Amakhompiyutha amancane amelela isahluko esithakazelisayo emlandweni wekhompyutha. Lawa madivaysi, avele njengebhuloho phakathi kwama- mainframes amakhulu namakhompyutha womuntu esiwaziyo namuhla, adlale indima ebalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi ubuchwepheshe. Kodwa ayini amakhompiyutha amancane futhi kungani umthelela wawo usabalulekile nanamuhla?
Kulo mcimbi, sizongena emhlabeni wamakhompyutha amancane, sihlole imvelaphi yawo, izici zawo kanye nefa alishiye embonini yezobuchwepheshe. Lungela uhambo oluya phansi ngomugqa wenkumbulo ozokusiza uqonde kangcono imanje nekusasa lekhompuyutha.
Ayini amakhompyutha amancane?
Amakhompiyutha amancane, njengoba igama lawo lisho, bekuyikilasi lamakhompyutha awela phakathi kwama-mainframes amakhulu kanye nama-microcomputer akamuva noma amakhompyutha omuntu siqu. Kodwa yini eyayibenza bakhetheke kangaka?
Empeleni, ikhompuyutha encane yayiwuhlelo lwekhompuyutha olunosayizi omaphakathi olwakhelwe ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa kubasebenzisi abaningi. Ngokungafani nama-mainframes, athatha amagumbi wonke, amakhompiyutha amancane angangena ekhabetheni noma ngisho nasedeskini elikhulu. Kodwa-ke, ayenamandla kakhulu kunama-microcomputer okuqala avela kamuva.
Ungacabanga ikhompuyutha elingana nesiqandisi ekwazi ukukhonza ihhovisi lonke noma umnyango wenyuvesi? Hhayi-ke, ayenjalo amakhompiyutha amancane. Banikeza ibhalansi eyingqayizivele yamandla nokufinyeleleka, okubenza badume kakhulu kwezamabhizinisi, ezesayensi, nezemfundo phakathi nawo-1960 kanye nawo-1970.
Le mishini ayicubungulanga idatha kuphela ngesivinini esimangalisayo ngesikhathi sayo, kodwa futhi ivumele ukusebenzisana ngasikhathi sinye ngabasebenzisi abaningi. ?. Amakhompiyutha amancane angashintshwa abe yizinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezahlukene, kusukela ekubalweni kwesayensi okuyinkimbinkimbi kuya ekuphathweni kwempahla yesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kubenze baba amathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu ezinhlanganweni eziningi, okuvula indlela yenguquko ye-IT ezayo.
umlando wamakhompyutha amancane
Umlando wamakhompiyutha amancane uwubufakazi bobuhlakani bomuntu kanye nesifiso esiqhubekayo sokusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe. Ubuwazi ukuthi umsuka wayo usukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960s? Kungaleso sikhathi lapho isidingo samakhompiyutha athengekayo futhi alawulekayo kunama-mainframes sabangela lesi sigaba esisha semishini.
I-Orígenes y dearrollo
Konke kwaqala ngo-1960, lapho i-Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) yethula i-PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor-1), ethathwa abaningi njengekhompyutha encane yokuqala. Intengo ka-$120,000, ibishibhe kakhulu kunama-mainframes angaleso sikhathi, okungabiza izigidi. I-PDP-1 yaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha kukhompyutha, okufakazela ukuthi kwakungenzeka ukudala imishini enamandla ngezindleko ezingabizi kakhulu.
Njengoba iminyaka eyishumi iqhubeka, ezinye izinkampani zajoyina umncintiswano. I-Data General, i-Hewlett-Packard, ne-Prime Computer baqalise amamodeli abo, ngalinye lifaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwale nsimu. Ukuncintisana kwakukhulu, futhi intuthuko yalandelana ngesivinini esikhulu.
Izinyathelo ezibalulekile
Esinye sezigigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wamakhompiyutha amancane kwaba ukwethulwa kwe-PDP-11 yi-DEC ngo-1970. Lo mshini waba yimpumelelo ephawulekayo, uthengisa amayunithi angaphezu kuka-600,000 futhi wabeka izindinganiso ezintsha mayelana namandla nokuhlukahluka. I-PDP-11 ibingenamandla nje kuphela kunabandulelayo, kodwa futhi yethula izinto ezintsha zezakhiwo ezingaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwekhompyutha amashumi eminyaka.
Esinye isikhathi esibalulekile kwaba ukwethulwa kwe-VAX (Virtual Address eXtension) ngu-DEC ngo-1977. I-VAX yathatha amakhono ekhompiyutha encane yawabeka ezingeni elisha, yanikeza isikhala sekheli esingamabhithi angu-32 esivumela izinhlelo ezinkulu kakhulu namasethi edatha ukuthi asingathwe.
Wake wazibuza ukuthi kwakunjani ukuhlela le mishini? Ngokungafani namakhompyutha anamuhla, amakhompyutha amancane ayevame ukudinga abahleli bezinhlelo ukuthi basebenze ngqo ngolimi lokuhlanganisa noma izilimi ezisezingeni eliphezulu eziseduze kakhulu nehadiwe. Lokhu kwenza ukuhlela kube nzima, kodwa futhi kwavumela ukulawula okunembile phezu kwehadiwe.
