Izimpumelelo zikaJohn McCarthy: Ubaba Wobuhlakani Bokwenziwa

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UJohn McCarthy: I-Visionary Behind AI

UJohn McCarthy wayengeyena umfana ojwayelekile, nganoma iyiphi indlela! Ubengomunye walabongqondongqondo abakushiya ungawuvali umlomo. Yazalwa ngo-1927 eBoston, le ngane isivele ikhombise isithembiso kusukela isencane kakhulu. Ungacabanga unesithukuthezi esikoleni uze uqale ukuzifundela i-calculus? Yilokho umngane wethu uJohn akwenza.

Kodwa okwamenza wagqama kakhulu yikhono lakhe lokubona ngale. Nakuba wonke umuntu wayemangele ngamakhompuyutha okuqala, ayemakhulu kunekhabethe futhi engenamandla kunomakhalekhukhwini wakho wamanje, uMcCarthy wayesevele ephupha ngemishini engacabanga njengathi. Yeka umbono!

Indlela yakho ibingelula, huh? Kwakumele abhekane nenqwaba yabantu ababengabaza ababembuka sengathi uyahlanya. "Imishini ecabangayo?" “Woza!” bamtshela. Kodwa yena, ngenkani, waqhubeka nemibono yakhe engasile.

UMcCarthy akazange nje ahlale etiyeleni, cha. Wagoqa imikhono wangena emsebenzini. Wasungula amalebhu e-AI eMIT naseStanford, amanyuvesi amabili aphezulu. Lapho, ezungezwe izingqondo ezihlakaniphile (nakuba engakhaliphile njengeyakhe, kumelwe kushiwo), waqala ukulolonga imibono yakhe yoguquko.

Futhi niyazi ukuthi yini ebanda kunazo zonke? Ukuthi izinto eziningi esizithatha kalula kwezobuchwepheshe namuhla, njengokuqonda ifoni yakho lokho okushoyo noma uchungechunge oluncomayo lwe-Netflix, zinemvelaphi yazo emibonweni yalo mfana. Wayengaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe, niyazi!

Kodwa uMcCarthy wayengeyena nje ungqondongqondo ovalelwe elabhorethri yakhe. Wayekujabulela ukwabelana ngolwazi lwakhe nokuxoxa ngemibono yakhe. Wahlela izingqungquthela, wabhala amaphepha akushiya uphethwe yikhanda ngenxa yendlela ayeyinkimbinkimbi ngayo, futhi wayehlale ezimisele ukwelula isandla kwabasanda kuhlanganyela.

Ngamafuphi, uJohn McCarthy wayefana neGandalf ye-computing: isihlakaniphi esinombono wekusasa owawubonakala njengomlingo kwabanye. Futhi ngenxa yalokho, namuhla singajabulela intuthuko eminingi yezobuchwepheshe eyenza ukuphila kwethu kube lula. Ngakho-ke ngokuzayo uma ucela uSiri ukuthi adlale umculo, khumbula ukubonga ngokwengqondo u-John McCarthy!

Ukuzalwa kwe-LISP: Revolution in Programming

Bamba uqinise, izinto sezizoba mnandi! Sizokhuluma nge-LISP , igugu likaMcCarthy. Ubuza ukuthi iyini i-LISP? Nokho, ayilutho ngaphandle kolimi lwesibili oludala kakhulu lohlelo olusezingeni eliphezulu olusasetshenziswa. Impumelelo enkulu!

I-LISP, okusho ukuthi "UHLU Lokucubungula", bekungelona noma yiluphi ulimi. Kwakufana neRolls Royce yezilimi zokuhlela zesikhathi sayo. UMcCarthy uyidale ngo-1958, ngesikhathi abantu abaningi besazama ukuqonda ukuthi iyini ikhompyutha.

Futhi kungani i-LISP yayikhethekile? Awu, bheka, ngizokuchazela:

1. Ukuvumelana nezimo: I-LISP ibiguquguquka kangangokuthi ungayisebenzisa cishe noma yini. Kwakufana nombese we-Swiss Army wokuhlela.
2. Potencia: Yayisivumela ukuthi senze izinto ezibuhlungu ngezinye izilimi.
3. Innovation: Imiqondo eyethulwe njengokuqoqwa kukadoti okuzenzakalelayo. Yebo, wahlanza owakhe ukungcola!
4. Ukuchazeka: Nge-LISP ungakwazi ukuveza imibono eyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela ekhangayo futhi kafushane.

Kodwa into emangalisa kakhulu nge-LISP kwakunekhono layo lokusebenzisa ikhodi yayo njengokungathi idatha. Ingabe lokhu kuzwakala njengesiShayina kuwe? Ungakhathazeki, bekunzima nakimi ukuyithola ekuqaleni. Ngokuyisisekelo, kusho ukuthi uhlelo lwe-LISP lungaziguqula ngokwalo ngenkathi lusebenza. Kwakungathi lo mbukiso unempilo yawo siqu!

UMcCarthy akazange aneliseke ngokumane enze i-LISP futhi ayishiye kanjalo. Cha, mnumzane. Uchithe iminyaka eyipholisha futhi eyithuthukisa. Futhi wayengeyedwa kulokhu. I-LISP idonse abaningi abahleli bezinhlelo abakhaliphile ababona amandla ayo futhi baqala ukuyihlola.

I-LISP yaba nomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni we-AI. Kungazelelwe, abacwaningi baba nethuluzi elabavumela ukuthi basebenzise ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi kalula. Kwakungathi banikwe amandla amakhulu.

