I-KDE Linux njenge-distro yenhloso ejwayelekile: isimo, amaphuzu abalulekile, kanye ne-ecosystem

Informatec Digital » Linux » I-KDE Linux njenge-distro yenhloso ejwayelekile: isimo, amaphuzu abalulekile, kanye ne-ecosystem

Umbono wohlelo "lwe-KDE umphakathi" usunesikhathi eside ukhona ayikakabonakali njengenguqulo ezinzileUmqondo wenze ukugxumela engxoxweni yomphakathi. I-KDE Linux ihlose ukuba ukusatshalaliswa kwenjongo evamile enobunikazi obucacile kanye ne-Plasma ecosystem njengokugxila kwayo okuyinhloko, umnyakazo ongahlosile ukufaka esikhundleni sokusabalalisa okukhona kodwa kunalokho uphakamisa ibha yobuchwepheshe nolwazi kulabo abakhetha i-KDE.

Ezinyangeni zakamuva, eminye imininingwane efanelekile ibilokhu isakazwa: I-Arch njengethuluzi lokwakha lesisekelo, isistimu engaguquleki enezibuyekezo ze-athomu, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinqanyuliwe, nokusekelwa okuqinile kwe-Flatpak (kanye ne-Snap), konke okunongwe nge-Wayland ngokuzenzakalela nokuzibophezela ekwakheni ukuphinda kukhiqizeke. Uma unentshisekelo yokuqonda ukuthi i-KDE Linux inikeza ini ngempela, ihluke kanjani ku-KDE Neon, nokuthi umzamo we-GNOME OS ofanayo ungena kanjaniNali umhlahlandlela ophelele ohlanganisa futhi uhlele kabusha lonke ulwazi olwaziwayo.

Iyini i-KDE Linux futhi kungani ichazwa njengenhloso evamile?

Umphakathi uyichaza njengokuqaliswa kwereferensi: I-KDE Linux izoba “isistimu yokusebenza ekahle” yokuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Plasma ne-KDE ezineziqinisekiso ezingaguquki. Ngaphezu kokuphuma ku-Arch, iwuhlelo olungaguquki olusebenzisa amaphakheji e-Arch njengempahla eluhlaza., kangangokuthi ayifaki ngisho nomphathi wephakheji ovamile walokho kusabalalisa; akuyona iphakheji evamile "esekelwe ku-Arch", kodwa kunalokho isisekelo sayo sesistimu esinendlela ehlukile.

Le ndlela iholela ezithombeni zesistimu ezibuyekezwa nge-athomu, ezinezinguqulo eziningi ezigcinwe kunqolobane (kufika kweziyisihlanu) ukuze kube lula ukuhlehla uma kukhona okungahambanga kahle. Ngama-Btrfs nezifinyezo njengenethi yokuphepha, kanye ne-Wayland enikwe amandla ngokuzenzakalelaUmgomo uwukunciphisa ubungozi boshintsho lwesistimu nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isibuyekezo ngasinye siyabikezela, siyashesha, futhi siyabuyiseleka.

Enye insika ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwesisekelo sesistimu nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zivela ikakhulukazi ku-Flatpak kanye naku-Snap, okugcina isendlalelo esingaguquki siqinile. Ngezidingo ezithuthukisiwe, i-KDE Linux inikeza izindlela ezimbalwa: Sebenzisa i-Distrobox noma i-Toolbox (esivele ifakiwe) ukuze ulethe amaphakheji akudala ezitsheni, sebenzisa i-Homebrew kunkomba yakho yasekhaya, hlanganisa kusukela kusisekelo usebenzisa i-systemd-sysext, noma udonse i-AppImage. Zonke lezi zindlela zisiza ukumboza isofthiwe ekhethekile engekho ohlwini lwe-Discover.