Inkathi yegolide yamakhompiyutha amancane yahlala kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-1980, lapho ukuvela kwamakhompiyutha amancane nezindawo zokusebenza kwaqala ukucekela phansi ukubusa kwawo. Nokho, ifa layo laphila isikhathi eside ngalé kosuku lwayo, lithonya ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamakhompyutha esiwasebenzisayo namuhla.
Izici eziyinhloko
Amakhompiyutha amancane ahlukaniswa ngochungechunge lwezici eziwenza ahluke ngesikhathi sawo. Lezi zici azichazanga nje indawo yayo emakethe, kodwa futhi zabeka isisekelo sobuchwepheshe obuningi esibuthatha kalula namuhla. Ake sihlole lezi zici ezibalulekile ngokuningiliziwe.
Usayizi namandla
Njengoba igama lawo lisho, amakhompyutha amancane ayemancane kakhulu kunama-mainframe. Nakuba i- mainframe ingagcwalisa igumbi lonke, i-minicomputer evamile yayingena ekhabetheni noma edeskini elikhulu. Kodwa ungavumeli usayizi wawo "omncane" ukukukhohlise: le mishini inamandla amakhulu.
Ngokwamandla, amakhompiyutha amancane athathe indawo emaphakathi phakathi kwama-mainframes kanye nama-microcomputer akamuva. Babekwazi ukusingatha imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi nabasebenzisi abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuthile amakhompiyutha amancane ayengakwazi ukuyenza. Ungacabanga ukuthi kufanele ulinde isikhathi sakho sokusebenzisa ikhompuyutha yasehhovisi? Nokho, amakhompiyutha amancane asuse leso sidingo ezindaweni eziningi.
Ukuqhubekela phambili
Amandla okucubungula amakhompiyutha amancane ayemangalisa ngesikhathi sawo. Isibonelo, i-PDP-11 edumile ye-Digital Equipment Corporation ingakwazi ukusebenzisa imiyalelo efika ku-300,000 ngomzuzwana. Lokho kungase kungezwakali njengokukuningi uma kuqhathaniswa namaphrosesa anamuhla, aphatha izigidigidi zemiyalelo ngomzuzwana, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwumsebenzi omkhulu.
Le mishini isebenzisa ama-processor angu-16- noma angu-32-bit, eyivumela ukuthi iphathe amasethi edatha amakhulu futhi yenze izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunezandulelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhompiyutha amaningi amancane afake ihadiwe ekhethekile yokusebenza kwezibalo, okuwenza abe wusizo ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zesayensi nezobunjiniyela.
Imemori nokugcinwa
Mayelana nenkumbulo nokugcinwa, amakhompiyutha amancanyana nawo athatha indawo emaphakathi. Inkumbulo eyinhloko yale mishini ngokuvamile yayisuka kumakhilobhayithi ambalwa kumamodeli wangaphambili iye kumamegabhayithi amaningana kuzinguqulo ezithuthuke kakhulu. Ingabe lokho kubonakala kukuncane kuwe? Cabanga ukuthi ngalelo nani lenkumbulo, le mishini ingasebenzisa amasistimu wokusebenza aphelele kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Isitoreji ngokuvamile sasisesimweni sama-hard drive noma amateyipu kazibuthe. Amamodeli ekhompiyutha amancane akudala asebenzisa amadrayivu etheyiphu ukuze agcinwe, kodwa asheshe athuthelwe kuma-hard drive njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthukile. Amanye amamodeli akwazi ukuphatha ama-hard drive afinyelela kumakhulu amaningana ama-megabytes, ngaleso sikhathi ayebhekwa njengomthamo omkhulu.
Isici esithakazelisayo samakhompiyutha amaningi amancane kwakuwukukhula kwawo. Abasebenzisi bangangeza inkumbulo eyengeziwe noma amayunithi okugcina njengoba kudingeka, okuvumela le mishini ukuthi ikhule nezidingo zenhlangano. Ingabe akukukhumbuzi kancane ukuthi sithuthukisa kanjani amakhompyutha ethu omuntu siqu namuhla?
Ngamafuphi, izici zamakhompyutha amancane zawabeka endaweni efanelekile phakathi kwamandla nokufinyeleleka kalula. Ayenamandla ngokwanele ukusingatha imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi nabasebenzisi abaningi, kodwa ehlangene futhi engabizi ngokwanele ukuthi izinhlangano eziningi zikwazi ukuyikhokhela. Lezi zimpawu azichazanga nje kuphela isikhathi emlandweni wekhompyutha kodwa futhi zabeka isisekelo sobuchwepheshe obuningi esibusebenzisayo namuhla.
Izakhiwo kanye nezingxenye
Izakhiwo zamakhompiyutha amancane zaziyinkomba yesikhundla sawo esiyingqayizivele emhlabeni wekhompyutha. Bahlanganise izici zozimele abakhulu nezinto ezintsha ezazizofakwa kamuva kumakhompyutha omuntu siqu. Ake sihlukanise izingxenye eziyinhloko ezenze le mishini ethakazelisayo yaphawula.
I-Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Inhliziyo yanoma iyiphi ikhompuyutha encane kwakuyi-CPU yayo. Ngokungafani nama-CPU anamuhla, ahlanganisa izigidi zama-transistors ku-chip eyodwa, ama-CPU ekhompyutha encane ahlanganiswe ama-chips amaningi ahlukene afakwe kumabhodi wesekethe.
