- I-KDE Linux inikeza isisekelo esingenakuguquleka esinezibuyekezo ze-athomu, i-Wayland, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Flatpak/Snap.
- Ngokungafani ne-KDE Neon, akuwona nje amaphakheji akamuva, kodwa ibhentshimakhi yobuchwepheshe enokukhiqizwa kabusha neziqukathi.
- I-GNOME OS ihamba ngendlela efanayo ne-carbonOS, systemd-homed, ne-systemd-sysupdate njengezingcezu ezibalulekile.
- I-ecosystem ye-KDE inikezela ngePlasma nezinhlaka ezivuthiwe kuwo wonke ama-distros amaningi, kuzo zonke izigaba namaphrofayili.
Umqondo wohlelo lomphakathi lwe-KDE "oluzinikele" ubulokhu usakazeka isikhathi esithile, futhi yize ungakabonakali njengokukhululwa okuzinzile , lo mqondo usungene engxoxweni yomphakathi. I-KDE Linux ihlose ukuba ukusatshalaliswa kwenhloso ejwayelekile okunobunikazi obucacile kanye ne-Plasma ecosystem njengokugxila kwayo okuyinhloko—isinyathelo esingahlosile ukuthatha indawo yezinhlelo ezikhona kodwa kunalokho ukuphakamisa izinga ngokwezincazelo zobuchwepheshe kanye nesipiliyoni somsebenzisi kulabo abakhetha i-KDE.
Ezinyangeni zamuva nje, kuvele imininingwane eminingana ebalulekile: ipulatifomu yokwakha esekelwe ku-Arch, uhlelo olungaguquki olunezibuyekezo ze-athomu, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlanganisiwe, kanye nokusekelwa okuqinile kwe-Flatpak (kanye ne-Snap), konke kuqediwe nge-Wayland ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nokugxila ekuphindaphindweni kokwakha. Uma unesifiso sokuqonda kahle ukuthi i-KDE Linux inikeza ini, ukuthi ihluke kanjani ku-KDE neon, nokuthi umzamo ofanayo we-GNOME OS ungena kanjani ku- , nansi umhlahlandlela ophelele oqoqa futhi uhlele kabusha lonke ulwazi olutholakalayo.
Iyini i-KDE Linux futhi kungani ichazwa njengenhloso evamile?
Umphakathi uyichaza njengokusetshenziswa kokubhekisela: I-KDE Linux ibhekwa njengohlelo lokusebenza olufanele lokuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Plasma ne-KDE ngokuthembeka okuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu nje kwe-Arch derivative, uhlelo olungaguquki olusebenzisa amaphakheji e-Arch njengezinto zalo zokusetshenziswa , kangangokuthi alufaki ngisho nomphathi wephakheji wendabuko walowo mshini wokusabalalisa; akuyona uhlelo olujwayelekile "olusekelwe ku-Arch", kodwa kunalokho isisekelo salo sesistimu esinendlela ehlukile.
Le ndlela ihumushela ezithombeni zesistimu ezingabuyekezwa nge-athomu, ngezinguqulo eziningi ezigciniwe (kufika kwezinhlanu) ukuze kube lula ukuhlehlisa uma kukhona okungahambi kahle. Nge-Btrfs kanye nama-snapshots njengenethi yokuphepha, kanye ne-Wayland enikwe amandla ngokuzenzakalelayo , umgomo ukunciphisa ingozi yezinguquko zesistimu nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isibuyekezo ngasinye siyabikezelwa, siyashesha, futhi siyabuyiselwa.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwesisekelo sesistimu nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zilethwa ngokuyinhloko nge-Flatpak kanye ne-Snap, okugcina ungqimba olungaguquki lungashintshi. Ngezidingo ezithuthukisiwe, i-KDE Linux inikeza izinketho eziningana : ukusebenzisa i-Distrobox noma i-Toolbox (efakwe ngaphambilini) ukuletha amaphakheji akudala ezitsheni, ukusebenzisa i-Homebrew ngaphakathi kwesikhombisi sasekhaya, ukuhlanganisa ngqo kusuka esisekelweni kusetshenziswa i-systemd-sysext, noma ukusebenzisa i-AppImage. Zonke lezi zindlela zisiza ukumboza isofthiwe ekhethekile engatholakali ku-Discover.