Ukusekelwa kwesithombe kuklanyelwe ukuthi kucace futhi kuvikeleke ngokomthetho. Kumamojula avuliwe e-NVIDIA GPUs (Turing/GTX 1630 nangaphezulu) nesikhala somsebenzisi esihambisanayo sifakwa kuqala, ukuze isipiliyoni "sihambe kahle." Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amamodeli e-Pre-Turing, adinga amamojula obunikazi angakwazi ukulayishwa ngokushisa ngenxa yokungaguquki kwesisekelo, futhi ukuwasabalalisa afakwe ngaphambili kuwela endaweni empunga esemthethweni; yingakho bengafakwanga. Kulezo zimo, i-Nouveau ingasebenza njengenye indlela engasebenzi kahle, nakuba ukuqalisa kwayo okwamanje kudinga izinyathelo ezenziwa mathupha nokwahlulela kobuchwepheshe.

Izakhiwo zincike ku-systemd ekusebenzeni okuningi kwesistimu. Izibuyekezo zingumfanekiso ngamunye kanye ne-athomu, futhi i-KDE Linux igcina amakhophi amaningi uma kwenzeka izinguquko zidinga ukuhlehliswa.. Usekelo lweseshini ye-Wayland kuphela olutholakalayo, oluqondanisa izingxenye zedeskithophu ye-Linux yesimanje (i-PipeWire, izingosi ze-Flatpak, njll.) ukuze kwakheke ukuhlangana okuphelele.

Ngale kokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi wokugcina, kukhona umgomo ocacile walabo abathuthukisa i-KDE: Nciphisa imijikelezo, yehlise izindleko zokwakha ukuncika, futhi wenze ukuhlola kunqume kakhulu.Ukuhlanganisa phezu kwesisekelo ngezandiso zesistimu noma ukubuyela kunoma yiziphi izithombe zakamuva ezilondoloziwe kwenza kube lula inqubo "yokuhlukana nokulungisa" yokuthuthukiswa. Ithembisa isivinini esikhulu (ukwakha kuphela lokho okuthintayo), ukuphepha okukhulu (ukubuyisela emuva okulula), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwediski okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo lapho yonke into ihlanganiswa kusukela ekuqaleni.

Ekugcineni, i-KDE Linux ihlose ukusetshenziswa yiwo wonke umuntu, kusukela konjiniyela kuya kubasebenzisi nabathengisi bezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, kuyilapho ukhumbula ukuthi ngeke kube inkundla ecushwe kahle kakhulu yokusetshenziswa okukhethekile. Ayiqhudelani ukudikibala amanye ama-distros nge-KDE, kodwa ukuphakamisa izinga elincane lalabo abaqondiswe kuPlasma., ukudala iphethini yobuchwepheshe ecacile futhi ekwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha.

I-KDE Neon, i-GNOME OS, kanye nenkulumo-mpikiswano "yeReference System".

Ukufana ne-KDE Neon kucishe kubonakale. Onjiniyela be-Neon abakaze bafune ukuyilebula njengokusatshalaliswa: Bayichaza njengendawo yokugcina esekelwe ku-Ubuntu LTS enezithombe ezibukhoma. ukuhlola futhi ube nezinguqulo zakamuva zezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Plasma ne-KDE kusisekelo esizinzile. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni, abantu abaningi bayisebenzisa njengenye i-distro, eye yabhebhethekisa izimpikiswano nokuqhathanisa kusukela yakhululwa.

Ukuhlaziywa kukamakadebona kwe-Neon, ngenkathi isebenzisa Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial, kusiza ukukhombisa ubuhle nobubi bale ndlela. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngemva kokufakwa, imvelo yayincane kakhulu: izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyishumi nambili ezifana neFirefox, VLC, Discover, Gwenview, KWrite, Ark, Dolphin (the umphathi wefayela), i-Konsole, Izintandokazi Zesistimu, I-System Monitor kanye ne-KIinfoCenter, ne-Qapt njengenye indlela yokufaka amaphakheji e-.deb. Lokhu kwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-RAM kwaba ngu-400 MB lapho i-Plasma yethulwa okokuqala, kuphikisana nenkolelo-mbono "ye-KDE esindayo".