Amakhompiyutha amancane adume kakhulu, njengochungechunge lwe-PDP-11 oluvela ku-Digital Equipment Corporation, asebenzise ama-CPU angu-16-bit. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bangakwazi ukuphatha amagama edatha ye-16-bit ngesikhathi, okubavumela ukuthi bacubungule ulwazi ngokushesha kunabanduleli bawo be-8-bit.
Ubuwazi ukuthi amanye amakhompiyutha amancane aphayona ukusetshenziswa kwe-microprogramming? Le nqubo, ebandakanya ukusebenzisa imiyalo ye-CPU esethwe ezingeni eliphansi lesofthiwe, ivumele ukuguquguquka okukhulu futhi yenza kwaba lula ukusebenzisa amasethi eziyalezo ayinkimbinkimbi.
Okokufaka/Okukhiphayo Izinhlelo
Izinhlelo zokufaka/zokukhipha (I/O) zamakhompyutha amancane zazithuthuke kakhulu ngesikhathi sazo. Imishini eminingi yayisebenzisa lokho okwakwaziwa ngokuthi i-programmed I/O , lapho i-CPU yayilawula ngqo ukudluliswa kwedatha phakathi kwememori namadivayisi angaphandle.
Kodwa-ke, amakhompuyutha amancane athuthuke kakhulu athule umqondo we-Direct Memory Access (DMA). I-DMA ivumele amadivaysi e-peripheral ukuthi adlulisele idatha ngokuqondile iye noma isuke enkumbulweni ngaphandle kokuhlala ibandakanya i-CPU, okuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kohlelo lonke.
Amakhompiyutha amancane aphinde aphayona ukusetshenziswa kwamabhasi e-I/O ajwayelekile. Isibonelo, i-DEC's Unibus ivumele uhla olubanzi lwamadivayisi angaphandle ukuthi axhumeke, ukusuka kumatheminali kuya kumadrayivu wetheyiphu kanye nama-hard drive. Ingabe ayikukhumbuzi kancane ngezimbobo ze-USB zanamuhla?
Amasistimu okusebenza athile
Amasistimu wokusebenza we-Minicomputer ayehlukene njengemishini ngokwayo. Umkhiqizi ngamunye wayesebenzisa isistimu yakhe yokusebenza, elungiselelwe ihadiwe ethile yemishini yayo.
Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinomthelela omkhulu kwakuyi-RSX-11, eyakhiwe yi-DEC ngomugqa wayo we-PDP-11. I-RSX-11 yethule imiqondo efana nokwenza izinto eziningi kanye nenkumbulo ebonakalayo, kamuva eyayizoba indinganiso ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zesimanje.
Enye isistimu yokusebenza ephawulekayo kwakuyi-UNIX, eyasungulwa eBell Labs ku-PDP-7 futhi kamuva yathunyelwa ku-PDP-11. I-UNIX yethule imiqondo eminingi ehlala ibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zesimanje, njengesakhiwo sefayela le-hierarchical kanye ne-hardware abstraction.
Wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani imiyalo yomugqa womyalo kumasistimu afana ne-Unix iyimfihlo kangaka? Eminingi yale miyalo, njengokuthi 'ls' yokufaka kuhlu amafayela noma 'cp' ukuze ikopishwe, yafushaniswa ukuze konge isikhala kumemori elinganiselwe yamakhompuyutha amancane.
Ukwakheka kanye nezingxenye zamakhompyutha amancane kwakumele isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwekhompyutha . Bafaka imiqondo kanye nobuchwepheshe esisabusebenzisa nanamuhla, yize besebenzisa izindlela ezithuthuke kakhulu. Kusukela ekusebenzeni imisebenzi eminingi kuya emabhasini ajwayelekile, ifa lamakhompyutha amancane lihlala kuwo wonke amadivayisi ekhompyutha esiwasebenzisayo.
Izicelo kanye nokusetshenziswa
Amakhompiyutha amancane, anebhalansi yawo ehlukile yamandla nokufinyeleleka kwawo, athole izinhlelo zokusebenza emikhakheni eyahlukene. Kusukela kwezamabhizinisi kuya ocwaningweni nasemfundweni yesayensi, le mishini ishiye uphawu olungasuki. Ake sihlole ukuthi zazisetshenziswa kanjani kulezi zimo ezihlukene.
Izimo zebhizinisi
Ezweni lamabhizinisi, amakhompiyutha amancane aguqule indlela izinhlangano eziphatha ngayo imisebenzi yazo yansuku zonke. Wake wazibuza ukuthi i-inventory noma i-accounting yayiphathwa kanjani ngaphambi kwamakhompyutha womuntu siqu? Amakhompiyutha amancane abe yimpendulo yamabhizinisi amaningi.
Le mishini yayisetshenziselwa imisebenzi eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukuphathwa kwempahlaAmakhompiyutha amancane avumele amabhizinisi ukuthi alandelele i-inventory yawo ngesikhathi sangempela, into ngaphambili eyayidinga umsebenzi wezandla omkhulu.