Ukusekelwa kwehluzo kuklanyelwe ukuba kucace futhi kuzwakale ngokomthetho. Kuma-GPU e-NVIDIA anamuhla (i-Turing/GTX 1630 nangaphezulu), amamojula avulekile kanye nendawo yomsebenzisi ehambisanayo kufakwe kusengaphambili , okuqinisekisa ulwazi olubushelelezi. Kodwa-ke, amamodeli e-pre-Turing adinga amamojula azimele angenakufakwa ngokushesha ngenxa yokungaguquki kwesisekelo, futhi ukuwasabalalisa kabusha kufakwe kusengaphambili kuwela endaweni engwevu esemthethweni; ngakho-ke, awafakiwe. Kulezi zimo, i-Nouveau ingasebenza njengenye indlela engasebenzi kahle, yize ukusebenza kwayo okwamanje kudinga izinyathelo ezenziwa ngesandla kanye nobuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe.
Ukwakhiwa kuncike ku-systemd ekusebenzeni okuningi kwesistimu. Izibuyekezo zisekelwe esithombeni futhi zi-athomu, futhi i-KDE Linux igcina amakhophi amaningi uma kwenzeka izinguquko zidinga ukuhlehliswa . Isekela kuphela amaseshini e-Wayland, avumelanisa izingxenye zedeskithophu ze-Linux zanamuhla (i-PipeWire, ama-portal e-Flatpak, njll.) ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana okuphelele.
Ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi wokugcina, kunomgomo ocacile wabathuthukisi be-KDE: ukufinyeza imijikelezo yokuthuthukiswa, ukunciphisa izindleko zokuthembela ekwakheni, nokwenza ukuhlolwa kube okuqinisekile kakhulu . Ukuhlanganisa phezu kwesithombe esiyisisekelo ngezandiso ze-systemd noma ukubuyela kunoma yiziphi izithombe zakamuva ezigciniwe kwenza kube lula "ukuphuka nokulungisa" okukhona ekuthuthukisweni. Lokhu kuthembisa isivinini esikhulu (ukwakha kuphela lokho okuthintayo), ukuphepha okwandisiwe (ukuhlehlisa okulula), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwediski okuncishisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo lapho konke kuhlanganiswa khona kusukela ekuqaleni.
Ekugcineni, i-KDE Linux ihlose ukusetshenziswa yiwo wonke umuntu, kusukela kubathuthukisi kuya kubasebenzisi bokugcina kanye nabathengisi behadiwe, ngenkathi ivuma ukuthi ngeke ibe yiplatifomu ehlanjululwe kakhulu yokusetshenziswa okuqondile kakhulu. Ayincintisani ukuvimbela okunye ukusatshalaliswa nge-KDE, kodwa kunalokho ukuphakamisa izinga eliphansi lekhwalithi lokusabalalisa okusekelwe ku-Plasma , okudala ibhentshimakhi yobuchwepheshe ecacile nephindaphindwayo.
I-KDE Neon, i-GNOME OS, kanye nenkulumo-mpikiswano "yeReference System".
Ukufana ne-KDE neon kusobala kakhulu. Abathuthukisi be-neon abakaze bayibize ngokuthi ukusatshalaliswa: bayichaza njengendawo yokugcina esekwe ku-Ubuntu LTS enezithombe ezibukhoma zokuhlola nokuba nezinguqulo zakamuva zezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Plasma ne-KDE epulatifomu ezinzile. Noma kunjalo, empeleni abantu abaningi bayisebenzisa njengenye nje i-distro, eye yavuselela izingxoxo kanye nokuqhathaniswa selokhu yakhishwa.