Kodwa kwakukhona futhi ama-hiccups: izikhathi ezinde ukucinga ama-partitions ngesikhathi sokufakwa, ibhuthi yokuqala ehamba kancane ukusuka ku-GRUB ukuya e-Plymouth, okunye ukuphahlazeka lapho ufaka abashayeli be-NVIDIA noma lapho uhlola ikhamera nge-VLC, kanye nenkinga nge-Discover lapho uzama ukuthola i-HPLIP yamaphrinta e-HP (kwadingeka ngisebenzise i-Synaptic noma ikhonsoli). Ngisho nokubukeka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-GTK nge-Breeze kwakuphazamisa ngokubonakalayo, futhi ezinye izindawo zahlala zingahumushiwe.

Ekusebenzeni kokwenziwa, ngokuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwePhoronix yangaleyo nkathi, isethi yehlulekile ukwedlula Ubuntu Trusty ezivivinyweni ezintathu kwezine, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwakuzwakala kushesha. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwenze ukuhweba kwacaca: izinguqulo zakamuva ze-Plasma nezinhlelo zokusebenza, isisekelo esijwayelekile nesizinzile, kodwa ukungqubuzana okuthile kumashayeli nezilungiselelo, okujwayelekile kwesendlalelo esibeka phambili ukuqamba okusha kusitaki se-KDE ngaphezu kokupholisha okuphelele.

Empeleni, i-KDE Linux iphakamisa enye into: isisekelo esingaguquleki, izibuyekezo ngesithombe ngasinye, kanye neketango lokwakha elifisa ukuphinda likhiqizeke. Okusho ukuthi, inikeza ireferensi yobuchwepheshe nesipiliyoni, kunokuba nje ithrekhi esheshayo yamaphakheji e-KDE ku-Ubuntu.Lezi izinjongo ezihlukile ezingahlala ndawonye: I-Neon njengethrekhi esheshayo yabasebenzisi baka-Ubuntu abafuna okwakamuva kusuka ku-KDE, kanye ne-KDE Linux njengesibonelo sokuthi uhlelo lwe-Plasma-centric kufanele luhlanganiswe kanjani kusukela phansi kuya phezulu.

Ngokuhambisanayo, iphrojekthi ye-GNOME iphushela owayo umbono nge-GNOME OS, ethuthuke isuka endaweni yokuhlola izici ezintsha endaweni kuya ekufiseni umnikelo wenjongo evamile. Ihlanganyela nokungaguquki kwe-KDE Linux njengemodeli, i-Wayland ne-PipeWire njengobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko kanye nokusetshenziswa okunqunyiwe kwe-Flatpak kwezinhlelo zokusebenza.Lapho ihluke khona namuhla isesisekelo: ayisekelwe ku-distro eyaziwayo kodwa ku-carbonOS, ngu-Adrian Vovk ngokwakhe, manje oqondiswe kabusha kulo mgomo.

Ku-GNOME OS, izinqumo ezinjengohlobo lomjikelezo (ukugoqa, i-LTS, noma i-hybrid) zisesetafuleni. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezifana ne-systemd-homed kanye ne-systemd-sysupdate, eyakhiwe nguVovk ngokwakhe, kucacile. Umbuzo onzima yiwona ofanayo olenga phezu kwe-KDE: uma i-Fedora ikhona (noma i-KDE Neon ikhona), sikhona isidingo sohlelo lwedeskithophu "esemthethweni"? Impendulo engokoqobo ukuthi womabili amaphrojekthi afuna ukusungula inkomba yobuchwepheshe be-canonical yesitaki sawo, ngaphandle kokwenqabela noma ukuncintisana ubuso nobuso nalabo asebekwenza kahle kakhulu namuhla.