- Ukucubungula iholo: Ukubala amaholo, izintela nezimali ezibanjwayo zamakhulu noma izinkulungwane zabasebenzi kube yimpumelelo kakhulu ngamakhompuyutha amancane.
- ezimaliAmasistimu wokubala asekelwe kukhompyutha encane avumele ukulandelela okunembe kakhudlwana nokushesha kwezimali zenkampani.
- Ukuphatha Ubudlelwano Bekhasimende: Nakuba engeyona eyinkimbinkimbi njengezinhlelo zesimanje ze-CRM, amakhompiyutha amancane avumele amabhizinisi ukuthi anakekele yolwazi amakhasimende futhi uphathe ama-oda ngempumelelo kakhudlwana.
Ungacabanga ukuthi kungaba njani ukuphatha inkampani ngaphandle kwala mathuluzi? Amakhompiyutha amancane awagcini nje ngokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi avumela amabhizinisi ukuthi aphathe imiqulu emikhulu yedatha, okuholela ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi.
Uphenyo lwesayensi
Emkhakheni wocwaningo lwesayensi, amakhompiyutha amancane abe uguquko lwangempela. Banikeze ososayensi amandla ekhompyutha angakaze abonwe ngendlela engabizi kakhulu. Okunye ukusetshenziswa okuphawuleka kakhulu kuhlanganisa:
- Ukuhlaziywa kwedathaAmakhompiyutha amancane angacubungula amasethi amakhulu edatha yokuhlola ngokushesha kakhulu kunezindlela ezenziwa ngesandla.
- Ukulingisa: Ososayensi bangakha amamodeli amasistimu wokubala okuyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali kuya ezimeni zasemkhathini.
- Ukulawula izinsimbi: Amathuluzi amaningi esayensi, njengama-spectrometer noma ama-telescopes, ayelawulwa amakhompuyutha amancane.
- Izithombe zezokwelapha:Ama-CT scan kanye nama-MRIs okuqala acutshungulwa kumakhompiyutha amancane.
Ubuwazi ukuthi izinto eziningi ezitholwe ngokwesayensi ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980 zenziwa zaba nokwenzeka ngamakhompiyutha amancane? Le mishini yayivumela abacwaningi ukuthi babhekane nezinkinga ngaphambili ebeziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu noma ezidla isikhathi ukuzixazulula mathupha.
imfundo
Emkhakheni wezemfundo, amakhompiyutha amancane adlale indima ebalulekile ekwethuleni ikhompuyutha emakilasini nasezilabhorathri zamanyuvesi. Umthelela wayo uzwakale ezindaweni eziningana:
- Ukufundisa izinhlelo: Abafundi abaningi besayensi yekhompyutha bafunde ukuhlela kumakhompiyutha amancane. Izilimi ezifana ne-BASIC ne-FORTRAN zazivamile kule mishini.
- Ukulingisa kwezemfundoAmakhompiyutha amancane akwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukudala ukulingisa okusebenzisanayo ukuze kufundiswe imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi kusayensi nobunjiniyela.
- Ukuphathwa kwezokuphatha: Amanyuvesi asebenzise amakhompuyutha amancane ukuze alawule amarekhodi abafundi, amashejuli, nenye idatha yokuphatha.
- ucwaningo lwezemfundo: Iminyango yasenyuvesi yasebenzisa amakhompuyutha amancane ukwenza ucwaningo emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela kufiziksi kuya kulimi lwezibalo.
Ungacabanga ukuthi kungaba njani ukufunda ukuhlela ngaphandle kokuba nekhompyutha yakho siqu? Kubafundi abaningi bangaleso sikhathi, amakhompuyutha amancane kwaba ulwazi lwabo lokuqala olusebenzayo ngekhompyutha.
Ukuqhathanisa namakhompyutha esimanje
Uma siqhathanisa amakhompyutha amancane namakhompyutha anamuhla, kulula ukumangala ukuthi sesihambe ibanga elingakanani esikhathini esifushane. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi imibono eminingi eyisisekelo eyakha ukubala kwanamuhla inezimpande zayo enkathini yamakhompyutha amancane. Ake sibheke ezinye iziqhathaniso ezibalulekile:
Umehluko wokusebenza
Umehluko osobala kakhulu phakathi kwamakhompiyutha amancane namakhompyutha esimanje usekusebenzeni okumsulwa. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Isivinini sokucubungula: Ikhompiyutha esezingeni eliphezulu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970s ingenza iziyalezo ezingaba yisigidi ngomzuzwana (MIPS). Ngokuqhathanisa, iphrosesa yesimanje yebanga eliphakathi ingafinyelela kalula ku-1 MIP noma ngaphezulu.
- MemoriaAmakhompuyutha amancane ajwayelekile abe phakathi kuka-64 KB no-8 MB wememori eyinhloko. Namuhla, ngisho ne-smartphone eyisisekelo inama-GB ambalwa we-RAM.
- Isitoreji: Amadrayivu aqinile ekhompiyutha amancane akalwe ngamamegabhayithi. Manje, kuvamile ukuba nama-terabytes okugcina kukhompuyutha yomuntu siqu.
Ungacabanga ukusebenza nge-RAM engu-64 KB kuphela? Ukubeka lokhu ngombono, leli khasi lewebhu cishe lithatha isikhala esiningi kunaleso.
