, kwakunezixazululo zokugcina izinto ngogesi eziphakathi nendawo. Ngo-1946, uSolwazi uFrederick C. Williams noTom Kilburn bakha i- Williams tube eNyuvesi yaseManchester. Kwakuyi-cathode ray tube eguquliwe eyayivumela idatha ye-binary ukuthi igcinwe njengamaphethini okushaja esikrinini . Yayisetshenziswa njenge-RAM kumakhompyutha okuqala agcinwe ohlelweni.
Ngo-1948, kwavela obunye ubuchwepheshe obungavamile: i- Selectron , i-valve ye-thermionic ekwazi ukusebenza njengememori yokufinyelela engahleliwe . Yasungulwa nguJan A. Rajchman nethimba lakhe kwa-Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Nakuba kuthakazelisa ngokobuchwepheshe, ubunzima bayo kanye nezindleko zayo kwakunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwayo.
Ngo-1949, inkumbulo yomugqa wokulibaziseka yethulwa , ngokusekelwe ekusebenziseni isikhathi esithatha isignali ukusabalala ngokusebenzisa indawo ebonakalayo (isibonelo, i-mercury noma i-quartz). Ama-bits afakwa ikhodi njengama-pulse ajikeleza njalo ngokusebenzisa indawo; kwakuyisisombululo esihlakaniphile, kodwa asiguquguquki kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-RAM yakamuva.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50, inkumbulo ye-magnetic core yaba yi-RAM evelele, kwaze kwaba yilapho ama-semiconductor eqala ukuvela ngawo-60 nawo-70 . Ngo-1966, i-Intel esanda kwakhiwa yaqala ukuthengisa ama-memory chips e-semiconductor angu-2000-bit , lapho iseli ngalinye laliqukethe ama-transistors amancane noma ama-capacitor.
Ngo-1966, kwavela ne -DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) . Ku-DRAM, i-bit ngayinye igcinwa njengeshaja kagesi ku-capacitor . Iyimemori eguquguqukayo: uma amandla enqanyulwa, ulwazi luyalahleka. Kodwa-ke, iminyene kakhulu futhi ayibizi, ngakho yaba yimemori eyinhloko ejwayelekile kumakhompyutha namaseva omuntu siqu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-ROM (Inkumbulo Yokufunda Kuphela) ihlelwe unomphela futhi igcina idatha ngisho nalapho idivayisi icishiwe, okuwusizo kakhulu ekugcineni i-firmware kanye nezinqubo zokuqalisa.
Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-magnetic: I-Twistor kanye ne-Bubble Memory
Ngo-1957, umcwaningi u-Andrew Bobeck wasungula inkumbulo ye-Twistor eBell Labs . Lobu buchwepheshe buhlanganisa i-magnetic tape nxazonke zentambo yokuqhuba , esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ama-toroidal cores, okunciphisa isisindo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza.
I-Bell Labs yethule i-Twistor njengendlela engcono kakhulu kune-magnetic cores: eshibhile, elula, futhi elula ukuyikhiqiza . Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sayo sokuhweba sasifushane, ngoba ama-chip e-RAM e-semiconductor amancane futhi angakhula ngokushesha afika.
Ngokusekelwe kulolu cwaningo, uBobeck wasungula i-Bubble Memory edumile ngo-1980. Lobu buchwepheshe busebenzise ifilimu encane kakhulu yezinto ezisebenza ngogesi lapho kwakhiwa khona izindawo ezincane ezisebenzisa ugesi, "amabhamuza," , ngalinye limelela kancane. Lalingenakuguquguquka futhi liqinile impela , yize kwakunzima ukulikhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu.
Amadiski namatheyiphu amagnetic: kusukela ku-IBM 350 kuya kudiski ye-floppy
Intuthuko enkulu kulokho esikujwayele namuhla yeza namadiski kazibuthe . Ngo-1951, i-UNIVAC I yayisivele ifake amadrayivu etheyiphu akwazi ukugcina amagama afinyelela ku-128 nge-intshi. Kodwa inkosi yeqembu lesimanje kwakuyidrayivu eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngo-1956, i-IBM yethula i- IBM 350 , eyayibhekwa njenge-hard drive yokuqala yesimanje. Yayinamandla angaba ngu-4,4 MB , yayinama-plate angama-intshi angu-24 angamashumi amahlanu ajikelezayo ngesivinini esingu-1200 rpm, futhi yayicishe ibe usayizi wesiqandisi, inesisindo esingaphezu kwethani. Noma kunjalo, yayinikeza ukufinyelela okungahleliwe okusheshayo kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namatheyipu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokuqopha ngemagnethi kwaholela ekutheni ama-hard drive athole amandla, ehla ngentengo, futhi abe mancane , okwagcina kuholele kuma-HDD edeskithophu nawe-laptop anamuhla, anama-terabyte amaningana kumafomethi angu-3,5 noma angu-2,5-intshi, isinqumo manje esiqhathaniswa ne -SSD vs i-HDD yangaphandle.