Ukubuyela ku-Neon, lokho kubuyekezwa kwakudala kwaphetha ngesinqumo esixubile: kwabathembekile ku-Ubuntu abafuna iPlasma yakamuva, bekuthandeka; kulabo abazisa i-Chakra-like, i-openSUSE-like, noma ishunwe kahle i-Arch-like stability, Bekungalufanele ushintsho ngaphandle kokuthola izindaba ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambili.Ukubeka i-Neon kumongo kusisiza siqonde ukuthi kungani i-KDE Linux, uma ifika ekufezeni, ingeke inyathele endaweni efanayo futhi ingaba khona njengezinkomba ezihambisanayo.

I-KDE Ecosystem: Ubuchwepheshe, i-Plasma-based distros, kanye nokubuka konke kwephrojekthi

I-KDE yakhelwe phezu komgomo owodwa: ukwenza ngokwezifiso. Cishe yonke into iyenzeka ngokwezifiso, kusukela ku-KWin njengomphathi wewindi kuya kuzitayela ezibonakalayo zamawijethi namamenyu. Inhloso ukuthi abasebenzisi be-novice bathole ukufinyelela okulula kuzinketho ezivame kakhulu futhi abasebenzisi abathuthukile bangakwazi ukulungisa mathupha indawo ngokuthanda kwabo., ngaphandle kokudela ukusebenziseka.

Lo msebenzi, owaqalwa ngo-1996 ngu-Matthias Ettrich, usudlule ezigabeni ezibalulekile. Inguqulo 1.0 yafika ngo-1998 inephaneli, ideskithophu, i-Kfm, kanye nesethi enhle yezinsiza. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukugunyazwa kwe-Qt kwavela ukuze kuhambisane ne-GPL futhi, kusukela kunguqulo 4.5, ne-LGPL, kwasusa ukungabaza emhlabeni wesofthiwe yamahhala. Nge-KDE 2 (2000) kwafika i-DCOP, i-KIO, i-KParts ne-KHTML, izisekelo ze-modular, ideskithophu exhunywayo enenjini yayo ye-HTML. okuyinto, eqinisweni, ephefumulelwe ubuchwepheshe obufana neWebKit kwa-Apple.

I-KDE 3 icwengisise uchungechunge ngezinguquko ezimbalwa ze-API kanye nentuthuko ebonakalayo njengezithonjana ze-Keramik ne-Crystal (kamuva i-Crystal SVG), isungula umjikelezo wokukhishwa ohlelekile. I-KDE 4 ibone ukubuyiselwa kwedeskithophu esekwe kuPlasma kanye nezinhlaka ezintsha ezifana nePhonon (multimedia), Solid (amadivayisi), kanye ne-Decibel (izokuxhumana), kanye nosesho lwe-Strigi kanye nedeskithophu ye-NEPOMUK ye-semantic. Ukuhlelwa kabusha okwalandela kwahlukanisa uhlobo lwe-KDE emphakathini futhi kwahlanganisa izinsika ezintathu: I-Plasma, Izicelo kanye Nezinhlaka..

Kusukela ngo-2014, i-Plasma 5 yamukele i-QML ne-OpenGL ukuze kwenziwe isixhumi esibonakalayo sibe sesimanje futhi sithuthukise ukusebenza/amandla, ngetimu ye-Breeze njengophawu lwayo. Ngo-2024, i-Plasma 6 imake ukweqa okukhulu ku-Qt 6, ngo-6.0 egxile ekuthuthweni ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izici. 6.1 ukuvuthwa kwephakheji ngezibuyekezo ezimbalwa eziphakathi kanye no-6.2 ukuya phambili ngomunye umjikelezo wokupholisha, ngaphambi kokuvula indlela yezici ezintsha ekukhishweni okuzayo. I-cadence iyashesha, futhi ivimbela izinguquko ezinkulu, i-API ihlala izinzile ukuze kube lula ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenze kusukela ekukhishweni okuncane okukhulu kuya kokulandelayo.