Ukuvela kwesixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi
I-interface yomsebenzisi ibe nenguquko emangalisa kakhulu:
- Ukusuka kulayini womyalo kuya ku-GUIAmakhompiyutha amancane ngokuvamile ayesetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi zomugqa womyalo noma amatheminali alula ombhalo. I-graphical user interfaces (GUIs) esiyithatha kalula namuhla kwakuyizinganekwane zesayensi ngezinsuku zamakhompuyutha amancane.
- Amadivayisi wokufaka: Amakhibhodi nezibonisi bekungamadivayisi ayinhloko okokufaka/okukhiphayo kumakhompuyutha amancane. Namuhla, sinezikrini zokuthinta, ukubonwa kwezwi, nezinhlobonhlobo zamadivayisi okufakwayo akhethekile.
- Ukwenza izinto eziningi namawindi: Nakuba amanye amakhompiyutha amancane athuthukile ekwazi ukwenza izinto eziningi, umqondo wokuba namawindi amaningi avulwe ngesikhathi esisodwa wawusaqala. Namuhla, kuyinto esiyenza ngaphandle kokucabanga.
Ukuphatheka nokuxhumana
Mayelana nokuphatheka nokuxhumana, umehluko ugqama nakakhulu:
- Usayizi nesisindoAmakhompiyutha amancane "ayemancane" uma eqhathaniswa nama-mainframes, kodwa asemakhulu ngamazinga anamuhla. Ikhompuyutha encane ingaba nesisindo esingamakhulu amakhilogremu, kanti namuhla siphethe amakhompyutha anamandla kakhulu emaphaketheni ethu.
- Conectividad: Amakhompiyutha amancane avamile esebenza njengamasistimu ehlukanisiwe noma kumanethiwekhi endawo alinganiselwe kakhulu. Namuhla, ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi sekukhona yonke indawo futhi kubalulekile emisebenzini eminingi yekhompyutha.
- Izinsimbi: Ukuxhuma amadivaysi amasha kukhompuyutha encane ngokuvamile kudinge ihadiwe ekhethekile nolwazi lobuchwepheshe. Namuhla, ama-peripherals amaningi "plug and play."
Akujabulisi yini ukucabanga ukuthi siphethe amandla ekhompiyutha amaningi kuma-smartphones ethu ukwedlula zonke izinhlangano ezazinawo emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule?
Naphezu kwalokhu kungafani, izimiso eziningi eziyisisekelo zokubala zesimanje zisuka enkathini yamakhompyutha amancane. Imiqondo efana nokwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa, inkumbulo ebonakalayo, kanye nokuxhumana kwamakhompyutha kwathuthukiswa noma kwathuthukiswa phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Ngezindlela eziningi, amakhompyutha ethu esimanje angumphumela wamashumi eminyaka yokuvela kwemibono yokuqala esetshenziswa kumakhompyutha amancane.
Ayini Amakhompiyutha Amancane: Umthelela Embonini ye-IT
Amakhompiyutha amancane kwakungeyona nje imikhiqizo emisha yobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi abe nomthelela omkhulu endleleni imboni yamakhompiyutha ethuthuke ngayo. Ithonya layo ladlulela ngalé kwenkathi yalo yokuduma, lalolonga indawo yezobuchwepheshe esiyaziyo namuhla. Ake sihlole ezinye zezindlela amakhompiyutha amancane enza ngawo uphawu embonini.
emisha yezobuchwepheshe
Amakhompiyutha amancane ayeyisizinda esivundile sokusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe. Izici eziningi esizithatha kalula kumakhompuyutha esimanje zavela noma zapheleliswa enkathini yamakhompyutha amancane:
- Amasistimu wokusebenza wemisebenzi eminingi:Nakuba ozimele abayinhloko sebevele benamandla okwenza izinto eziningi, amakhompyutha amancane alethe lobu buchwepheshe kubabukeli abaningi. Amasistimu okusebenza afana ne-DEC's RSX-11 abeke isisekelo sezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje.
- Imemori ebonakalayo:Le nqubo, evumela ikhompuyutha ukuthi isebenzise isikhala sediski eliqinile njengesandiso se-RAM, yapheleliswa ezinhlelweni ezifana ne-DEC's VAX.
- Amanethiwekhi ekhompyuthaAmakhompiyutha amancane aphayona ukuqaliswa kwamanethiwekhi endawo, abeka isisekelo samanethiwekhi esimanje kanye ne-inthanethi.
- imininingwane yolwazi: Nakuba engasungulwanga kumakhompuyutha amancane, amasistimu afana ne-Oracle athole ikhaya lawo lokuqala kule mishini, eqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi lwesimanje.
Wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani sisebenzisa uphawu luka-'@' kumakheli e-imeyili? Yakhethwa nguRay Tomlinson ngenkathi esebenzisa uhlelo lwe-imeyili lokuqala lwenethiwekhi… kukhompyutha encane!
izinguquko zemakethe
Ama-Minicomputers nawo abe nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni kwemakethe yamakhompiyutha:
- IDemocratization yekhompyuthaAmakhompiyutha amancane enza amandla ekhompuyutha afinyeleleke ezinhlanganweni ezincane, akhulisa kakhulu imakethe yekhompyutha.