Kodwa qaphela, i-LISP ayizange ihlale emkhakheni wezemfundo kuphela. Ibe nezinhlelo zokusebenza zomhlaba wangempela ezingase zikuphazamise. Isibonelo, bewazi ukuthi isistimu yokulawula indiza yesishutha-mkhathi isebenzisa ikhodi ye-LISP? Kulungile, i-LISP ifinyelele esikhaleni!

Futhi nakuba i-LISP ingadumile namuhla njengezinye izilimi zesimanje, ithonya layo liselikhulu. Izici eziningi esizithatha njengezibalulekile ezilimini zokuhlela zanamuhla zinemvelaphi yazo ku-LISP.

Ngamafuphi, i-LISP yayiyi-magnum opus kaMcCarthy. Ulimi olungagcinanga ngokuguqula izinhlelo ngesikhathi salo, kodwa futhi lwabeka izisekelo zentuthuko eminingi eyayizolandela kamuva. Gcoba izigqoko, John!

Ukwabelana kwesikhathi: Ukwenza kube lula ukufinyelela ikhompuyutha

UJohn McCarthy uyisiphithiphithi! Njengokungathi ukusungula i-LISP akwanele, wabuye waqhamuka nombono wokwabelana ngesikhathi. Yini leyo? Hhayi-ke, bambelela, ngizokutshela.

Cabanga ukuthi siseminyakeni yawo-50s Amakhompyutha ayemakhulu kunegumbi lakho lokuhlala futhi ebiza imali eshisiwe. Amanyuvesi nezinkampani ezinkulu kuphela ezingakwazi ukuba nayo. Futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu oyedwa kuphela owayengayisebenzisa ngesikhathi. Yeka ukumoshwa kwezinsiza!

Kulapho uMcCarthy eza khona nombono wakhe woguquko: Kuthiwani uma singathola abantu abaningi ukuthi basebenzise ikhompuyutha efanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa? Wazalwa kanje umqondo wokwabelana kwesikhathi.

Umbono wawulula njengoba wawuhlakaniphe kakhulu:

1. Hlukanisa isikhathi sokucubungula sekhompiyutha sibe yizingxenyana ezincane.
2. Yabela lezi zingcezu kubasebenzisi abahlukene ngokuzungezisayo.
3. Ukushintsha ngokushesha phakathi kwabasebenzisi kwenza kubonakale sengathi wonke umuntu unekhompyutha yakhe.

Kuzwakala kulula, akunjalo? Nokho, ngiyakuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukusebenzisa akubanga nzima kangako. UMcCarthy nethimba lakhe bekumele banqobe izithiyo eziningi zobuchwepheshe ukuze kwenzeke.

Kodwa umzamo wawufanele. Kwakufana nokuvula iminyango evuleke kakhulu emhlabeni wekhompyutha. Kungazelelwe, abantu abaningi babekwazi ukufinyelela izinsiza zekhompyutha. Kwaba sengathi ukufinyelela kumakhompyutha kwase kwenziwa intando yeningi.

Futhi hhayi lokho kuphela. Ukwabelana ngesikhathi kuphinde kwashintsha indlela abantu abasebenzelana ngayo namakhompyutha. Ngaphambili, bekufanele umnikeze yonke imiyalo ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi ulinde ukuthi aqede. Ngokwabelana kwesikhathi, ungahlanganyela ngesikhathi sangempela. Kwaba sengathi uxoxa nomshini!

Kepha uMcCarthy akaneliswanga nethiyori mayelana nokwabelana kwesikhathi. Cha, mnumzane. Wehlela emsebenzini futhi wahola iphrojekthi yokwabelana ngesikhathi e-MIT. Kwakuwumsebenzi onzima, nobuhlungu bekhanda abaningi, kodwa ekugcineni bawuqedile.

Umthelela wawunonya:

• Kwenze amakhompyutha afinyeleleke kalula.
• Ivumele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ezisebenzisanayo.
• Yabeka isisekelo salokho okwakuzoba amanethiwekhi amakhompiyutha kamuva.

Ingabe lokhu kuzwakala kujwayelekile? Yebo, ukwabelana kwesikhathi ngezinye izindlela kwaba umkhulu we-cloud computing esiyisebenzisa namuhla. UMcCarthy wayesevele ecabanga ngefu ngaphambi kokuba i-inthanethi ibe khona!

Ngamafuphi, kwakungomunye wemibono kaMcCarthy yokuguquguquka eyashintsha inkambo yekhompyutha. Ngenxa yakhe, amakhompiyutha asuka ekubeni izilo ezingafinyeleleki aya kumathuluzi angakwazi ukufinyelelwa abantu abaningi abengeziwe. Kuyafana nakuJohane!

Ukwakhiwa kwegama elithi "Artificial Intelligence"

Bambelela, kunamajika ngaphambili! Ubuwazi ukuthi nguJohn McCarthy owaqamba igama elithi “Artificial Intelligence”? Yebo, njengoba nje uzwile. Lo mfana akagcinanga ngokusungula izinto, kodwa futhi wasinika igama layo yonke into yomshini wokucabanga.

Unyaka kwakungu-1956. UMcCarthy wayehlela ingqungquthela eDartmouth College kanye nezinye izingqondo ezihlakaniphile zangaleso sikhathi. Umgomo kwakuwukuhlola ukuthi imishini ingalingiswa kanjani izici zobuhlakani bomuntu . Futhi singayibiza kanjani le nsimu entsha yokufunda? Kulungile, yilapho umngane wethu uJohn akhanya khona.

"Ukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela". Amagama amabili lapho ehlangene azwakala njengenganekwane yesayensi, akunjalo? Kodwa uMcCarthy wayengabhali iskripthi saseHollywood. Wayesewabonile amandla angempela alo mbono.

