Izinhlobo Zezingxenye Zenethiwekhi Yekhompyutha

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Siyakwamukela esihlokweni sethu sezinhlobo zezingxenye zenethiwekhi yekhompyutha! Kulolu hambo olujabulisayo, sizohlola umhlaba othakazelisayo wamanethiwekhi wekhompyutha futhi sithole izingxenye ezahlukene ezenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi kwenzeke. Kusuka kumarutha kuye kumakhadi enethiwekhi, izintambo namaswishi, sizohlukanisa ngayinye ukuze siqonde ukuthi asebenzisana kanjani ukuze sakhe inethiwekhi eqinile, ethembekile. Ingabe usukulungele ukungena kulo mkhathi oxhumene? Asambe!

Isingeniso

Amanethiwekhi ekhompyutha abalulekile emphakathini wethu wamanje, njengoba esivumela ukuthi sabelane ngolwazi, sifinyelele izinsiza kanye nokuxhumana kahle. Lawa manethiwekhi akhiwe uhla olubanzi lwezingxenye ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kube lula ukudluliswa kwedatha. Kusukela kumanethiwekhi asekhaya amancane kuya kungqalasizinda yamabhizinisi ayinkimbinkimbi, uhlobo ngalunye lwenethiwekhi lunezidingo nezidingo zalo. Kulesi sihloko, sizogxila ezinhlotsheni zezingxenye ezivame ukutholakala kumanethiwekhi wekhompiyutha futhi sihlole ukusebenza kwazo kanye nendima yazo ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem yenethiwekhi.

Izinhlobo Zezingxenye Zenethiwekhi Yekhompyutha

Ngezansi, sizochaza ngezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezingxenye zenethiwekhi yekhompiyutha kanye nokubaluleka kwazo ekusebenzeni kwenethiwekhi. Masingene singene kulo mhlaba wobuchwepheshe othokozisayo!

1. Amarutha: Isango

Amarutha angamadivayisi abalulekile kunoma iyiphi inethiwekhi yekhompyutha. Asebenza njengamaphoyinti okufinyelela futhi alawula ukuhamba kwedatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene. Ungayibona ngeso lengqondo irutha njengomnakekeli wenethiwekhi? Amarutha athatha izinqumo ezihlakaniphile mayelana nendlela yokudlulisa amaphakethe edatha ukusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwelinye, ukuthola umzila ongcono kakhulu ongakhona. Lezi zisetshenziswa zibalulekile ekuxhumeni amanethiwekhi endawo ku-inthanethi nokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo.

Amarutha angase abe nemisebenzi yokuvikela umlilo, okusho ukuthi avikela inethiwekhi yakho ezinsongweni ezingaba khona zangaphandle. Bacabange njengabaqaphi ababonakalayo! Ukwengeza, amarutha amaningi esimanje anikezela ngezinketho zokucushwa ezithuthukile, njengokubeka phambili izinhlobo ezithile zethrafikhi noma ukusetha amanethiwekhi ayimfihlo abonakalayo (ama-VPN). Lezi zici zenza amarutha abe izingxenye ezibalulekile kunoma iyiphi inethiwekhi yekhompyutha.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia - I-Router

2. Ukushintsha: Isixhumanisi Sendawo

Ukushintsha kuyizici ezibalulekile kunethiwekhi yendawo (LAN). Asebenza njengamahabhu okuxhumana avumela amadivayisi amaningi ukuthi axhumane phakathi kwenethiwekhi efanayo. Khumbula izintambo zocingo ezindala ezinezixhumi obekumele uzixhume mathupha? Nokho, ukushintsha kufana nalezo zixhumi, kodwa kuhlakaniphe kakhulu.