- Amamodeli amasha amabhizinisiIzinkampani ezifana ne-DEC, Data General, kanye ne-Wang Laboratories zikhule ngokushesha emakethe yamakhompiyutha amancane, zabekela inselele ukubusa kwe-IBM embonini.
- Isoftware njengomkhiqizoNgokusabalala kwamakhompiyutha amancane, isoftware yaqala ukubhekwa njengomkhiqizo ohlukile kunehadiwe, okwaholela embonini yesoftware njengoba siyazi namuhla.
- Izinsiza ze-ITIsidingo sokunakekela nokuhlela amakhompiyutha amancane sidale imboni yezinsiza zamakhompiyutha ekhulayo.
Ubuwazi ukuthi eziningi zezinkampani ezinkulu zanamuhla zobuchwepheshe zinezimpande zazo enkathini yamakhompiyutha amancane? Isibonelo, i-EMC Corporation, manje eyingxenye ye-Dell Technologies, yaqala ngokuthengisa inkumbulo ehambisanayo yamakhompiyutha amancane.
Umthelela wamakhompyutha amancane embonini yamakhompiyutha wawuguqula ngempela. Le mishini ayihambisanga nje kuphela intuthuko ebalulekile yezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi yashintsha ngokuyisisekelo isakhiwo semakethe futhi yabeka isisekelo soguquko lomuntu siqu lwekhompiyutha olwaluzokwenzeka. Ngezindlela eziningi, imboni yezobuchwepheshe njengoba siyazi namuhla ibingeke ibe khona ngaphandle kwenkathi yamakhompiyutha amancane.
Ifa kanye nomthelela
Ifa lamakhompiyutha amancane lidlulela ngalé kosuku lwawo lokuphumelela. Nakuba le mishini ingasasetshenziswa ekusebenzeni, ithonya layo lisabonakala ezicini eziningi zekhompyutha yesimanje. Ake sibheke ezinye zezindlela umoya wamakhompiyutha amancane ophila ngazo kubuchwepheshe banamuhla.
Iminikelo ekuthuthukisweni kwama-PC
Amakhompiyutha amancane adlale indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhompyutha omuntu siqu:
- Isakhiwo sesistimu: Imiqondo eminingi yokuklama isistimu eyenzelwe amakhompiyutha amancane yadluliselwa ngqo kuma-PC asekuqaleni.
- Izinhlelo zokusebenza: Amasistimu wokusebenza we-PC, njenge-MS-DOS nezinguqulo zangaphambili ze-Windows, agqugquzelwe amasistimu wokusebenza wekhompyutha encane.
- Izilimi ezifakwayoIzilimi zamakhompiyutha amancane ezidumile, njenge-BASIC, zaba yizindinganiso kuma-PC okuqala.
Ubuwazi ukuthi i-BASIC edumile ye-Microsoft, eyasiza ukwethula umsebenzi ka-Bill Gates, yakhuthazwa kakhulu yi-BASIC eyenzelwe amakhompuyutha amancane e-DEC?
Ugqozi lwamadivayisi amanje
Nakuba kungase kubonakale kumangaza, izisetshenziswa eziningi zesimanje zifana kakhulu namakhompiyutha amancane kunalokho ongase ucabange:
- AmasevaAmaseva anamuhla, ikakhulukazi ekucushweni kwama-rack, ngezindlela eziningi ayizindlalifa ezingokomoya zamakhompiyutha amancane.
- Izinhlelo ezishumekiwe: Amasistimu amaningi esimanje ashumekiwe kanye namadivayisi e-IoT abelana ngezici namakhompiyutha amancane, njengokugxila kwawo emisebenzini ethile kanye nomklamo owenziwe lula.
- I-Cloud ComputingImodeli yokwabelana ngesikhathi ethandwa amakhompuyutha amancane inokufana okuthakazelisayo nekhompyutha yamafu yesimanje.
Akujabulisi yini ukucabanga ukuthi uma usebenzisa isevisi yefu, ubamba iqhaza ohlotsheni lwesimanje lokwabelana kwesikhathi, njengoba nje abasebenzisi bekhompyutha encane benza emashumini eminyaka edlule?
Ifa lamakhompiyutha amancane lidlulela ngalé kobuchwepheshe. Le mishini yashintsha ngokuyisisekelo indlela esicabanga ngayo ngekhompyutha:
- Ikhompiyutha esatshalalisiweAmakhompiyutha amancanyana athule umbono wokuthi amandla ekhompuyutha angasatshalaliswa kuyo yonke inhlangano, umqondo ohlala umaphakathi kukhompyutha yesimanje.
- Ukusebenzisana komshini womuntu: Okuhlangenwe nakho ngamakhompuyutha amancane kube nomthelela kakhulu endleleni esicabanga ngayo ngokusebenzisana kwabantu namakhompyutha.
- Ukuhlela okuhleliweAmakhompiyutha amancane abe yindawo yokuhlola ebalulekile yamasu okuhlela ahlelekile ahlala esebenza nanamuhla.