Kanye nama-HDD amakhulu, i-IBM yakhuthaza nama-floppy disk . Ngo-1971-1972, kwavela ama-floppy disk angu-8 intshi , anomthamo wokuqala ongaba ngu-80 KB. Ayenediski yezinto eziguquguqukayo ezimbozwe nge-magnetic oxide, ngaphakathi kwesivikelo.
Ngo-1975, u-Allan Shugart wakha i -floppy disk engu-5,25-intshi , eyayiphatheka kalula kumakhompyutha omuntu siqu. Lawa ma-disk ayenomthamo ongaba ngu-110 KB ezinguqulweni zawo zokuqala futhi ayeshesha futhi eshibhile kunama-disk angu-8-intshi. Ngo-1978, kwase kunabakhiqizi abangaba yishumi abakhiqiza ama-drive angu-5,25-intshi.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-80, idiski ye-floppy yakudala engamasentimitha angu-3,5 yaqala ukubonakala , inesivalo sayo esiqinile kanye nethebhu yensimbi evikela ubuso obunamandla. Yayihlala isikhathi eside, incane, futhi inomthamo omkhulu kuneyangaphambili. Yathandwa kakhulu kangangokuthi ngisho nanamuhla, ezinhlelweni eziningi, isithonjana esithi "Londoloza" siseyidiski ye-floppy.
Naphezu kokuthi cishe ayisasebenzi emkhakheni wasekhaya, ezinye izingqalasizinda ezibalulekile, njengezinhlelo ezithile zempi noma zenuzi, ziye zagcina ama-floppy disk drive iminyaka eminingi ngokumangalisayo, ngenxa yobulula bazo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwazo, umkhuba ohlobene nendlela yokugcina ama-PC akho amadala.
Itheyiphu yamagnetic ekubhaleni: kusukela ekusekeleni kuya ebude besikhathi eside
Nakuba ukufinyelela okulandelanayo kwetheyiphu kamagnetic kuyenza ihambe kancane kunediski, isilinganiso sayo esiphansi sezindleko/umthamo kanye nokuqina kwayo kuye kwayigcina njengendawo eyinhloko yokusekelayo okukhulu.
Ngawo-80, kwavela amafomethi afana nekhasethi yetheyiphu yomsindo elungiselelwe idatha, asetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-microcomputer asekhaya, kanye namatheyiphu okusekelayo athile kamuva njenge -DAT (Digital Audio Tape) , athuthukiswe yi-Sony ngo-1987. Kwakuyikhasethi eklanywe kabusha, enetheyiphu engu-4 mm kukhatriji encane.
Ngo-1989, i-Sony kanye ne-Hewlett-Packard baqalise indinganiso ye -DDS (Digital Data Storage) , ukuvela kwe-DAT okugxile ekugcinweni kwedatha yekhompyutha. Yanikeza amandla akhulayo ngamafomethi amancane , afanele amabhizinisi.
Amadiski e-Optical: i-CD, i-DVD ne-Blu-ray
Ngesikhathi ukuqoshwa kukagesi kubusa, enye indlela entsha yayisaqala ukusebenza: isitoreji se-optical sisebenzisa ama-laser . Ngawo-60, umsunguli uJames T. Russell wasebenza ngomqondo wokusebenzisa ukukhanya ukuqopha nokudlala umculo. Kwase kuyiminyaka kubhekwa njengento entsha.
Ngo-1975, uSony noPhilips batshala imali eningi kuphrojekthi yakhe futhi baxhasa ngezimali ukuthuthukiswa kwayo. Umphumela waba yi- compact disc (CD) , eyasungulwa ngo-1980. Ngomsindo, yayingagcina cishe i-700 MB yedatha ngefomethi yekhompyutha, inani elikhulu ngaleso sikhathi uma liqhathaniswa nama-floppy disks.