Uma idivayisi ithumela idatha ngenethiwekhi, iswishi inquma ukuthi iyiphi idivayisi okuyiwa kuyo leyo datha futhi iyithumele ngokuqondile lapho iya khona, ngaphandle kokulayisha kakhulu inethiwekhi. Lokhu kwaziwa njengokushintshwa kwephakethe, futhi kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuphatha ithrafikhi kunethiwekhi yendawo.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Shintsha

3. Amakhadi Enethiwekhi: Isixhumanisi Somuntu Siqu

Amakhadi enethiwekhi, aziwa nangokuthi ama-adaptha enethiwekhi, ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zokuxhuma idivayisi ngayinye kunethiwekhi. Lawa makhadi, avame ukufakwa ezimbotsheni zokunwetshwa zekhompuyutha, avumela amadivayisi ukuthi axhumane futhi afinyelele izinsiza zenethiwekhi.

Cabanga ngamakhadi enethiwekhi njengezikhiye ezivula umnyango wezwe ledijithali. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhadi enethiwekhi, njengamakhadi e-Ethernet, avame kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi anezintambo. Kukhona namakhadi enethiwekhi angenantambo, njengamakhadi e-Wi-Fi, avumela ukuxhuma kumanethiwekhi ngaphandle kwesidingo sezintambo eziphathekayo.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Ikhadi lenethiwekhi

4. Amakhebula: Indlela Yokuxhumana

Amakhebuli amakhondaktha aphathekayo avumela ukudluliswa kwedatha ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi. Lezi zisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma izingxenye ezahlukene zenethiwekhi, njengama-routers, amaswishi kanye namadivayisi wokugcina, ukuqinisekisa uxhumano oluthembekile noluzinzile. Amakhebuli afika ngezinhlobo nezigaba ezahlukene, futhi ukukhetha ikhebula elilungile kuncike ohlotsheni lwenethiwekhi kanye nezidingo zejubane nebanga.

Ikhebula le-Ethernet, isibonelo, lisetshenziswa kakhulu kumanethiwekhi anezintambo futhi liza ngezinhlobonhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ikhebula eliphekiwe elisontekile kanye nentambo ye-coaxial. Esokuqala sivame kakhulu futhi sakhiwe ngamapheya asontekile ezintambo ezinciphisa ukuphazamiseka kukazibuthe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intambo ye-coaxial indala futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezithile, njengamanethiwekhi kamabonakude ekhebula.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Ikhebula le-Ethernet

5. Amaseva: Isikhungo Sedatha

Amaseva ayimishini enamandla eklanyelwe ukugcina nokucubungula imiqulu emikhulu yedatha kunethiwekhi. Bayinhliziyo yenethiwekhi futhi banesibopho sokuphatha nokusabalalisa izinsiza kumadivayisi ahlukene axhunyiwe. Amaseva angaba nemisebenzi ehlukene, njengokugcinwa kwamafayela, ukusingathwa kwewebhusayithi, ukuphathwa kwesizindalwazi, noma ukuqhuba izinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi.

Cabanga ngeseva njengomtapo wolwazi omkhulu lapho zonke izincwadi (idatha) zigcinwa khona futhi zonke izisetshenziswa ezixhunyiwe zingafinyelela kuzo noma nini lapho zidinga. Amaseva angaba ngokomzimba (imishini esebenzayo enikelwe) noma ebonakalayo (izimo ezingokoqobo ezisingathwa kumaseva aphathekayo abiwe). Kuzo zombili izimo, zidlala indima ebalulekile engqalasizinda yenethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Iseva

6. I-Firewall: Ukuvikelwa Okubonakalayo

I- firewall iyisici esibalulekile sokuvikela inethiwekhi yekhompyutha ezinsongweni zangaphandle. Isebenza njengesithiyo sokuzivikela futhi ilawula ukugeleza kwedatha engena futhi iphuma kunethiwekhi, ihlunge futhi ivimbele ithrafikhi engafuneki noma engaba yingozi.

Cabanga ngodonga njengonogada emnyango webhilidi oqinisekisa ubunikazi babantu ngaphambi kokubavumela ukuba bangene. I-firewall ihlola amaphakethe edatha futhi isebenzisa imithetho yezokuphepha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi idatha evikelekile negunyaziwe kuphela edlula kuyo. Lokhu kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukuhlasela okunonya, okufana nokungena noma uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha, futhi kuvikela inethiwekhi namadivayisi axhunyiwe.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinqamulimlilo, njengezinqamuleli zenethiwekhi, ezihlala phakathi kwenethiwekhi yangaphakathi nengaphandle, kanye nezinqamuleli ezisingethe, ezisebenza ngqo kumadivayisi angawodwana. Ukwengeza, izindonga zokuvikela zingase zibe nezici ezengeziwe, ezifana nokutholwa kokungena/ukuvimbela ukungena (IDS/IPS), ezisiza ukuhlonza nokuvimba umsebenzi osolisayo kunethiwekhi.