Kungani ukhethe leli gama? Nokho, uMcCarthy wachaza kanje:

• "Intelligence" ngoba ngangifuna imishini ikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi esingathi idinga ubuhlakani uma yenziwa ngumuntu.
• "Okwenziwayo" ngoba, kahle, kwadalwa abantu, kwakungeyona into engokwemvelo.

Kodwa qaphela, izinto azigcinanga lapho. UMcCarthy akagcinanga nje ngokuqamba isidalwa, kodwa futhi waqala ukuchaza ukuthi yayiyini i-AI ye-heck. Kuye, i-AI kwakuyisayensi nobunjiniyela bokwenza imishini ehlakaniphile. Lokho kulula futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ingqungquthela yaseDartmouth yaba yinguquko. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, igama elithi “Artificial Intelligence” laqala ukusetshenziswa kakhulu emibuthanweni yezemfundo nesayensi. Akugcinanga lapho, kuphinde kwadonsa amehlo nomphakathi jikelele.

Kodwa uMcCarthy akazange aneliswe ukuvele aqambe leli gama alishiye kanjalo. Cha, mnumzane. Wachitha wonke umsebenzi wakhe esebenza ukuze enze lowo mbono wemishini ehlakaniphile ube ngokoqobo. Futhi umfana waphumelela:

• Wakha amathiyori endlela yokumela ulwazi emishinini.
• Wasebenza ezimisweni zokucabanga ezizenzakalelayo.
• Wahlola ukuthi imishini ingafunda kanjani kokuhlangenwe nakho.

Ingabe konke lokhu kuzwakala kujwayelekile kuwe? Yebo, lezi yizinto esizibona namuhla komakhalekhukhwini bethu, ezimotweni ezizishayelayo, kubasizi ababonakalayo… UMcCarthy wayengaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe!

Kodwa qaphela, uMcCarthy naye wayengumuntu ongokoqobo. Ngangazi ukuthi ukudala ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bezinga lomuntu kwakuwumgomo wesikhathi eside kakhulu. Empeleni bengike ngizincokole ngokuthi uma sifika khona singabe sisakubiza ngobuhlakani bokufakelwa kodwa sizobe sesibiza ubuhlakani.

Kafushane, uma usebenzisa igama elithi “Artificial Intelligence,” usebenzisa amagama aqanjwa uJohn McCarthy eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-60 edlule. Futhi hhayi lokho kuphela, ukhuluma ngomkhakha asize ukuwuchaza nokuthuthukisa. Uhlakaniphe olunjani, John!

Iminikelo yokucabanga okuzenzakalelayo

Bambelela, kunamajika ngaphambili! Uma ubucabanga ukuthi uMcCarthy wenze okwanele nge-LISP nokwabelana kwesikhathi, linda aze akutshele ngamagalelo akhe ekucabangeni okuzenzakalelayo. Lo mfana akakwazanga ukuyeka ukunyakaza!

Ukucabanga ngomshini kufana nokuzama ukufundisa ikhompuyutha ukucabanga okomuntu. Kuzwakala njengenganekwane yesayensi, akunjalo? Hhayi-ke, uMakhathini wayithatha ngokungathi sína. Kuye, bekubalulekile uma sifuna ukwakha imishini ehlakaniphe ngempela.

Futhi wenzeni ngempela? Bheka kahle:

1. I-logic ehlelekileUMcCarthy waba iphayona lokusebenzisa ingqondo yezibalo ukumela ulwazi emishinini. Kwakufana nokwakha ulimi olungaqondwa abantu nemishini.
2. Isifunda: Wakhe le nqubo ukuze asize imishini ifinyelele iziphetho ezinengqondo lapho ulwazi lungekho. Ake ucabange utshela ikhompuyutha ukuthi “Izinyoni ziyandiza” bese uyibuza ngamaphengwini. Isifunda singamsiza aqonde ukuthi amaphengwini ahlukile!
3. Isimo sokubala:Lena bekuyindlela yakhe yokumela izenzo kanye nemiphumela yazo ohlelweni oluphusile. Kwakufana nokudala imodeli yezibalo zomhlaba wangempela umshini ongawuqonda futhi uwenze.

Kodwa uMcCarthy akagcinanga emfundisweni. Cha, mnumzane. Wayefuna ukubona imiphumela engokoqobo. Ngakho waqala ukusebenza futhi wenza izinhlelo ezingaxazulula izinkinga zokucabanga nokuhlela.

Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu kwakuyi "Advice Taker". Umqondo wawuwukwakha uhlelo olungasebenzisa ingqondo ukuxazulula izinkinga. Ungayibona ngeso lengqondo ikhompuyutha enengqondo? Awu, lowo kwakungumbono kaMcCarthy!

“Umthathi Wezeluleko” ukwazile:

• Ukwamukela ulwazi olusha ngolimi lwemvelo.
• Sebenzisa lolo lwazi ukuze ucabange futhi wenze izinqumo.
• Funda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho futhi uthuthuke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Nakuba i-Advice Taker ingakaze isetshenziswe ngokugcwele, imibono yayo yabeka isisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi ze-AI ezazizolandela.

Kodwa qaphela, uMcCarthy akazange asebenze yedwa. Usebenzisane nezinye izingwazi ze-AI ezinjengoMarvin Minsky noClaude Shannon. Ngokubambisana, bakha ithimba lobuchopho ababezimisele ukwenza i-AI ibe ngokoqobo.

Futhi niyazi ukuthi yini ebanda kunazo zonke? Ukuthi imibono eminingi kaMcCarthy mayelana nokucabanga okuzenzakalelayo isasebenza nanamuhla. Ama-Chatbots, abasizi be-virtual, amasistimu wokuncoma… bonke bane-McCarthy encane ku-DNA yabo.