Ukubuyekezwa okudala kwe-Neon, lapho yayisekelwe ku-Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial, kusebenza ukubonisa izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwale ndlela. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngemva kokufakwa, indawo yayincane kakhulu: izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbalwa njenge-Firefox, i-VLC, i-Discover, i-Gwenview, i-KWrite, i-Ark, i-Dolphin ( umphathi wefayela ), i-Konsole, i-System Preferences, i-System Monitor, kanye ne-KInfoCenter , kanye ne-Qapt njengendlela yokufaka amaphakheji e-.deb. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-RAM kwaba cishe yi-400 MB ngemuva nje kokuqala i-Plasma, okuphikisana nombono "we-heavy KDE".
Kodwa futhi kwakukhona nezinkinga: isikhathi eside ngifuna ama-partition ngesikhathi sokufakwa, ukuqala kancane kusuka ku-GRUB kuya ku-Plymouth, ezinye ziyaphahlazeka lapho kufakwa abashayeli be-NVIDIA noma kuhlolwa ikhamera nge-VLC, kanye nezinkinga nge-Discover lapho uzama ukuthola i-HPLIP yamaphrinta e-HP (kwakudingeka ukuthi usebenzise i-Synaptic noma umugqa womyalo). Ngisho nokubonakala kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-GTK nge-Breeze ngezinye izikhathi kwakwethusa ngokubonakalayo, futhi ezinye izindawo zahlala zingahunyushwanga.
Ekuhlolweni kokusebenza kokwenziwa, kusetshenziswa amabhentshimakhi ajwayelekile e-Phoronix aleso sikhathi, uhlelo aluzange luphumelele kakhulu kune-Ubuntu Trusty ezivivinyweni ezintathu kwezine , yize ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke lwaluzwakala luphendula. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwembule ngokucacile ukuhweba: izinguqulo zakamuva ze-Plasma nezinhlelo zokusebenza, isisekelo esaziwayo nesizinzile, kodwa ukungqubuzana okuthile kubashayeli nezilungiselelo, okujwayelekile kwesendlalelo esasibeka phambili izici ezintsha ku-KDE stack kune-polish iyonke.
Empeleni, i-KDE Linux iphakamisa into ehlukile: isisekelo esingaguquki, izibuyekezo ngesithombe, kanye nochungechunge lokwakha olulwela ukuphindaphindeka. Ngamanye amazwi, inikeza ireferensi yobuchwepheshe kanye nesipiliyoni, kunokuba nje ithrekhi esheshayo yamaphakheji e-KDE ku-Ubuntu . Lezi imisebenzi ehlukile engahlala ndawonye: i-neon njengendlela esheshayo yabasebenzisi be-Ubuntu abafuna okwakamuva okuvela ku-KDE, kanye ne-KDE Linux njengesibonelo sendlela uhlelo olugxile ku-Plasma okufanele lwakhiwe ngayo kusukela phansi kuya phezulu.
Okwamanje, iphrojekthi ye-GNOME ithuthukisa umbono wayo nge-GNOME OS, eye yavela ekubeni yipulatifomu yokuhlola izici ezintsha yaya ekufiseni ukuba yisisombululo esijwayelekile. Ihlanganyela nokungaguquguquki kwe-KDE Linux njengesimiso esiyinhloko, i-Wayland ne-PipeWire njengobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko, kanye nokuzibophezela okuqinile ku-Flatpak yezinhlelo zokusebenza . Lapho ihluke khona namuhla kusesisekelweni sayo: ayisekelwe ekusakazweni okwaziwayo kodwa ku-carbonOS, eyakhiwe ngu-Adrian Vovk ngokwakhe, manje iqondiswe kabusha kulo mgomo.
Ku-GNOME OS, izinqumo ezifana nohlobo lomjikelezo wokukhishwa (ukugoqa, i-LTS, noma i-hybrid) zisaxoxwa. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezifana ne-systemd-homed kanye ne-systemd-sysupdate, ezakhiwe yi-Vovk ngokwayo, kusobala. Umbuzo ongakhululekile yilowo olenga phezu kwe-KDE: uma i-Fedora (noma i-KDE neon) ikhona, ingabe uhlelo lwedeskithophu "olusemthethweni" luyadingeka? Impendulo ewusizo ukuthi womabili amaphrojekthi afuna ukusungula ireferensi yobuchwepheshe ye-canonical ye-stack yawo, ngaphandle kokuvimbela noma ukuncintisana ngqo nalabo asebevele bekwenza kahle kakhulu.