Ohlangothini lwesisekelo, i-KDE Frameworks inqwabelanisa imitapo yolwazi engaphezu kuka-80 phezu kwe-Qt: I-KIO ye-I/O esobala kumafayela endawo, amanethiwekhi, noma izivumelwano ezibonakalayo; I-KParts yokushumeka ingxenye; I-KJS ye-JavaScript; I-Sonnet yokulungiswa; Okuqinile kwehadiwe; I-ThreadWeaver yokufana okusebenzayo; futhi nokuningi. I-Plasma inikeza izindawo zokusebenza ze-PC neselula, futhi Izicelo ze-KDE (KDE Gear) zihlanganisa ndawonye cishe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingu-200 ezihlanganiswe nedeskithophu., kusuka kubahleli bombhalo noma bezithombe kuya kokuzenzakalelayo kwehhovisi, ividiyo, umculo noma ukuphequlula iwebhu.

Ezinye izingxenye zezifanekiselo zifanelwe ukukhulunywa ngazo: I-KWin njengomqambi kanye nomphathi wewindi, i-Qt njengomtapo wolwazi we isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza, I-Phonon ye-multimedia, i-Akonadi ye-PIM, I-Kiosk yokuvimba imisebenzi ezindaweni ezilawulwayo kanye neWebKit, okuthi, nakuba ingaphandle, yahlala ndawonye ngezigaba nge-KHTML. Iningi lale ndwangu yahlanganiswa nePlasma ngemiphumela yomdabu efana neyaseCompiz ngaleso sikhathi.

Mayelana nokukhishwa, iphrojekthi yaziwa ngokunamathela kumashejuli, ngokubambezeleka okungajwayelekile nokufaneleka (okufana no-3.1 ngezizathu zokuphepha). Amagatsha amakhulu ahlanganyela kanambambili kanye nokuhambisana kwekhodi yomthombo, okunciphisa ukuhlanganiswa kabusha ngaphandle kokweqa okubalulekile. Ngemva kokukhululwa okukhulu ngakunye, igatsha elizinzile liyagcinwa kuyilapho igatsha eliyinhloko lipheka ukuphindaphinda okulandelayo., nezincane ezigxile ekulungiseni okukhulayo nasekuthuthukisweni.

Umphakathi we-KDE usebenza ngaphandle kobuholi obuphakathi nendawo: izinqumo zenziwa ohlwini lwamakheli ngabathuthukisi abayinhloko, futhi ukumelwa kwezomthetho nezezimali kuncike ku-KDE eV. Ukubambisana kubanzi, ngamakhulu amavolontiya ekubhaleni amakhodi, ukuhumusha kanye nobuciko., futhi uvule iziteshi zokubika iziphazamisi nokucela izici Kusistimu Yokulandelela Iziphazamisi.

Eminyakeni edlule, kuye kwaba nokugxeka: Isimo selayisense sakudala se-Qt (manje esixazululwa nge-GPL/LGPL) noma umbono wokufana neWindows ngenxa yezinqumo zokusebenziseka. Iqiniso liwukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokwenza ngokwezifiso kanye nemiphumela ye-Plasma/KWin ikuvumela ukuthi wakhe okuhlangenwe nakho okuhluke kakhulu., futhi amatimu nezitayela ziye zavela enkathini ngayinye ukuze zifanele abasebenzisi.

Ngokubambisana kwangaphandle, kube nezinhlelo ne-Wikimedia zokuveza okuqukethwe ngamasevisi ewebhu, futhi abahleli abambalwa be-KDE nabadlali bahlanganise izici ezixhunywe kwi-Wikipedia. Lolo bizo lokuhlanganisa futhi ungaphili ngokuhlukaniswa nayo yonke ideskithophu kanye newebhu ichaza ukuhambisana okuhle namaphothali, izingosi zeFlatpak kanye nokushintshela ku-Wayland.