Ngo-1984, kwavela i -CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) , eyayisebenzisa ifomethi efanayo ne-CD yomsindo kodwa yasebenzisa idatha yekhompyutha ebhalwe ngekhodi. Ama-micro-pits kanye nezindawo ezisicaba (izindawo) ziqoshwe ebusweni bepulasitiki be-disc , okuhunyushwa yi-laser njengezingcezu.
Kamuva, kwavela izinhlobo eziqoshwayo: i -CD-R ebhalwayo kuphela kanye ne -CD-RW ebhalwe kabusha , eyethulwa ngo-1995. Lokhu kwavumela noma yimuphi umsebenzisi ukuthi aqophe futhi asule idatha izikhathi eziningi kudiski efanayo.
Ngo-1995, kwafika i- DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) , yandisa kakhulu umthamo wokugcina idatha. I-DVD enesendlalelo esisodwa yayiphethe i-4,7 GB , kanti ama-DVD anesendlalelo esikabili ayephethe kabili lokho. Yaba yindinganiso yevidiyo yasekhaya kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwesofthiwe enkulu.
Njengembangi eyayizama, ifomethi ye -HD-DVD yavela ngo-2005 , ikhuthazwe yiToshiba, i-NEC, kanye ne-Sanyo. Yanikeza incazelo ephezulu, kodwa impi yezohwebo yagcina inqotshwe yi- Blu-ray , eyasungulwa ngo-2003 futhi isekelwe ku -laser eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ene-violet emfushane , evumela ulwazi olwengeziwe ukuthi lugcinwe endaweni efanayo ebonakalayo.
I-Blu-ray yazisungula njengendawo yokugcina amavidiyo anencazelo ephezulu kanye nesitoreji esinobuningi obukhulu , enamandla angu-25 GB ngesendlalelo ngasinye kanye nezinhlobo zezendlalelo eziningi ezifinyelela amashumi ama-gigabytes ngediski ngayinye.
Imidiya ye-Magneto-optical kanye namafomethi e-hybrid
Phakathi kwama-magneticism ahlanzekile nama-optical disc, kwavela umndeni ohlanganisiwe: ama-magneto-optical disc . Athulwa cishe ngo-1990, ahlanganisa amasu kagesi kanye ne-optical ukugcina nokufunda idatha.
Lawa madiski, ngokuvamile angama-intshi angu-3,5 noma angu-5,25 kuma-cartridge, asebenzisa i-laser ukushisa indawo kanye nensimu yamagnetic ukuqondisa ama-plate. Ukufunda kwakusekelwe ekuhlukeni kokuhlukaniswa kokukhanya okubonakalayo (umphumela we-Kerr) . Ayenikeza ukuqina okuhle kanye namakhono okubhalwa kabusha , yize ayebiza kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi kune-CD noma ama-DVD.
Iminyaka yawo-90 nayo yaba namafomethi athile ahlala isikhathi esifushane kodwa athakazelisayo. Ngo-1992, i-Sony yakhipha i -MiniDisc , eyenzelwe ukufaka esikhundleni sekhasethi yomsindo nokugcina idatha (ezinguqulweni ze-MD Data), enomthamo ongaba ngu-140 MB. Ngo-1994, i-Iomega yethula amadiski asuswayo ane-Zip kanye ne-Jaz kamuva , anomthamo ophezulu ngaleso sikhathi (100 MB kuya ku-1 GB), azama ukugcwalisa igebe phakathi kwediski ye-floppy kanye nama-hard drive okuqala angaphandle.
Imemori ye-Flash nama-USB drive: igxathu elikhulu eliphathekayo
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90, kwafika inguquko ethule: inkumbulo ye-flash , uhlobo lwesitoreji se-elekthronikhi esingaguquguquki. Nakuba ekuqaleni yayiklanyelwe amakhamera namadivayisi aphathekayo , yasheshe yasakazeka kuyo yonke into.
Ngo-1993, kwethulwa iCompactFlash (CF) , ikhadi elalihlanganisa imemori ye-flash ibe yifomethi eqinile. Lalisetshenziswa kabanzi njengesitoreji sangaphakathi kumakhamera edijithali nakwamanye amakhompyutha afakiwe . Ngemva kwalokho kwafika iSmartMedia (Toshiba, 1995) kanye neMultimedia Card (MMC) evela kwa-Siemens nase-SanDisk ngo-1997.