Uma sibuyela ku-neon, lokho kubuyekezwa kwakudala kwaphela ngesinqumo esifudumele: kubasebenzisi abathembekile be-Ubuntu abafuna i-Plasma yakamuva, yayikhanga; kulabo abazisa ukuzinza njenge-Chakra, i-openSUSE, noma i-Arch elungiswe kahle, ukushintshana kwakungafanele ngaphandle kokuthola izici ezintsha ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambili . Ukubeka i-neon kumongo kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani i-KDE Linux, uma iphumelela, ingathathi indawo efanayo futhi ingahlala ndawonye njengeminikelo ehambisanayo.
I-KDE Ecosystem: Ubuchwepheshe, i-Plasma-based distros, kanye nokubuka konke kwephrojekthi
I-KDE yakhelwe phezu kwesimiso esisodwa esiyinhloko: ukwenza ngokwezifiso. Cishe konke kungalungiseka, kusukela ku-KWin njengomphathi wewindi kuya ezindleleni ezibonakalayo zamawijethi namamenyu. Inhloso iwukuthi abasebenzisi abasafufusa bathole ukufinyelela okulula ezinkethweni ezivame kakhulu, kuyilapho abasebenzisi abathuthukile bengakwazi ukulungisa izilungiselelo ngesandla ukuze zivumelane nezintandokazi zabo , ngaphandle kokulahla ukusetshenziswa.
Le phrojekthi, eyaqalwa ngo-1996 nguMatthias Ettrich, idlule ezigabeni ezibalulekile. Inguqulo 1.0 yafika ngo-1998 inephaneli, ideskithophu, i-Kfm, kanye nesethi enhle yezinsiza. Ngemva nje kwalokho, ilayisensi ye-Qt yashintsha ukuze ivumelane ne-GPL futhi, kusukela kunguqulo 4.5 kuqhubeke, ne-LGPL, kwasusa noma yikuphi ukungabaza emhlabeni wesofthiwe yamahhala. Nge-KDE 2 (2000) kwafika i-DCOP, i-KIO, i-KParts, kanye ne-KHTML, izisekelo zedeskithophu ehlanganisiwe, exhunywayo enenjini yayo ye-HTML , empeleni eyaphefumulela ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-Apple's WebKit.
I-KDE 3 ilungise uchungechunge ngezinguquko ezimbalwa ze-API kanye nokuthuthukiswa okubonakalayo njengezimpawu ze-Keramik kanye ne-Crystal (kamuva i-Crystal SVG), yasungula umjikelezo wokukhishwa ohlelekile. Nge-KDE 4, ideskithophu yaphinde yavela ne-Plasma njengezinhlaka zayo eziyinhloko kanye nezinhlaka ezintsha ezifana ne-Phonon (multimedia), i-Solid (amadivayisi), kanye ne-Decibel (ukuxhumana), kanye nokusesha okuxhaswe yi-Strigi kanye nedeskithophu ye-semantic ye-NEPOMUK. Ukuhlelwa kabusha okulandelayo kwahlukanisa uhlobo lwe-KDE lomphakathi futhi kwahlanganisa izinsika ezintathu: i-Plasma, Izinhlelo Zokusebenza, kanye nezinhlaka.
Kusukela ngo-2014, i-Plasma 5 yamukele i-QML ne-OpenGL ukuze ithuthukise isikhombimsebenzisi futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle/ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ngetimu ye-Breeze njengophawu lwayo. Ngo-2024, i-Plasma 6 yaphawula ukugxuma okukhulu ku-Qt 6, ngenguqulo 6.0 egxile ekudluliseni ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izici, inguqulo 6.1 ivuselela iphakheji ngezibuyekezo eziningana eziphakathi, kanye nenguqulo 6.2 ethuthuka ngolunye uhlobo lokupholisha ngaphambi kokuvula indlela yezici ezintsha ekukhishweni kwesikhathi esizayo. Ijubane lokukhishwa liyashesha, futhi ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezinkulu, i-API ihlala izinzile, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza kahle kusuka enguqulweni eyodwa encane enkulu kuya kwenye.