Inkomba: I-Wikipedia – I-Firewall

7. Amaphoyinti Okungena: Uxhumano Okungenantambo

Amaphoyinti okufinyelela angamadivayisi avumela ukuxhumana okungenantambo kunethiwekhi. Zibaluleke kakhulu kumanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi, njengoba esebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwamadivayisi nengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi.

Cabanga ngendawo yokufinyelela njengothi olukhipha amasignali omsakazo ukuvumela amadivayisi ukuthi axhume ngokungenantambo. Lawa madivayisi axhumeka kuswishi noma kumzila futhi anwebe ukumbozwa kwenethiwekhi, okuvumela amadivayisi amaningi ukuthi axhume futhi afinyelele izinsiza ezabiwe.

Inkomba: I-Wikipedia – Indawo Yokufinyelela Engenantambo

8. Amamodemu: Isango Le-inthanethi

Amamodemu amadivayisi avumela ukuxhuma ku-inthanethi. Asebenza njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwenethiwekhi yekhompiyutha kanye Nomhlinzeki Wesevisi Ye-inthanethi (ISP). Imodemu iguqula amasignali edijithali asuke kumadivayisi abe amasignali e-analog angadluliswa ngemidiya ephathekayo, njengamakhebuli amakhoaxial noma izintambo zocingo, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.

Cabanga ngemodemu njengomhumushi oguqula ulimi lwedijithali lwamadivayisi lube ulimi i-inthanethi engaluqonda. Ngaphandle kwemodemu, bekungeke kwenzeke ukuxhuma kwi-inthanethi futhi ujabulele zonke izimangaliso namathuba anikezwa yinethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Imodemu

9. Abaphindayo: Isandiso Sesiginali

Iziphinda ngamadivayisi akhulisayo futhi adlulise kabusha amasignali kunethiwekhi. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukunweba ububanzi benethiwekhi futhi unqobe ukulinganiselwa kwebanga lezintambo noma amasignali angenantambo.

Cabanga ngomuntu ophindayo njenge-megaphone ekhulisa futhi edlulisa izwi lakho ukuze lizwakale ekamelweni eligcwele abantu. Abaphindayo bathatha isignali ebuthakathaka futhi bayayikhulisa, okuvumela isignali ukuthi ihambe ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokwehlisa isithunzi. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi kumanethiwekhi amakhulu noma ezindaweni lapho isignali ibuthaka ngenxa yezithiyo zomzimba.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Umphindi

10. Amahabhu: Isikhungo Sokusabalalisa

Amahabhu ngamadivayisi enethiwekhi avumela ukuxhumeka kwamadivayisi amaningi kunethiwekhi yendawo. Asebenza njengamaphoyinti okuxhumana amaphakathi, lapho wonke amadivayisi axhumeka futhi abelane ngesignali yenethiwekhi efanayo.

Cabanga ngehabhu njengesishintshi sikagesi esisabalalisa ugesi kumadivayisi ahlukene. Amahabhu adlulisela phambili athola idatha kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe, okusho ukuthi noma iyiphi idivayisi ingalalela idatha ethunyelwe amanye amadivayisi. Nakuba amahabhu engamadivayisi alula futhi angabizi, ukusetshenziswa kwawo sekuye kwaba yinto engavamile ngenxa yamakhono awo okuphatha ithrafikhi alinganiselwe kanye nokuvela kwamaswishi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Inkomba: I-Wikipedia – Isixhumi senethiwekhi

11. I-NIC: Isixhumanisi Sokuxhuma

Ama-NIC (Amakhadi Okuxhumana Kwenethiwekhi) ayizingxenye ezibalulekile zokuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi akunethiwekhi. Lawa makhadi, aziwa nangokuthi ama-adaptha enethiwekhi, atholakala kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi futhi avumela ukudluliswa nokwamukela idatha.