Kodwa kwakungeyona yonke into eyayimnandi. UMcCarthy uphinde wabhekana nezinselelo eziningi:

• Amandla ekhompuyutha alinganiselwe angaleso sikhathi.
• Ubunkimbinkimbi bokumela ulwazi lomuntu ngendlela enengqondo.
• Ukungabaza kwabanye ozakwabo ababekholelwa ukuthi i-AI ayinakwenzeka.

Kodwa umngane wethu uJohn akazange aphele amandla. Waqhubeka nokusebenzela imibono yakhe kwaze kwaba sekupheleni komsebenzi wakhe. Futhi nakuba engazange aphile ukuze abone izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo ze-AI esinazo namuhla, umsebenzi wakhe wabeka isisekelo sayo yonke into eyalandela.

Ngamafuphi, iminikelo kaMcCarthy ekucabangeni ngomshini yayibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-AI. Ngenxa yakhe, namuhla sinemishini ekwazi ukucabanga, ukufunda nokwenza izinqumo. Elinye iphuzu likaJohn omuhle omdala!

Umqondo "wefu" ngaphambi kwesikhathi salo

Bambelela, kunamajika ngaphambili! Uma ubucabanga ukuthi uJohn McCarthy umane nje ungqondongqondo we-AI, lungiselela ukushaywa umoya. Le ndoda iphinde yabikezela ukwenza ikhompuyutha yamafu… emuva ngeminyaka yama-60s! Yebo, uzwe kahle. Lapho abantu abaningi bengenayo ngisho ikhompyutha ekhaya, uMcCarthy wayesevele ecabanga ngendlela yokwabelana ngezinsiza zekhompiyutha kunethiwekhi.

Wawuthola kanjani umbono onjalo? Konke kwaqala ngomsebenzi wakhe wokwabelana ngesikhathi. UMcCarthy waqaphela ukuthi uma singabelana ngesikhathi sokucubungula ikhompyutha, kungani singabelani ngazo zonke izinsizakusebenza zokubala? Isayensi yokubala manje yayisezandleni zakhe.

Ngo-1961, phakathi nenkulumo e-MIT, uMcCarthy wehlisa leli bhomu:

"Ikhompyutha ingase ihlelwe ngolunye usuku njengesisetshenziswa somphakathi, njengoba nje ucingo luyinsizakalo yomphakathi... Obhalisile uzokwazi ukukhokhela kuphela umthamo awusebenzisayo ngempela, kodwa uzokwazi ukufinyelela zonke izilimi zokuhlela kumakhompyutha amakhulu, anamandla nomaphi lapho ekhona."

Ingabe lokhu kuzwakala kujwayelekile? Yebo! Ngokuyisisekelo yincazelo ye-cloud computing esiyisebenzisayo namuhla. UMcCarthy wayechaza izinsizakalo ezifana ne -Amazon Web Services noma i-Google Cloud… eminyakeni engama-50 ngaphambi kokuba zibe khona!

Kodwa wawuhlanganisani ngempela umbono kaMcCarthy?

1. Ukufinyelela jikelele:Noma ubani angafinyelela izinsiza zekhompuyutha noma yikuphi.
2. Khokha ngokusetshenziswa ngakunye: Uzokhokha kuphela lokho okusebenzisa ngempela.
3. Izinsiza ezabiweAmakhompuyutha anamandla angakwazi ukufinyelela kuwo wonke umuntu.
4. Amasevisi adingekayo: Ungafinyelela kumasevisi ahlukene kuye ngezidingo zakho.

Yiqiniso, ngeminyaka yawo-60 lokhu kwakuzwakala njengenganekwane yesayensi. Yayingekho i-inthanethi, amakhompyutha ayemakhulu futhi ebiza, futhi umqondo wokwabelana ngezinsiza emhlabeni wonke wawubonakala uhlanya.

Kodwa uMcCarthy akaneliswanga nje ngokwenza ithiyori. Uzamile ukusebenzisa le mibono e-Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL). Lapho, wakha uhlelo lapho abasebenzisi bengafinyelela khona izinsiza zekhompiyutha kumatheminali akude. Kwakufana nenguqulo yakudala yefu! Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bangaleso sikhathi babunemikhawulo yabo:

• Amanethiwekhi okuxhumana abenensa futhi engazinzile.
• Ukugcina idatha ngezinga elikhulu kwakuyinselele.
• Ukuvikeleka nobumfihlo kwakuyizinto ezikhathaza kakhulu.

Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, imibono kaMcCarthy yaqhubeka nokukhula. Ngawo-90, ngokufika kwe-inthanethi, izinsizakalo zokuqala "zokubala ezisatshalaliswayo" zaqala ukuvela. Futhi ngawo-2000, qhuma! Ifu njengoba silazi namuhla laba ngokoqobo.

Futhi uyazi ukuthi yini into emangalisayo kakhulu? Ukuthi izimiso eziningi uMcCarthy azihlongoze ngawo-60 zihlala ziyisisekelo se-cloud computing namuhla:

• Umqondo "wokusetshenziswa kwekhompyutha"
• Imodeli yokukhokha njengoba uhamba
• Ukufinyelela kuzinsiza ezabiwe ngenethiwekhi

Ngamafuphi, uJohn McCarthy wayengeyena nje iphayona le-AI kodwa futhi wayenombono we-cloud computing. Umqondo wakhe wokwabelana ngezinsizakusebenza zekhompyutha emhlabeni wonke wabeka isisekelo senguquko yezobuchwepheshe esiqhubeka nokuyibona namuhla. Yeka ubuhlakani, John!