Ngasohlangothini lwesisekelo, i-KDE Frameworks ihlanganisa ndawonye imitapo yolwazi engaphezu kuka-80 ngokusekelwe ku-Qt: I-KIO yamafayela endawo, amanethiwekhi, noma amaphrothokholi abonakalayo; I-KParts yezingxenye zokushumeka; I-KJS ye-JavaScript; I-Sonnet yokufunda kabusha; Iqinile yehadiwe; I-ThreadWeaver yokulinganisa okusebenzayo; nokuningi. I-Plasma inikeza izindawo zokusebenza ze-PC neselula, kanti i-KDE Applications (KDE Gear) ifaka izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlanganisiwe zedeskithophu ezingaba ngu-200 , kusukela kubahleli bombhalo nezithombe kuya kuma-suites ehhovisi, ividiyo, umculo, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuphequlula iwebhu.
Ezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile zifanelwe ukukhulunywa ngazo: i-KWin njengomqambi kanye nomphathi wewindi, i-Qt njengomtapo wolwazi we-graphical user interface , i-Phonon ye-multimedia, i-Akonadi ye-PIM, i-Kiosk yokuvimba imisebenzi ezindaweni ezilawulwayo , kanye ne-WebKit, eyayisebenza ne-KHTML, nakuba yayingaphandle, ngezinye izikhathi. Ingxenye enkulu yalolu hlaka yayihlanganiswe ku-Plasma nemiphumela yemvelo efana neye-Compiz ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa, iphrojekthi ibonakala ngokunamathela kumashejuli, ngokubambezeleka okungavamile nokufanelekile (njengenguqulo 3.1 ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphepha). Amagatsha amakhulu abelana ngokuhambisana kwekhodi ye-binary kanye nekhodi yomthombo, okunciphisa ukuhlanganiswa kabusha ngaphandle kokukhishwa okubalulekile. Ngemva kokukhishwa ngakunye okukhulu, igatsha elizinzile liyagcinwa ngenkathi ukuphindaphinda okulandelayo kuthuthukiswa egatsheni eliyinhloko , ngamagatsha amancane agxile ekulungisweni kwamaphutha kanye nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo.
Umphakathi we-KDE usebenza ngaphandle kobuholi obuhlanganisiwe: izinqumo zenziwa ohlwini lokuposa ngabathuthukisi abayinhloko, futhi ukumelwa kwezomthetho kanye nezezimali kuwela ku-KDE eV. Ukubambisana kubanzi, kunamakhulu ezisebenzi zokuzithandela ekubhaleni amakhodi, ekuhumusheni, nasebucikoni , kanye neziteshi ezivulekile zokubika amaphutha nokucela izici kuSistimu Yokulandelela Amaphutha.
Eminyakeni edlule, kube nokugxekwa: isimo selayisense ye-Qt esidala (manje esixazululiwe nge-GPL/LGPL) kanye nokufana okubonwayo ne-Windows ngenxa yokukhetha kokusetshenziswa. Iqiniso liwukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokwenza ngokwezifiso kanye nemiphumela ye-Plasma/KWin kuvumela ukudalwa kokuhlangenwe nakho okuhluke kakhulu , futhi izingqikithi nezitayela ziye zashintsha esikhathini ngasinye ukuze zivumelane nabasebenzisi.
Ngokubambisana kwangaphandle, kube nezinhlelo neWikimedia zokuveza okuqukethwe ngezinsizakalo zewebhu, futhi abahleli nabadlali abaningi be-KDE bahlanganise izici ezixhunywe kwi-Wikipedia. Lokhu kuzibophezela ekuhlanganisweni, kunokuba kuhlukaniswe nedeskithophu kanye newebhu, kuchaza ukuhlanganiswa kwayo okungenamthungo nama-portal, ama-portal e-Flatpak, kanye nokushintshela e-Wayland.