Ngezindlela eziningi, amakhompyutha amancane abeyibhuloho phakathi kwenkathi ye-mainframe kanye nenkathi yekhompuyutha yomuntu siqu. Bethula imiqondo nemibono esisayisebenzisa nanamuhla, nakuba ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sisebenzisa ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu, i-smartphone, noma sifinyelela isevisi yefu, ngomqondo othile, sakhela phezu kwesisekelo esibekwe amakhompuyutha amancane.
Ukuqoqa nokugcina
Njengoba amakhompiyutha amancane esephelelwe yisikhathi mayelana nokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo, athole uhlobo olusha lwenani: ukubaluleka komlando. Ukuqoqa nokugcina le mishini sekuyimizamo ebalulekile yokugcina le ngxenye ebalulekile yomlando wekhompyutha uphila. Ake sihlole lo mhlaba othakazelisayo wokuqoqwa kwamakhompiyutha amancane.
Inani elingokomlando
Amakhompiyutha amancane anenani elikhulu lomlando ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa:
- Izigigaba zobuchwepheshe: Amakhompiyutha amaningi amancane amele izigigaba ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.
- Umthelela wamasikoLe mishini ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhompiyutha ezimbonini eziningi nasekuqeqesheni isizukulwane sokuqala sabahleli bezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha.
- Idizayini yezimboniAmakhompiyutha amancanyana ayevame ukuba nemiklamo ehlukile futhi eqanjiwe ebonisa ubuhle bezimboni besikhathi sabo.
Wake wazibuza ukuthi kungaba njani ukusebenzisa ikhompuyutha kusukela ngawo-70? Kwabaningi abaqoqi, lokho kuyindlela ekhangayo.
Ukubuyisela kanye nokugcinwa
Ukubuyisela nokugcina amakhompiyutha amancane akudala kuyinselelo enkulu, kodwa futhi kuwumsebenzi wothando kwabashisekeli abaningi:
- Izingcezu eziyingcosanaUkuthola izingxenye ezishintshayo zemishini eyayekwa ukusebenza emashumini eminyaka adlule kungaba nzima kakhulu.
- Ulwazi olukhethekile:Ukulungisa kabusha amakhompyutha amancane ngokuvamile kudinga ulwazi oluyisipesheli oluya luntuleka kakhulu.
- Ukugcina nokongiwa: Ukugcina le mishini isesimweni sokusebenza kudinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ukuvimbela ukuwohloka.
Abaqoqi abaningi namamnyuziyamu basungule amasu amasha okugcina le mishini isebenza. Isibonelo, abanye basebenzisa ama-emulators ezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zesimanje ukuze bashintshe izingxenye ezingasatholakali.
Ubuwazi ukuthi kunamaqembu abathandanayo ahlangana njalo ukuze abelane ngolwazi mayelana nokubuyisela amakhompyutha amancane? Laba “baduni be-retro hardware” benza umsebenzi obalulekile ukuze balondoloze ifa lethu lobuchwepheshe.
Amanye amamyuziyamu namayunivesithi enza imizamo emikhulu yokulondoloza amakhompyutha amancane. Isibonelo, iMyuziyamu Yomlando Wekhompyutha eMountain View, eCalifornia, ineqoqo elimangalisayo lamakhompyutha amancane avuselelwe futhi asebenzayo.
Ukulondolozwa kwekhompyutha encane akukhona nje ngehadiwe. Kubandakanya nokugcina isoftware, imibhalo kanye nolwazi lokusebenza. Abaqoqi abaningi nabagcini bamarekhodi basebenza kanzima ukuze benze amamanyuwali amadala, amarekhodi kanye namateyipu abe yidijithali ngaphambi kokuthi wonakale.
Ukuqoqa nokugcina ikhompyutha encane akuyona nje into yokuzilibazisa engathandeki. Le misebenzi idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni umlando wethu wezobuchwepheshe, ihlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile yokuthi sifike kanjani lapho esikhona namuhla emhlabeni wekhompyutha.
Ikusasa lekhompuyutha: Ukubuyela ezintweni eziyisisekelo zamakhompiyutha amancane?
Nakuba amakhompyutha amancane njengoba sasiwazi ngawo-1960 nawo-1970s engasekho, imigomo yawo eminingi ithola ukuvuselelwa kwekhompuyutha yesimanje. Eqinisweni, ezinye izitayela zamanje kwezobuchwepheshe zinokufana okumangalisayo nesikhathi samakhompiyutha amancane. Ake sihlole la mathrendi nokuthi angathonya kanjani ikusasa lekhompyutha.
Amathrendi angempela
Amathrendi ambalwa wamanje kukhompyutha akhumbuza inkathi yamakhompiyutha amancane:
- I-Cloud Computing:Njengoba amakhompuyutha amancane avumele abasebenzisi abaningi ukwabelana ngezinsiza zekhompuyutha, ifu livumela izinhlangano ukuthi zifinyelele izinsiza zekhompuyutha ezabiwe emhlabeni wonke.
- I-Edge computingLo mkhuba wokucubungula idatha eduze nalapho kukhiqizwa khona, esikhundleni sezikhungo zedatha ezimaphakathi, usikhumbuza indlela amakhompuyutha amancane alethe amandla ekhompuyutha eduze kwabasebenzisi bokugcina.
- Amasistimu akhethekile:Njengoba amakhompuyutha amancane ayevame ukulungiselelwa imisebenzi ethile, sibona ukuvela kabusha kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezikhethekile zemisebenzi efana nobuhlakani bokwenziwa noma imayini ye-cryptocurrency.