Ithonya kumarobhothi nezinhlelo zochwepheshe

Naka lokhu! Uma ubucabanga ukuthi sizohlanganisa konke akwenzile uMcCarthy, bambelela, kuningi okuzayo. Ithonya lakhe liphinde lafinyelela emkhakheni wamarobhothi nezinhlelo zochwepheshe. Kanjani? Awu, qhubeka ufunda futhi ngizokutshela.

Okokuqala, ake sihambe ngamarobhothi. Nakuba uMcCarthy engazange azakhele amarobhothi ngokwakhe (ukuphuthaza ngezikulufu nezintambo kwakungeyona into yakhe), imibono yakhe nge-AI yayiyisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwamarobhothi ahlakaniphile. Njengoba? Bheka kahle:

1. Ukumelwa kolwaziAmasu athuthukiswe nguMcCarthy ukusiza imishini "ukuqonda" umhlaba asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamarobhothi.
2. Ukuhlela okuzenzakalelayo:Umsebenzi wakhe wokuthi imishini ingahlela kanjani isenzo wawubalulekile ukuze amarobhothi akwazi ukunyakaza futhi asebenze ngokuzimele.
3. Ukucabanga kwendawoImibono kaMcCarthy mayelana nendlela yokumela nokubonisana ngendawo yasiza amarobhothi azulazule ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

UMcCarthy wayevame ukuthi, “Ukuze uhlelo lusebenze ngokukhalipha emhlabeni, kufanele lube nokumelela okujwayelekile komhlaba.” Futhi umfana wayeqinisile. Namuhla, amarobhothi athuthuke kakhulu asebenzisa amasu anemvelaphi yawo emibonweni kaMcCarthy.

Manje ake sidlulele kumasistimu ochwepheshe. Bayini? Nokho, izinhlelo zekhompiyutha ezilingisa inqubo yokwenza izinqumo kachwepheshe ongumuntu. Futhi yebo, uMakhathini ube nesandla kulokhu.

Igalelo lakhe ezinhlelweni zochwepheshe laligxile kakhulu, kodwa lalibalulekile kangako:

• I-logic ehlelekile:Umsebenzi wakhe ku-logic yezibalo wabeka isisekelo sezinjini zokukhomba ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zochwepheshe.
• Ukumelwa kolwazi:Imibono yakhe mayelana nendlela yokuhlanganisa ulwazi lomuntu ngendlela enengqondo yayibalulekile ekudaleni izisekelo zolwazi zezinhlelo zochwepheshe.
• Ukucabanga okungeyona i-monotonicUMcCarthy uthuthukise amasu okusingatha izimo lapho ulwazi olusha lungenza iziphetho zangaphambili zingasebenzi, okuthile okubalulekile ezinhlelweni zochwepheshe.

Enye yamaphrojekthi adume kakhulu ethonywe imibono kaMcCarthy kwakuyi-MYCIN, uhlelo lochwepheshe olwakhiwa e-Stanford lokuxilonga izifo ezithathelwanayo. Cabanga nje, ikhompuyutha esebenza njengodokotela ngeminyaka yama-70s!

Kepha qaphela, uMcCarthy naye ubegxeka ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-AI. Wayevame ukuthi:

«I-AI ayikona ukwakha ubuchopho. Kumayelana nokwenza amakhompuyutha abe wusizo kanye nokuqonda izimiso zobuhlakani.

Okungukuthi, kuye, umgomo wawungekona ukuphindaphinda ingqondo yomuntu, kodwa ukudala amathuluzi awusizo asekelwe ezimisweni zobuhlakani.

Futhi ithonya lakhe alizange lihlale lilinganiselwe emkhakheni wezemfundo. Imibono kaMcCarthy mayelana namarobhothi nezinhlelo zochwepheshe yayinezinhlelo ezisebenzayo ezimbonini ezifana nalezi:

• Ukukhiqiza: Amarobhothi emigqeni yokukhiqiza
• Umuthi: Izinhlelo zokuxilonga ezisizwa ngekhompyutha
• Ezezimali: I-algorithmic Trading Systems
• Ukuhlola umkhathi: Amarobhothi azimele ukuze ahlole amanye amaplanethi

Ngamafuphi, nakuba uMcCarthy wayengeyena umsebenzi wokwakha amarobhothi, imibono yakhe yayibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamarobhothi ahlakaniphile nezinhlelo zochwepheshe. Umbono wakhe wemishini ekwazi ukucabanga nokwenza izinqumo wabeka isisekelo sezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ze-AI esizibona namuhla. Elinye iphuzu likaJohn omuhle omdala!

UMcCarthy kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha ku-AI: Ukukhathazeka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi

Bambelela, kunamajika ngaphambili! Uma ubucabanga ukuthi uMcCarthy uyingqondongqondo ematasa kakhulu ngama-algorithms, lungiselela ukushaqeka. Lo mfana uphinde waba ngomunye wabokuqala ukukhathazeka ngezimiso zokuziphatha ku-AI. Yebo, njengoba nje uzwile. Ngenkathi abantu abaningi bemangele mayelana namathuba e-AI, uMcCarthy wayesevele ecabanga ngemithelela yayo yokuziphatha.

Futhi kungani bekukhathaza kangaka? Awu, bheka, uMcCarthy wayengumboni. Wabona ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-AI iguqule umhlaba, kodwa futhi waqaphela ukuthi ngalawo mandla kwafika umthwalo omkhulu. Njengoba eke wathi:

"Inkinga akukhona ukuthi imishini iyacabanga yini, kodwa ukuthi amadoda ayacabanga yini."

Imusho onjani, huh? Kwakuyindlela yakhe yokusho ukuthi akufanele sikhathazeke kakhulu ngokuthi imishini ihlakanipha kakhulu yini, kodwa ngendlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo lobo buhlakani.