Uma kukhulunywa ngokuthi ungayithola kuphi i-Plasma efakwe ngaphambili, uhlu lude futhi luyahlukahluka. Iwebhusayithi ye-KDE ibala izinketho ezidumile futhi incoma ukuthi uhlole amakhasi ephrojekthi ngayinye ukuze unqume. Phakathi kwaziwa kakhulu iFedora KDE, Kubuntu, openSUSE (Leap and Tumbleweed) ne-KDE neon., futhi kunezinye eziningi ezilungiselelwe ukunambitheka nezidingo ezithile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobonhlobo zokusabalalisa kwe-Linux ne-BSD okunikeza i-KDE Plasma ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ngokuhlukahluka okusemthethweni. Ezinye izibonelo zomlando nezamanje zifaka i-ArtistX, i-Aurox, i-BackTrack (ene-KDE 3.5), i-Chakra, i-Debian GNU/Linux (okuhlukile kwe-KDE), i-DesktopBSD, i-Edubuntu KDE, i-Fedora-KDE, i-Freespire ne-KaOS, phakathi kwezinye eziningi ezivezwe ohlwini lomphakathi.

I-payroll iyaqhubeka Kanotix, KDE neon, Kubuntu, Kurumin, Linspire, Mandriva, Manjaro, MEPIS, openSUSE, Pardus, PC-BSD, PCLinuxOS, Q4OS kanye neSabayon Linux, ngayinye inenhlanganisela yayo yesisekelo, isivinini sokubuyekeza, nefilosofi yokupakisha.

Baqedela i-panorama I-Aptosid (phambilini eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Sidux, ku-Debian Unstable), i-SLAX, i-SUSE Linux, i-VectorLinux, ne-XandrosUkuziphatha kwendaba ukuthi ukuzizwisa kwe-Plasma kungajatshulelwa cishe nganoma yisiphi isivinini nemodeli yesistimu: ezinzile, eqengqelekayo, exubile, engaguquleki, enamaphakheji akudala, noma egxile kuziqukathi namafomethi wendawo yonke.

Inothi lokugcina eliwusizo kunoma ngubani ocabanga ukweqela ku-KDE Linux lapho selivuthwa: Umoya awukona ukuncintisana nalawa ma-distros, kodwa usebenze njengereferensi. ukuthi ungayakha kanjani ideskithophu yesimanje, evikelekile, ekhiqizwa kabusha ye-KDE enesisekelo sobuchwepheshe abanye abangasisebenzisa noma bazijwayeze. Labo abakhetha i-Kubuntu, i-Fedora, i-openSUSE, noma i-Manjaro basazoba nezindlela ezinhle kakhulu nezinakekelwe kahle.

Uma ubheka isithombe esikhulu, i-KDE Linux ipenda isithombe esinezifiso kodwa esisebenzayo: isistimu engaguquleki enezibuyekezo ze-athomu, i-Wayland ngokuzenzakalelayo, izinhlelo zokusebenza ku-Flatpak/Snap, nezindlela ezicacile zesofthiwe ekhethekile; imithetho ecacile ye-NVIDIA kuzo zonke izizukulwane; kanye nolwazi oludizayinelwe kokubili abasebenzisi bokugcina nabathuthukisi abadinga isivinini kanye ne-determinism. Uma ungeza kulokho ukuvuthwa kwe-ecosystem ye-KDE, umlando wayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungaguquki kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ze-distros nge-Plasma.Isithombe esisele singesedeskithophu engagcini nje ngokujwayela iphrofayili ngayinye, kodwa futhi ihlose ukuhola indlela uhlelo lwesimanje okufanele lwakhiwe ngayo nxazonke.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukusabalalisa kwe-Linux okungcono kakhulu ukuvikela ukuphepha kwakho nobumfihlo