- Ukwenza izinto ngamehloIzindlela zesimanje zokwenza izinto ezibonakalayo, ezivumela amasistimu wokusebenza amaningi ukuthi asebenze emshinini owodwa, anezimpande zawo ezinhlelweni zokwabelana ngesikhathi zenkathi yamakhompiyutha amancane.
Akumangalisi yini ukuthi imibono yesikhathi esidlule iqhubeka nokulolonga ikusasa lobuchwepheshe?
Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo engenzeka
Uma sibheka ikusasa, singaqagela ukuthi imigomo yamakhompiyutha amancane ingaqhubeka kanjani nokuba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe:
- i-quantum computing:Nakuba ehluke kakhulu ekusebenzeni, izinhlelo zekhompuyutha zesikhathi esizayo zingathatha indawo efana neyamakhompuyutha amancane, ahlinzeke ngamakhono ekhompuyutha akhethekile, asebenza kahle kakhulu ezinhlanganweni ezingakwazi ukukhokhela amasistimu azo.
- Amasistimu we-NeuromorphicAma-chips ekhompuyutha aphefumulelwe ubuchopho angaholela esizukulwaneni esisha samasistimu akhethekile, afana nendlela amakhompiyutha amancane alungiselelwa ngayo imisebenzi ethile.
- Computing yonke indawo:Njengoba ukusebenzisa ikhompuyutha kuya ngokuya kuhlanganiswe endaweni yethu, singabona ukubuyela kumasistimu agxile kakhulu emsebenzini, okusikhumbuza amakhompuyutha amancane.
- Ama-paradigms wokuhlela amasha:Njengoba nje amakhompyutha amancane akhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwezilimi ezintsha zokuhlela namasu, amasistimu ekhompuyutha azayo angase adinge izindlela ezintsha ngokuphelele zokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe.
Ungacabanga ukuhlela ikhompuyutha ye-quantum noma i-neuromorphic chip? Abahleli bezinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo bangase babhekane nezinselele ezinjengalezo abasunguli benkathi yamakhompiyutha amancane.
Ngezindlela eziningi, ikusasa le-computing lingabonakala njengokubuyela ezimisweni zamakhompiyutha amancane, kodwa ngesilinganiso kanye nobunzima amaphayona angaleso sikhathi ayengenakukucabanga. Umlando wobuchwepheshe uvamise ukuhamba ngemijikelezo, futhi izifundo ezifundwe esikhathini sekhompiyutha encane zihlala zibalulekile njengoba singena endaweni entsha yezobuchwepheshe.
Isiphetho sokuthi ayini amakhompyutha amancane
Amakhompiyutha amancane, naphezu kokuthi anyamalala kudala ezindaweni zokukhiqiza, ashiye uphawu olungacimeki emhlabeni wekhompyutha. Kusukela endimeni yabo yokuphayona ekwenzeni intando yeningi amandla ekhompuyutha kuya ethonyeni layo ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zesimanje, le mishini ibingaphezu nje kwesinyathelo esimaphakathi phakathi kwama-mainframes namakhompyutha omuntu.
Ake sibuyekeze amaphuzu abalulekile esiwahlolile mayelana nokuthi ayini amakhompyutha amancane:
- Amakhompiyutha amancane amele ukweqa kwe-quantum ekufinyeleleni kwamandla ekhompiyutha, okuletha ikhompuyutha ezimbonini nasezinhlanganweni ezintsha.
- Ayeyisizinda sokuzalanisa izinto ezintsha, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, izilimi zokuhlela, kanye nezakhiwo zamakhompyutha eziqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ezobuchwepheshe namuhla.
- Bashintshe ngokuyisisekelo ukwakheka kwemakethe ye-IT, okwabangela izinkampani ezintsha namamodeli ebhizinisi.
- Ifa lakhe liyaqhubeka ezicini eziningi zekhompuyutha yesimanje, kusukela kumaseva e-rack kuya kuzimiso zekhompuyutha yamafu.
- Ukulondolozwa kwale mishini kubalulekile ekugcineni ingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wethu wezobuchwepheshe iphila.
- Ngokumangalisayo, izitayela eziningi zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo zekhompuyutha zinenanela yenkathi yamakhompiyutha amancane.
Akumangalisi yini ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obubonakala buphelelwe yisikhathi bungase bubaluleke kangaka?
Amakhompiyutha amancane asikhumbuza ukuthi ukuvela kobuchwepheshe akuyona indlela eqondile, kodwa iwebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yemibono ehlanganayo, ehlukanayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi ihlangana futhi ngezindlela ezingalindelekile. Ngokutadisha le mishini, asigcini nje ngokufunda mayelana nesikhathi esedlule, kodwa futhi sizuza imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nesimanje nekusasa lekhompyutha.
Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho usebenzisa i-smartphone yakho, finyelela isevisi yefu noma umangale ngentuthuko yobuhlakani bokwenziwa, khumbula ukuthi umi phezu kwamahlombe amakhulu... noma kulesi simo, ukujikeleza kwamakhompuyutha amancane avule indlela yenguquko yedijithali esiyijabulelayo namuhla.