Cabanga nge-NIC njengomhumushi ohumusha amagama akho abe amasiginali angasakazwa ngenethiwekhi. Ama-NIC angaba amakhadi aphathekayo afakwe kukhompuyutha noma amakhadi akhelwe kumaselula noma amanye amadivaysi kagesi. Ngaphandle kwe-NIC, amadivayisi awakwazi ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi futhi axhumane.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Ikhadi lesixhumi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi

12. I-UPS: Ukuvikela Ugesi

I-UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) iyithuluzi elinikeza amandla ayisipele kunethiwekhi yekhompiyutha uma kwenzeka ukucima kukagesi noma ukushintshashintsha kwamandla. Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukuvikela amadivaysi axhunyiwe futhi uqinisekise ukuthi inethiwekhi iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngisho nalapho kwenzeka ukuphela kwamandla kagesi.

Cabanga nge-UPS njengejeneretha lamandla ezimo eziphuthumayo elikhahlela ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho kunqamuka ugesi. Lawa madivayisi anganikeza amandla anele ukuze amadivayisi avale kahle noma aqhubeke nokusebenza isikhathi esilinganiselwe. Ukwengeza, ama-UPS avame ukuba nezici ezengeziwe, ezifana nokuvikelwa kwe-surge or spike, ezisiza ukuvikela okokusebenza emonakalweni obangelwa ukushintshashintsha kwamandla.

Inkomba: I-Wikipedia – Ukunikezwa Kwamandla Okungaphazamiseki

13. I-NAS: Isitoreji Senethiwekhi

I-NAS (Network Attached Storage) iyisisombululo esizinikele esivumela amadivayisi akunethiwekhi ukuthi afinyelele esikhungweni esimaphakathi futhi abelane ngedatha. I-NAS empeleni iyidivayisi yesitoreji enamathiselwe kwinethiwekhi ehlinzeka ngamakhono okugcina engeziwe kunethiwekhi.

Cabanga nge-NAS njengekhabethe okwabelwana ngalo lapho wonke amadivayisi akho angagcina futhi afinyelele amafayela awo. Lawa madivayisi ngokuvamile anamandla amakhulu esitoreji futhi anikezela ngezici ezithuthukile ezifana nekhono lokumisa izimvume zokufinyelela, ukwenza izipele ezizenzakalelayo, noma nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezengeziwe namasevisi. I-NAS iwusizo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho isitoreji esiphakathi nendawo sidingeka khona, njengasemahhovisi noma ezindaweni zasekhaya ezinamadivaysi amaningi.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia - Isitoreji Esinamathiselwe Inethiwekhi

14. Patch Panels: Cable Management

Ama-patch panel ayizingxenye ezisetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi anezintambo ukuze ahlele futhi alawule izintambo ngendlela ehlelekile nephumelelayo. Lawa maphaneli ahlinzeka ngoxhumano oluphakathi nendawo lapho izintambo zenethiwekhi zixhunywe khona.

Cabanga ngephaneli ye-patch njengeshelufu elinokuxhumeka okuningi okunelebula. Izintambo zenethiwekhi zixhuma emachwebeni ephaneli, zenze kube lula ukuphathwa kwekhebula futhi zivumele izinguquko nokuxhumeka okusheshayo ngaphandle kokufinyelela kumadivayisi okugcina. Amaphaneli e-patch awusizo kakhulu ezindaweni ezinezintambo nokuxhumeka okuningi, njengezikhungo zedatha noma amakamelo eseva.

Inkomba: I-Wikipedia - Iphaneli yokuxhuma

15. Ithimba le-NIC: I-Union of Forces

I-NIC teaming yindlela evumela amakhadi enethiwekhi amaningi ukuthi ahlanganiswe abe umshini owodwa obonakalayo. Le nqubo isetshenziselwa ukwandisa umthamo womkhawulokudonsa futhi ithuthukise ukubekezelela amaphutha kunethiwekhi.