Kodwa ake singene ebhizinisini. Kwakuyini ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kukaMcCarthy ngokuziphatha?

1. Ubumfihlo nokuphepha:Wayekhathazekile ngokuthi amasistimu e-AI angase asetshenziswe ukuze ahlasele ubumfihlo babantu noma afaka engozini ukuphepha kwedatha.
2. Ukwenza izinqumo okuzenzakalelayo: Uxwayise ngobungozi bokushiya izinqumo ezibalulekile ngokuphelele ezandleni zemishini, ngaphandle kokuqondisa komuntu.
3. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwezobuchwepheshe:Nakuba ayekholelwa emandleni e-AI okuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza, wayekhathazekile ngomthelela wayo ekuqashweni.
4. Ukuchema nokucwasa: Uvumile ukuthi izinhlelo ze-AI zingaqhubekisela phambili noma zikhulise ukuchema kwabantu uma zingaklanywanga ngokucophelela.
5. Ukulawula komuntu: Ugcizelele ukuthi abantu kumele bahlale belawula amasistimu e-AI.

UMcCarthy akagcinanga nje ngokukhomba izinkinga, uphakamise nezisombululo. Ngokwesibonelo, wakhuthaza:

• Ukuphawula: Ngangikholelwa ukuthi izinhlelo ze-AI kufanele zibe sobala ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuze siqonde ukuthi zithatha kanjani izinqumo.
• Isibopho:Ugcizelele ukuthi kumele kube nezindlela ezicacile zokubophezeleka uma kwenzeka amasistimu e-AI elimaza.
• imfundo: Ukhulume ngokubaluleka kokufundisa umphakathi nge-AI, ukuze ukwazi ukuthatha izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwayo.

Kodwa qaphela, uMcCarthy wayengeyena i-technophobe. Ngokuphambene nalokho. Wayekholelwa ngokuqinile emandleni e-AI okuthuthukisa izimpilo zethu. Njengoba esho ku-interview:

"I-AI ngeke isuse abantu. I-AI izokwenza abantu basebenziseke kakhulu.

Indlela yakhe yokwenza izinto yayinokulinganisela. Bengifuna ukuthi sithuthukise i-AI, kodwa ngendlela enomthwalo wemfanelo nezimiso zokuziphatha.

Futhi akuzange kuhlale emazwini nje. UMcCarthy ungomunye wabokuqala ukuphakamisa ukwakhiwa kwamakomiti okuziphatha azokwengamela ucwaningo lwe-AI. Namuhla, amakomiti anjalo avamile emanyuvesi nasezinkampanini zobuchwepheshe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono yakhe ngezimiso zokuziphatha ku-AI ibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlaka zezimiso zokuziphatha nezilawulayo ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Izimiso ze-AI zokuziphatha ze-EU
• I-OECD Ethical Guidelines for Trustworthy AI
• Izimiso ze-AI ezivela ezinkampanini ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe

Ngamafuphi, uJohn McCarthy wayengeyena nje iphayona lobuchwepheshe le-AI, kodwa futhi iphayona lokuziphatha. Ukukhathazeka kwabo neziphakamiso zabo kwabeka isisekelo sezimpikiswano eziningi zokuziphatha mayelana ne-AI esisaqhubeka nokuba nazo namuhla. Elinye iphuzu likaJohn omuhle omdala!

Ifa lezemfundo: Ukuqeqesha izingqondo ezikhanyayo zekusasa

Naka lokhu! Uma ubucabanga ukuthi sesihlanganise yonke into emayelana noMcCarthy, zibambe ziqine ngoba uqweqwe lwekhekhe luyeza. Lo mfana ubengagculisekile ngokuba ngungqondongqondo, ubezinikele ekuqeqesheni ezinye izihlakaniphi. Woza, wayefana neYoda ye-AI!

UMcCarthy uchithe ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wakhe e-Stanford University, lapho asungula khona i-Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) ngo-1962. Futhi yayiyini i-SAIL? Hhayi-ke, akukho okungaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwesikhungo esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu socwaningo lwe-AI emhlabeni. Kwakufana ne-Hogwarts yobuhlakani bokwenziwa, kodwa ngama-wands omlingo ambalwa namakhompyutha amaningi.

Kodwa yini eyenza uMcCarthy akhetheke kangaka njengothisha? Bheka kahle:

1. Ukucabanga okubucayi:Akazange aneliseke ngokuthi abafundi bakhe babambe amafomula ngekhanda. Wabafundisa ukucabanga ngokujulile nangokusungula izinto.
2. Indlela ewusizo:Nakuba ayengumfundisi wemfundiso-nkolo okhaliphile, wagcizelela ukuthi abafundi bakhe basebenzise imibono yakhe.
3. Umqondo ovulekile:Ukhuthaze abafundi bakhe ukuthi babuze yonke into, ngisho nemibono yabo. Njengoba ayevame ukusho, “Uma ungakwazi ukuphikisana nesikhundla sakho, awuyiqondi inkinga.”
4. Umbono wesikhathi eside: Wafundisa abafundi bakhe ukuthi bacabange ngekusasa le-AI, hhayi nje izicelo zayo ezisheshayo.

Futhi ungacabangi ukuthi izifundo zakhe zaziyisicefe. UMcCarthy ubenedumela lokuba uthisha othanda izinto ngenkani kodwa futhi okhuthazayo. Omunye wabafundi bakhe bangaphambili wake wathi:

"Amakilasi kaMcCarthy ayefana nokugibela i-roller coaster. Ubungazi ukuthi kuzokuyisaphi, kodwa ubulokhu ubona izinto ngendlela entsha ngokuphelele.