Ngo-1999, i-IBM yakhipha i -Microdrive , i-mini hard drive enobukhulu obufana nekhadi elincane, kwathi ngo-2000 , amakhadi e-Secure Digital (SD) athandwa kakhulu , ngokubethela okwakhelwe ngaphakathi kanye nobukhulu obujwayelekile obungu-32 x 32 x 2,1 mm. Amakhadi e-SD aba yindinganiso yangempela yamafoni aphathwayo, amakhamera, kanye namadivayisi amaningi aphathwayo.
Iphuzu elikhulu lokushintsha komsebenzisi ojwayelekile kwakuyi- USB flash drive . Cishe ngonyaka ka-2000, inkampani yaseSingapore iTrek 2000 International yethula i- ThumbDrive , ebhekwa njenge-USB flash drive yokuqala ephumelele kwezentengiselwano. Yasebenzisa i-NAND flash memory futhi yaxhuma ngqo echwebeni le-USB , ngaphandle kwesidingo samandla angaphandle noma abalawuli abayinkimbinkimbi, yize ngezinye izikhathi kusiza ukuqaphela izinkinga ezingaba khona ngama-USB hubs . Lawa ma-drive, abizwa nangokuthi ama-pen drive, izinti ze-USB, noma ama-flash drive , anikeza amandla aqala ngama-megabytes ambalwa futhi ngokushesha akhula aba amashumi ama-gigabytes. Ayengenazo izingxenye ezihambayo, ayengamelana nezinkulungwane zemijikelezo yokubhala, futhi ayemelana kakhulu nokushaqeka kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic . Ngalokhu, athatha indawo yama-floppy disks futhi aqala ukumboza ama-CD nama-DVD njengendawo yokugcina izinto.
Ama-drive e-Solid-state (ama-SSD) nama-SMR: Sheshisa futhi ucindezele umthamo
Ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bememori ye-flash buveze ama- solid-state drive (ama-SSD) . Lawa madivayisi asebenza njengama-hard drive ngokombono wesistimu yokusebenza, kodwa ngaphakathi angamasethi axhumene ama-flash chips , angenawo ama-plate noma ama-read/write heads; uma unentshisekelo ngomehluko nobuchwepheshe obunye njengesitoreji se-NVMe , kuyaveza okuningi.
Ama-SSD okuqala aphumelele kwezentengiselwano avela ezinkampanini ezifana ne -SanDisk futhi asakazeka ngokushesha kuma-laptops nasema-desktops, asusa ama-HDD lapho isivinini sokufinyelela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncishisiwe kubalulekile khona. Ama-chip awo ahlukile kulawo avame ukutholakala kuma-USB flash drive, anikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuqina, kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka , okuhunyushwa kube yintengo ephezulu nge-gigabyte ngayinye.
Okwamanje, ama-hard drive endabuko aqhubekile nokukhula. Ubuchwepheshe bamuva nje yi- Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR) . Esikhundleni sokubhala amathrekhi ahlukene, ahlanganiswe kancane njengamathayela ophahla , asika amathrekhi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okuqukethwe okufanele.
Lokhu kuvumela umthamo owandisiwe endaweni efanayo ebonakalayo , ngenkathi kugcinwa izindleko eziphansi futhi kusetshenziswa ingqalasizinda ye-HDD ekhona. I-SMR isivele ikhona kuma-hard drive amaningi anamuhla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomthamo ophezulu ezenzelwe ukugcina nokugcina idatha ngobuningi.
Kusukela endaweni yokugcina impahla ebonakalayo kuya esikhungweni sedatha: ama-silo, amachibi kanye ne-Big Data
Ukukhula okukhulu kolwazi lwedijithali kwaholela izinhlangano ekwakheni izinhlelo ezinkulu zokugcina izinto ezinengqondo. Lokhu kwabangela ama-data silos , okuyiqoqo lolwazi olugcinwe umnyango noma uhlelo oluthile, olungahambisani noma okunzima ukuluhlanganisa nalo lonke inkampani.
Ekuqaleni, lawa ma-silo ayebhekwa njengeziqhingi zedatha ezingavamile; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, aba umthombo obalulekile wolwazi lwe-Big Data , okwenza kube lula ukuhlanganiswa nokuhlaziywa kwenqwaba yedatha yomlando. Kamuva, kwavela umqondo we- Data Lake.