Cabanga nge-NIC ihlangana njengeqembu elidluliswayo emjahweni wokusubatha, lapho abagijimi abambalwa behlangana ndawonye ukuze bathole ukusebenza okungcono. Ngokuhlangana kwe-NIC, amakhadi enethiwekhi asebenza ndawonye ukuze abelane ngomthwalo wethrafikhi futhi anikeze ukungasasebenzi uma kwenzeka ikhadi elilodwa lehluleka. Lokhu kuthuthukisa umthamo wenethiwekhi futhi kuqinisekisa ukutholakala okuphezulu nokuthembeka.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia - Ukubambisana kwe-NIC

16. I-VLAN: Ukuhlukaniswa Kwenethiwekhi

I-VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) iwubuchule obuvumela ukuhlukaniswa okunengqondo kwenethiwekhi ebonakalayo ibe amanethiwekhi amaningi abonakalayo. Ama-VLAN asetshenziselwa ukwakha amaqembu emishini enengqondo engakwazi ukuxhumana njengokungathi akunethiwekhi efanayo yomzimba, ngisho noma exhunywe kumaswishi ahlukene noma amarutha.

Cabanga nge-VLAN njengedolobha elinezindawo ezihlukene, lapho amadivaysi endaweni ngayinye akwazi ukuxhumana kalula, kodwa ukuxhumana phakathi komakhelwane kudinga ukudlula umzila. Ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi kuma-VLAN kunikeza ukuvikeleka okukhulu, ukuguquguquka, nokuphathwa kwethrafikhi ngoba amadivayisi angaqoqwa ngokunengqondo ngokuya ngezidingo zenethiwekhi nezinqubomgomo.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – I-VLAN

17. Amaseva wommeleli: Umxhumanisi Wenethiwekhi

Amaseva elibamba yizingxenye ezisebenza njengabalamuli phakathi kwamadivayisi nezisetshenziswa kunethiwekhi. Lezi ziphakeli zamukela izicelo ezivela kumadivayisi futhi zizithumele kumaseva wendawo esikhundleni sakho, zifihla ubunikazi bangempela bedivayisi futhi zinikeze ukusebenza okwengeziwe.

Cabanga ngeseva elibamba njengomsizi womuntu siqu othatha izicelo zakho aziphathele wena. Amaseva elibamba angasetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukene, njengokuhlunga okuqukethwe, ukugcinwa kwedatha kunqolobane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza, ukulawula ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi, noma ukuvikelwa kobumfihlo. Ziwusizo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zebhizinisi noma zezemfundo, lapho izinqubomgomo zokuphepha nokufinyelela ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zidingeka.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Iseva yephrokzi

18. I-DNS: Igama Lekheli Lokuhumusha

I-DNS (Isistimu Yegama Lesizinda) iyisevisi ehumusha amagama esizinda angafundeka abantu abe amakheli e-IP ezinombolo asetshenziswa amanethiwekhi ekhompyutha. Ngamanye amazwi, i-DNS ivumela amadivayisi ukuthi afinyelele amawebhusayithi esebenzisa amagama esikhundleni samakheli e-IP.

Cabanga nge-DNS njengencwadi yocingo lapho ubheka khona igama lomuntu futhi uthole inombolo yakhe yocingo. Uma ufaka i-URL esipheqululini sakho sewebhu, i-DNS inesibopho sokuthola ikheli le-IP elihambisana negama lesizinda eliceliwe, okuvumela idivayisi yakho ukuthi ixhume kuseva efanele. Ngaphandle kwe-DNS, kuzodingeka sikhumbule futhi sithayiphe amakheli e-IP ayinkimbinkimbi ukuze sifinyelele amawebhusayithi.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Uhlelo Lwegama Lesizinda

19. WAP: Inethiwekhi Engenazintambo

I-WAP (Wireless Access Point) iyithuluzi elivumela ukuxhuma okungenantambo kunethiwekhi. Ngokungafani nezindawo zokufinyelela ezishiwo ngenhla, ezisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko kumanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi, ama-WAP aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile amanethiwekhi angenantambo.