Kodwa ifa likaMcCarthy lezemfundo lidlulela ngalé kwamakilasi akhe. Abanye babafundi bakhe nabahlanganyeli baba yizibalo ezibalulekile emhlabeni wesayensi yekhompyutha ne-AI:

• URaj Reddy: Iphayona ekuqapheliseni inkulumo kanye namarobhothi.
• Edward Feigenbaum: Ubaba wezinhlelo zochwepheshe.
• UBarbara Liskov: Owine i-Turing Award ngeqhaza lakhe ezilimini zokuhlela.

Futhi uhlu luqhubeka njalo. Kufana nokuthi uMcCarthy udale uhlobo "lwempumuzo" emhlabeni we-AI. Imibono yakhe nendlela yakhe yokucabanga iye yadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane zabacwaningi.

Kodwa uMcCarthy akazange agcine ngokuqeqesha abafundi eStanford. Futhi wayengummeli oqinile wokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ku-AI. Ihlele izingqungquthela, izinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi kanye nezinhlelo zokushintshana ezihlanganise abacwaningi abavela emhlabeni wonke. Wayefana nenxusa le-AI, esebenzela ukwakha umphakathi womhlaba wonke wezingqondo ezihlakaniphile.

Ezinye zezimpumelelo zakhe mayelana nalokhu zihlanganisa:

• Inhlangano yeNgqungquthela edumile yaseDartmouth ngo-1956, yabheka ukuzalwa okusemthethweni kwe-AI njengomkhakha wokufunda.
• Ukudalwa kweNgqungquthela Ehlangene Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yezobuhlakani Bezokwenziwa (IJCAI), enye yezingqungquthela ezibaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni we-AI.
• Ukusungulwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenzisana namanyuvesi emhlabeni jikelele, kusukela eYurophu kuya e-Asia.

Kodwa ifa likaMcCarthy aligcini ezifundweni. Imibono yakhe ibe nomthelela ohlala njalo embonini yezobuchwepheshe. Izinkampani eziningi ezihamba phambili ze-AI namuhla zasungulwa abantu, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, ababethonywe uMcCarthy.

Isibonelo:

• I-Google: U-Sergey Brin no-Larry Page bafunde e-Stanford futhi bathonywa imibono kaMcCarthy nge-AI kanye nokubuyiswa kolwazi.
• I-LinkedIn: UReid Hoffman, omunye wabasunguli bayo, wafunda i-AI eStanford futhi wathonywa imibono kaMcCarthy.
• I-OpenAI: Abacwaningi abaningi kule nkampani enkulu ye-AI banezimpande zokufunda ezibuyela kuMcCarthy.

UMcCarthy uphinde washiya ifa ngendlela yokushicilelwa kwezemfundo. Izihloko nezincwadi zakhe kusacashunwa kabanzi futhi kufundwe namuhla. Ezinye zazo ezinomthelela omkhulu zihlanganisa:

• Izinhlelo ezinomqondo ojwayelekile» (1959): A isihloko esikhuluma ngokubonisana okuzenzakalelayo.
• "Izimo, Izenzo kanye nemithetho eyimbangela" (1963): Yabeka izisekelo zokumelwa kolwazi ku-AI.
• "Ezinye Izinkinga Zefilosofi Ezisuka Kumbono Wokuhlakanipha Okwenziwayo" (1969): Umsebenzi oyisipesheli okhuluma ngezinkinga zefilosofi ku-AI.

Kodwa mhlawumbe ifa likaMcCarthy elibaluleke kakhulu yindlela agqugquzele ngayo izizukulwane zabacwaningi ukuthi bacabange kakhulu. Njengoba eke wathi:

«I-AI ingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa lapho singashintsha ngempela umhlaba. Akukhona nje ukwenza izinto ngokushesha noma ngempumelelo kakhulu, kumayelana nokudala uhlobo olusha lobuhlakani.

Lo mbono onesibindi nethemba uyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela abacwaningi nosomabhizinisi emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuqashelwa kanye nemiklomelo: Umsebenzi ogcwele ukuhlonishwa

Bambelela, kunamajika ngaphambili! Uma ubucabanga ukuthi sizofaka yonke into kuMcCarthy, lungiselela uqweqwe lwekhekhe. Lo mfana ubengeyena nje ungqondongqondo, ubebuye awine zonke izindondo ezikhona! Hhayi-ke, icala lakhe lesicoco kumele ngabe belilikhulu kunehhovisi lakhe.

Ake siqale ngesikhulu: i-Turing Award. Yini leyo? Hhayi-ke, akekho omunye ngaphandle kwe "Nobel Prize for Computer Science." UMcCarthy wayinqoba ngo-1971, futhi isizathu sasipholile:

"Ngeminikelo yakhe ebalulekile emkhakheni we-Artificial Intelligence"

Woza, empeleni bamnikeze umklomelo wokusungula i-AI. Akunalutho lokho!

Kodwa qaphela, izinto azigcinanga lapho. UMcCarthy wayefana noMessi we-computing, eqoqa imiklomelo sengathi amakhadi okuhweba. Nazi ezinye eziphawuleka kakhulu:

1. Indondo Kazwelonke Yesayensi (1990):Wanikezwa yena nguMongameli wase-United States uqobo. Kwakufana nokuthola i-Oscar, kodwa enguqulweni yesayensi.
2. Umklomelo we-Kyoto (1988):Lo mklomelo waseJapan ufana newele likaNobel Prize, kodwa ngokuthinta iZen.
3. Umklomelo kaBenjamin Franklin kuComputing and Cognitive Science (2003): Yebo, u-Benjamin Franklin ofanayo kusukela ku-$ 100 bill. UMakhathini wayekulelo zinga.
4. I-IJCAI Research Excellence Award (1985): Lokhu kufana ne-MVP ye-AI. Waklonyeliswa ngomsebenzi wakhe wokucwaninga.
5. I-ACM-AAAI Allen Newell Award (1992): Omunye umklomelo omkhulu emhlabeni wekhompyutha. Bekufana nokuwina i-AI Champions League.