I -data lake igcina ulwazi ngefomethi yalo yokuqala, engacutshungulwanga , evame ukuphathwa kusetshenziswa izizindalwazi ze-NoSQL. Lezi zinhlelo zamukela idatha ehlelekile, ehlelekile kancane, nengahlelekile, okuvumela abahlaziyi kanye nama-algorithms e-AI ukucubungula ulwazi uma ludingeka.
Ngokusho kwezinhlelo ezifana ne-BBVA OpenMind, amachibi edatha asebenzisa izakhiwo ezisicaba , ezingenazo izakhiwo eziqinile ezilandelanayo, ukuze kube lula ukufinyelela okuguquguqukayo nokugcina izindleko ziphansi. Aye aba yizingxenye ezibalulekile zamaphrojekthi e-Big Data kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Ifu kanye nesitoreji esiku-inthanethi: idatha yonke indawo
Ushintsho olukhulu olulandelayo aluzange lube yindlela entsha ebonakalayo kodwa kwaba ushintsho kumodeli ngenxa yamanethiwekhi asheshayo . Ububanzi be-bandwidth obuthuthukisiwe kanye nesikhala sediski esishibhile kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha izikhungo zedatha ezinkulu ezitholakala nge-inthanethi.
Ngakho-ke, i-cloud computing yazalwa , futhi ngayo, isitoreji samafu . Ngokombono womsebenzisi, ifu linikeza amandla angenamkhawulo, afinyeleleka kunoma iyiphi idivayisi nendawo , ngokushintshana ngemali noma mahhala uma imikhawulo yamukelwa.
Empeleni, "ifu" liyiqoqo elikhulu lamaseva, ama-disk arrays, ama-SSD, amatheyiphu, kanye namanethiwekhi angaphakathi . Lisetshenziselwa kokubili ukulondoloza kanye nokugcina amadokhumenti, izithombe, namavidiyo . Uma usebenzisa i-imeyili, izinkundla zokuxhumana, noma izinsizakalo zokusakaza, usuvele usebenzisa isitoreji samafu nsuku zonke.
Abahlinzeki kudingeke baqinise ukuphepha ngokubethela, ukuqinisekisa, kanye nokulawula ukufinyelela ngoba ukwakheka okwabiwe kudala izinselele zobumfihlo. Imikhakha efana namabhange ingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile yokunciphisa lezi zingozi.
Ngaphezu kwesitoreji esiku-inthanethi esisetshenziswa kabanzi, kunezixazululo ezithile zokugcina isitoreji sasekhaya esingenantambo . Isibonelo esingokomlando yi- Apple AirportPort Time Capsule , idivayisi ye-Wi-Fi ehlanganise i-router kanye ne-hard drive efinyelela ku-3 TB, eyenzelwe ukwenza izipele ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nokufinyelela idatha engenantambo kusuka kumadivayisi e-Apple.
Imingcele emisha: ama-hologram, i-DNA kanye nezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu
Njengoba ibhekene ne-tsunami yedatha elindeleke emashumini eminyaka ezayo, ucwaningo lwesitoreji luhlola izindlela ezihluke kakhulu kuma-disk noma ama-flash drive. Enye yalezi yi- holographic memory , egcina idatha yedijithali ngaphakathi kwevolumu yezinto ezifana namakristalu noma ama-photopolymers , kunokuba ikhawulelwe ebusweni bayo.
Inzuzo enkulu yememori ye-holographic ukuthi ingasebenzisa ubukhulu bendawo yokugcina ulwazi ukugcina ulwazi ku-3D (ivolumu ye-Bragg), ifinyelele ubuningi obukhulu. Nakuba kukhona ama-prototypes, ayikakabi ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kabanzi, kodwa iyavela njengenye yezixazululo zesikhathi eside ezingaba khona zokugcina umlando wobuningi obukhulu kakhulu.