Cabanga nge-WAP njengesibani esikhipha amasignali omsakazo ukuqondisa amadivaysi kunethiwekhi engenantambo. Lawa madivayisi axhumeka kuswishi noma kumzila futhi anwebe ukumbozwa kwenethiwekhi engenantambo, okuvumela amadivayisi amaningi ukuthi axhume futhi afinyelele izinsiza ezabiwe.

Inkomba: I-Wikipedia – Indawo Yokufinyelela Engenantambo

20. Izikali Zokulayisha: Ukulinganisa Kwemithwalo

Izikali zomthwalo zingamadivayisi noma isofthiwe esabalalisa ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ngokulinganayo kumaseva amaningi noma izinsiza zenethiwekhi. Umgomo wayo uwukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokuqinisekisa nokusatshalaliswa komsebenzi kunethiwekhi yonkana.

Cabanga ngomlinganisi womthwalo njengomphathi wokukhala embukisweni, esabalalisa izinsiza phakathi kwabadlali ukuze aqinisekise umbukiso oshelelayo, ongenazihibe. Izilinganisi zokulayisha ziqapha ukusebenza kwamaseva noma izinsiza futhi zisabalalisa izicelo zamaklayenti kumaseva afaneleka kakhulu, ukugwema ukuminyana nokuthuthukisa ukuphendula kwenethiwekhi.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Ukulinganisa umthwalo

21. I-IDS/IPS: Ukuphepha Kwenethiwekhi

I-IDS (I-Intrusion Detection System) kanye ne-IPS (I-Intrusion Prevention System) amasistimu okuphepha asetshenziselwa ukuthola nokuvimbela ukungena kunethiwekhi. Lawa masistimu ahlaziya ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ukuze athole amaphethini nokuziphatha asolisayo, futhi athathe izinyathelo zokuvikela inethiwekhi ekuhlaselweni okungaba khona.

Cabanga nge-IDS/IPS njengethimba lezokuphepha elihlale liqapha ukungena nokuphuma kwephathi ukuze lithole ukuziphatha okusolisayo. Uma kutholwa umsebenzi onobungozi, i-IDS/IPS ithatha isinyathelo ukuvimba noma ukunciphisa usongo nokuvikela inethiwekhi. Lezi zinhlelo zibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi nokuyivikela ekuhlaselweni ku-inthanethi.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia - Uhlelo lokutholwa kokungena kanye nokuvimbela

22. I-VoIP: Ukuxhumana Kwe-inthanethi

I-VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) ubuchwepheshe obuvumela ukudluliswa kwezwi nokuxhumana ngocingo ngamanethiwekhi e-IP. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa olayini bocingo bendabuko, i-VoIP isebenzisa ingqalasizinda yenethiwekhi ekhona ukudlulisa amasignali ezwi ngendlela yamaphakethe wedatha.

Cabanga nge-VoIP njengocingo olwenziwa nge-inthanethi. Lobu buchwepheshe buguqula izwi lakho libe idatha yedijithali futhi buthumele ngenethiwekhi, okuvumela ukuxhumana kwesikhathi sangempela nanoma ubani noma kuphi emhlabeni. I-VoIP iyindlela ephumelelayo nengabizi kakhulu kunezingcingo zendabuko futhi iguqule indlela esixhumana ngayo.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Izwi nge-IP

23. I-VPN: Inethiwekhi Eyimfihlo Ebonakalayo

I-VPN (i-Virtual Private Network) iwubuchwepheshe obudala ukuxhumana okuphephile, okubethelwe kunethiwekhi yomphakathi, njenge-inthanethi. Lokhu kuxhumana kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele izinsiza zenethiwekhi ngokuvikelekile nangasese, ngisho nalapho bexhunywe kumanethiwekhi angathembekile, njengamanethiwekhi omphakathi e-Wi-Fi.