Uma sikhuluma ngokuthi ungayitholaphi i-Plasma efakiwe ngaphambilini, uhlu lude futhi luyahlukahluka. Iwebhusayithi ye-KDE ngokwayo ibala izinketho ezidumile futhi incoma ukuhlola ikhasi lephrojekthi ngayinye ukuze inqume. Phakathi kwaziwa kakhulu yi-Fedora KDE, Kubuntu, openSUSE (Leap and Tumbleweed), kanye ne-KDE neon , futhi kunezinye eziningi ezenzelwe ukunambitheka nezidingo ezithile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobo eziningi zokusatshalaliswa kwe-Linux ne-BSD ezinikeza i-KDE Plasma ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ngezinhlobo ezisemthethweni. Ezinye izibonelo zomlando nezamanje zifaka phakathi i-ArtistX, i-Aurox, i-BackTrack (ene-KDE 3.5), i-Chakra, i-Debian GNU/Linux (i-KDE variant), i-DesktopBSD, i-Edubuntu KDE, i-Fedora-KDE, i-Freespire, kanye ne-KaOS , phakathi kwezinye eziningi ezivezwe ohlwini lomphakathi.
Uhlu luyaqhubeka neKanotix , KDE neon, Kubuntu, Kurumin, Linspire, Mandriva, Manjaro, MEPIS, openSUSE, Pardus, PC-BSD, PCLinuxOS, Q4OS kanye neSabayon Linux , ngayinye inenhlanganisela yayo yesisekelo, ijubane lokuvuselela kanye nefilosofi yokupakisha.
Okuqedela isithombe yi -Aptosid (eyayikade i-Sidux, esekelwe ku-Debian unstable), i-SLAX, i-SUSE Linux, i-Vector Linux, kanye ne-Xandros . Okufanele ukukhumbule ukuthi ulwazi lwe-Plasma lungajatshulelwa cishe kunoma iyiphi imodeli yesistimu kanye nesivinini: okuzinzile, okugoqekayo, okuhlanganisiwe, okungaguquki, ngamaphakheji akudala, noma okugxile ezitsheni kanye namafomethi ajwayelekile.
Inothi lokugcina eliwusizo kulabo abacabanga ukushintshela ku-KDE Linux lapho sebekhulile: umgomo akukhona ukuncintisana nalezo zinsalela, kodwa kunalokho ukusebenza njengereferensi yendlela yokwakha ideskithophu ye-KDE yesimanje, evikelekile, ephindaphindwayo enesisekelo sobuchwepheshe abanye abangasisebenzisa noma basivumelanise. Labo abakhetha i-Kubuntu, i-Fedora, i-openSUSE, noma i-Manjaro basazoba nezinketho ezinhle kakhulu nezinakekelwe kahle ezitholakalayo.
Uma sibheka isithombe sonke, i-KDE Linux idweba isithombe esinombono obanzi kodwa esisebenzayo: uhlelo olungaguquki olunezibuyekezo ze-athomu, i-Wayland ngokuzenzakalelayo, izinhlelo zokusebenza ku-Flatpak/Snap, kanye nezindlela ezicacile zesofthiwe ekhethekile; imithetho ecacile ye-NVIDIA kuzo zonke izizukulwane; kanye nolwazi oluklanyelwe abasebenzisi bokugcina kanye nabathuthukisi abadinga isivinini kanye nokunquma. Engeza kulokho ukuvuthwa kwe-ecosystem ye-KDE, umlando wayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo, kanye nokuhlukahluka kokusabalalisa kusetshenziswa i-Plasma , kanye nesithombe esivelayo sendawo yedeskithophu engagcini nje ngokuzivumelanisa nayo yonke iphrofayela yomsebenzisi kodwa futhi efisa ukuhola indlela yokuthi uhlelo lwesimanje kufanele lwakhiwe kanjani nxazonke.