Enye insimu ethakazelisayo isitoreji se-DNA . I-DNA, i-molecule yokuphila, ingabhala inani elikhulu lolwazi: ama-petabytes angu-2,2 ngegremu . Ngokwethiyori, yonke idatha ekhiqizwe isintu ingangena esipunini se-DNA.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-DNA iyindlela ehlala isikhathi eside kakhulu , ekwazi ukulondoloza ulwazi izinkulungwane zeminyaka uma igcinwe kahle. Inkinga yamanje izindleko kanye nesivinini: ukufaka ikhodi yedatha engaphansi kuka-100 KB kungabiza cishe u-$1500, kanti izinqubo zokuhlanganisa nokulandelana zihlala zihamba kancane.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe -DNA yokwenziwa noma ama-biomolecule aguquliwe kuyaphenywa ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko kanye nesivinini sale misebenzi, kodwa kusesesigabeni sokuhlola. Nokho, umqondo ucacile: ukusuka kuma-disk nama-chips uye endaweni yokugcina ama-molecule yangempela.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuchwepheshe be-nano buvula iminyango yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwama -isotope e-carbon (isibonelo, ama-athomu e-carbon-12 e-"0" nama-athomu e-carbon-13 e-"1") noma izinto zamaminerali ezizinzile kakhulu. Ngo-2023, inkampani i -Cerabyte yamemezela uhlelo olusebenzisa i -laser ukuqopha idatha enama-three-dimensional efana namakhodi e-QR ku-substrate yamaminerali , emelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu, umlilo, izikhukhula, kanye nokwanda kwamandla, okulinganiselwa ukuthi kuzothatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-5000.
Ukuthembeka, ukubola okuncane, kanye namakhophi: uhlangothi olungeluhle kakhulu lwesitoreji
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indawo yokugcina izinto, zonke zinenkinga eyodwa: zinesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphila futhi zisengozini yokwehluleka . Ama-hard drive angonakaliswa yimithelela, amatheyipu angasuswa amandla kagesi, ama-optical disc angonakala, futhi i-flash memory ingalahlekelwa ukushaja kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isenzakalo esivame ukukhulunywa ngaso ukubola kwe-bit , ukuwohloka buthule lapho amanye ama-bits eshintsha khona inani ngaphandle kokubonakala ngokushesha . Lokhu kuthinta ikakhulukazi imidiya yokugcina isikhathi eside njenge-hard drive endala, ama-tape, noma ama-flash drive ahlala iminyaka eminingi engafundwa.
Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuthi ufinyelele imidiya yokugcina idatha njalo (isibonelo, ukufunda idrayivu ye-USB njalo) bese uphinda ulwazi olutholakele kumidiya emisha njalo eminyakeni embalwa. Izinhlelo ezifana ne -RAID ezinamakhodi okulungisa amaphutha zivumela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwedatha eyonakele ngokuletha ukungasebenzi kahle kwedatha, kodwa azikaze ziqede ngokuphelele ingozi.
Ngokuphathelene nokuhlukaniswa, sivame ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwesitoreji esiyinhloko (i-RAM, i-cache), esishesha kakhulu kodwa esiguquguqukayo futhi esifinyeleleka ngqo yiprosesa, kanye nesitoreji sesibili (amadiski, ama-SSD, amatheyipu, isitoreji samafu), esihamba kancane kodwa esingaguquguquki. Ngaphakathi kwesitoreji sesibili, sihlukanisa phakathi kokufinyelela okulandelanayo (amatheyipu) kanye nokufinyelela okungahleliwe (amadiski, ama-SSD, isitoreji se-flash), kuye ngokuthi singagxumela ngqo kudatha esiyifunayo noma kufanele siskene yonke idatha kusukela ekuqaleni.
Kungakhathaliseki ubuchwepheshe, ukuzivikela kwangempela kuphela ekulahlekelweni kwedatha kuseyi -redundant kanye nokusekelwa okuhleliwe kahle . Futhi, lapho kukhulunywa ngolwazi olubucayi, i-cryptography iyasetshenziswa , kokubili i-public-key (RSA, njll.) kanye ne-symmetric-key (AES, DES), okubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zokugcina amafu.
Sekukonke, umlando wokugcina usisuse emishinini emikhulu enama-kilobyte ambalwa omthamo kuya kuma-chips amancane akwazi ukuphatha ama-terabyte nezinhlelo ezisatshalaliswayo ezilawula ama-zettabyte; kodwa-ke, siyaqhubeka nokusesha imidiya yokugcina emisha, eqinile, eqinile, futhi ephephile , kusukela kuma-hologram kuya kuma-DNA noma izinto zamaminerali ezingavamile. Konke kusikisela ukuthi, njengoba kube njalo kuze kube manje, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zizohlanganisa izinto ezintsha ezibonakalayo nezakhiwo zenethiwekhi ezihlakaniphe kakhulu ukuze ziqhubeke nokusenza sikwazi ukugcina nokubuyisa, cishe ngaphandle kokuqaphela, inani elikhulu ledatha esiyikhiqizayo nsuku zonke.