Cabanga nge-VPN njengomhubhe ongaphansi komhlaba ovikela idatha yakho njengoba ihamba isuka kwelinye iphuzu iye kwelinye. Idatha ibethelwe futhi ithunyelwe ngalolu xhumo oluvikelekile, okuqinisekisa ukuthi abamukeli abagunyaziwe kuphela abangafinyelela kuyo. Ama-VPN asetshenziswa kakhulu ngamabhizinisi nabasebenzisi abangabodwana ukuze bavikele ubumfihlo babo nokuvikeleka ku-inthanethi.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Inethiwekhi Eyimfihlo Ebonakalayo

24. SDN: I-Software Defined Network

I-SDN (I-Software-Defined Networking) iyindlela yokuxhumana ehlukanisa indiza yokulawula nendiza yedatha, okuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu nokuhleleka ekuphathweni kwenethiwekhi. Esikhundleni sokuthembela kumadivayisi athile enethiwekhi, ukulawulwa kwenethiwekhi kuphakathi nendawo futhi kulawulwa ngesoftware.

Cabanga nge-SDN njengesilawuli sethrafikhi edolobheni, lapho zonke izimpawu zethrafikhi ziphathwa kusukela kuhabhu emaphakathi. Nge-SDN, abaphathi benethiwekhi bangakwazi ukulawula futhi balungiselele inethiwekhi kahle kakhulu, bayivumelanise nezidingo ezishintshayo zenhlangano. Le ndlela inikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu, ukunwebeka kanye nokuzenzakalelayo ekuphathweni kwenethiwekhi.

Inkomba: I-Wikipedia - Inethiwekhi echazwe ngeSoftware

25. Ikhebula Elihleliwe: Isisekelo Senethiwekhi

Ikhebula ehleliwe iwuhlelo lwezintambo, izixhumi, namadivayisi akha ingqalasizinda yekhebula yenethiwekhi yekhompyutha. Lolu hlelo luhlinzeka ngesisekelo esiqinile, esihlelekile sokuxhuma nokuxhumana namadivayisi kunethiwekhi.

Cabanga ngekhebula elihlelekile njengesisekelo sesakhiwo. Ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqinile, isakhiwo asikwazi ukuma kahle. Ikhebula ehleliwe ivumela ukufakwa ngokuhlelekile kwezintambo zenethiwekhi, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye zenethiwekhi kunokwethenjelwa futhi kusebenza kahle. Ukwengeza, ikhebula ehlelekile yenza kube lula ukuphatha nokugcina inethiwekhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ireferensi: I-Wikipedia – Ukufakwa kwezintambo okuhlelekile

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nezingxenye Zenethiwekhi Yekhompyutha

Ngezansi sizophendula imibuzo evame ukubuzwa ehlobene nezinhlobo zezingxenye zenethiwekhi yekhompyutha.

1. Iyiphi ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenethiwekhi yekhompyutha?

Zonke izingxenye zenethiwekhi yekhompiyutha zibalulekile futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo. Kodwa-ke, enye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu i-router. Irutha isebenza njengesango phakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo namanye amanethiwekhi, njenge-inthanethi. Inika amandla ukuxhumana kwedatha okusebenzayo kanye nomzila phakathi kwamadivayisi ahlukene namanethiwekhi.

2. Uyini umehluko phakathi kweswishi nehabhu?

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kweswishi nehabhu yindlela ezisebenza ngayo. Ngenkathi iswishi ihlaziya futhi iqondise ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi kumadivayisi athile, ihabhu ivele idlulisele ithrafikhi kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaswishi ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okuphezulu nokuvikeleka ngokuvimbela ukuminyana nokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kudatha.

3. Kungani ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi kusetshenziswa ama-VLAN kubalulekile?

Ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi kusetshenziswa ama-VLAN kunikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, kuvumela ukuvikeleka okwandisiwe, njengoba amadivaysi kuma-VLAN ahlukene ehlukanisiwe komunye nomunye futhi awakwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi kuvumela ukuphathwa okungcono kwethrafikhi futhi kusiza ukuqaliswa kwezinqubomgomo zenethiwekhi ze-VLAN ngayinye. Iphinde inikeze ukuguquguquka ekuhleleni nasekuphatheni izinsiza zenethiwekhi.

4. Yini umsebenzi we-firewall kunethiwekhi yekhompyutha?

I-firewall inomsebenzi wokuvikela inethiwekhi yekhompyutha ezinsongweni zangaphandle. Isebenza njengesithiyo sokuzivikela futhi ihlunge ithrafikhi engagunyaziwe noma engase ibe yingozi. Ukwengeza, ama-firewall angase anikeze izici ezengeziwe, njengokutholwa kokungena noma ukuvimbela ukungena, ukuhlonza nokuvimba umsebenzi osolisayo kunethiwekhi. Ngamafuphi, i-firewall iqinisekisa ukuvikeleka nobuqotho benethiwekhi ngokulawula ukuhamba kwedatha futhi iyivikele ekuhlaselweni okungaba khona ku-inthanethi.

5. Iyini i-VPN futhi kungani ibalulekile kunethiwekhi yekhompyutha?

I-VPN (i-Virtual Private Network) ubuchwepheshe obukuvumela ukuthi udale uxhumano oluvikelekile, olubethelwe ngenethiwekhi yomphakathi, njenge-inthanethi. I-VPN ibalulekile kunethiwekhi yekhompyutha ngoba inikeza ubumfihlo nokuvikeleka ekuxhumaneni kwedatha. Ngokusebenzisa i-VPN, idatha edluliswa phakathi kwamadivayisi ibethelwa futhi ivikelwe, ivimbela abantu besithathu ukuthi babambe futhi bafinyelele ulwazi olubucayi. Ukwengeza, i-VPN ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele izinsiza zenethiwekhi ngokuphephile, ngisho nalapho bexhunywe kumanethiwekhi angathembekile noma asesidlangalaleni, njengamanethiwekhi e-Wi-Fi ezindaweni zomphakathi.

6. Iyini indima yesilinganisi somthwalo kunethiwekhi yekhompyutha?

Isilinganisi somthwalo siyingxenye esabalalisa ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi ngokulinganayo kumaseva amaningi noma izinsiza zenethiwekhi. Indima eyinhloko yesilinganisi somthwalo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokuqinisekisa nokusatshalaliswa komsebenzi kunethiwekhi yonkana. Ngokusabalalisa izicelo zamaklayenti kumaseva ahlukene, isilinganisi somthwalo sivimbela ukugcwala ngokweqile kweseva eyodwa futhi sithuthukisa ukusabela kwenethiwekhi kukonke. Lokhu kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi okuphumelelayo nokulinganiselayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomthamo omkhulu wethrafikhi noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibucayi.

Isiphetho Sezingxenye Zenethiwekhi Yekhompyutha

Kulesi sihloko, sihlole izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-Computer Network Components. Kusuka kumarutha namaswishi kuye kumakhadi enethiwekhi, izintambo namaseva, ingxenye ngayinye idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni nasekusebenziseni inethiwekhi ethembekile nephumelelayo. Sifundile mayelana nokusebenza kwazo, ukubaluleka, kanye nendlela ezisebenzisana ngayo ukuze kube lula ukuxhumana nokushintshisana ngedatha emhlabeni wanamuhla oxhumene.

Sithemba ukuthi lolu hambo lwezinhlobo zezingxenye zenethiwekhi yekhompiyutha lube nolwazi futhi lwandise ukuqonda kwakho kokuthi inethiwekhi isebenza kanjani. Khumbula ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye idlala indima eyingqayizivele nebalulekile ekwakheni nasekugcineni inethiwekhi eqinile. Kusukela esangweni elihlinzekwe amarutha kuya ekuvikelweni okunikezwa ngama-firewall kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi ngama-VLAN, ingxenye ngayinye iyisiqephu esibalulekile kuphazili yokuxhumana.

Zizwe ukhululekile ukwabelana nabanye ngalolu lwazi futhi uqhubeke uhlola umhlaba othakazelisayo wamanethiwekhi wamakhompyutha! Uma usijabulele lesi sihloko futhi ufuna ukufinyelela okuqukethwe okubaluleke kakhulu, qiniseka ukuthi uvakashela umtapo wethu wezisetshenziswa futhi uthole ukufinyelela okukhethekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezaziso eziwusizo namathiphu.