Kodwa uMcCarthy akazange aphumule. Ubone yonke imiklomelo ayitholile njengethuba lokuqhubeka nokuthuthuka i-AI. Njengoba eke wathi:

"Imiklomelo mihle, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ukuqhubeka nokusebenza ezinkingeni esingakazixazululi okwamanje."

Akagcinanga nje ngokuthola izindondo, waphinde wahlonishwa kakhulu ezifundweni. Ubeyilungu le:

• I-U.S. National Academy of Sciences
• I-U.S. National Academy of Engineering
• I-American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• I-American Association for Artificial Intelligence (manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-AAAI)

Woza, bekufana nokuba nesihlalo se-VIP kuwo wonke amakilabhu abalulekile esayensi.

Kodwa mhlawumbe okunye ukuqashelwa okuhle kakhulu akuthola kwakuyinto engekho ngisho ngokwenyama. Ngo-1995, i-asteroid yaqanjwa ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe: (6036) McCarthyEvolutionSystemExpert. Ngokwezwi nezwi, igama likaMcCarthy libhalwe ezinkanyezini!

Futhi ungacabangi ukuthi le miklomelo bekungowokuhlobisa ishalofu lakhe. Konke ukuqashelwa engakuthola ngakusebenzisa njengenkundla yokuqhubeka nokuphromotha i-AI. Wanikeza izinkulumo, wabhala izihloko, wakhuthaza izizukulwane ezintsha zabacwaningi. Kwaba sengathi indondo ngayinye imnika amandla engeziwe okuqhubeka.

Omunye wozakwabo wake wathi:

“UJohn ubengayibhekile imiklomelo. Izindondo bezimfuna. Futhi uwasebenzise ukwenza umsindo owengeziwe ngokubaluleka kwe-AI.

Ngamafuphi, umsebenzi kaJohn McCarthy wawugcwele ukuhlonishwa nokuhlonishwa. Kusukela emklomelweni ohlonishwayo weTuring kuya ekubeni ne-asteroid eqanjwe ngaye, uMcCarthy uqoqe iqoqo lezindondo ezimangalisayo. Kepha okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukusebenzise kanjani lokhu kuqashelwa ukuze aqhubeke nokuphusha insimu ye-AI phambili futhi akhuthaze abanye ukuthi balandele ezinyathelweni zakhe. Uhlakaniphe olunjani, John!

John McCarthy

Hawu, uhambo olunjani! Sidlulile empilweni nomsebenzi kaJohn McCarthy, futhi ake ngikutshele, lo mfana ubehlakaniphile ngempela. Kodwa yini eyenza uMcCarthy akhetheke kangaka? Kungani sisakhuluma ngaye emashumini eminyaka ngemva kwamagalelo akhe amakhulu?

Impendulo ilula: UJohn McCarthy wayengeyena nje ungqondongqondo wekhompyutha, wayengumboni wemibono owashintsha indlela esicabanga ngayo ngobuchwepheshe nobuhlakani. Ake sibuyekeze kancane:

1. Ubaba we-AIUMcCarthy akagcinanga nje ngokuqamba igama elithi "Artificial Intelligence" kodwa wabeka izisekelo zethiyori nezisebenzayo zalo mkhakha. Ngaphandle kwayo, cishe besingeke sibe nabasizi ababonakalayo, izimoto ezizishayelayo noma amasistimu wokuncoma esiwasebenzisa namuhla.
2. Intsha ezinhlelweniNgokwakhiwa kwe-, uMcCarthy uguqule indlela esihlela ngayo. I-LISP ibingabalulekile nje kuphela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-AI, kodwa futhi ibe nomthelela izilimi eziningi ezalandela zokuhlela.
3. Umqali we-cloud computing:Imibono yakhe mayelana nokwabelana kwesikhathi kanye nekhompuyutha yezinsiza zomphakathi yabeka isisekelo salokho esikwazi namuhla njengefu. Futhi wacabanga lokhu kuma-60s!
4. Izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nomthwalo wemfaneloUMcCarthy ubengakhathazeki nje kuphela ngentuthuko yobuchwepheshe ye-AI kodwa futhi nemithelela yayo yokuziphatha. Ube ngomunye wabokuqala ukukhuluma ngezindaba ezisemqoka engxoxweni nge-AI namuhla.
5. Umfundisi kanye nomgqugquzeliNgomsebenzi wakhe eStanford kanye nokusebenzisana kwakhe namazwe ngamazwe, uMcCarthy waqeqesha futhi wakhuthaza izizukulwane zabacwaningi be-AI nosomabhizinisi.

Kodwa mhlawumbe okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngoMcCarthy ukuthi imibono yakhe isasebenza kanjani nanamuhla. Izinselelo eziningi namathuba awahlonze emashumini eminyaka edlule ahlala ewumgogodla wocwaningo lwe-AI namuhla.

Njengoba eke wathi:

«I-AI isencane. Esikuzuzile kuze kube manje kuyahlaba umxhwele, kodwa kuseyisiqalo nje.

Futhi wayeqinisile. Ngaso sonke isikhathi uma usebenzisa i-Siri, njalo uma i-Netflix incoma umbukiso, njalo uma imoto ezishayelayo izulazula emigwaqweni, ubona ifa likaJohn McCarthy lisebenza.

Kodwa uMcCarthy akasishiyanga ubuchwepheshe kuphela. Usishiyele indlela yokucabanga, umbono wekusasa lapho imishini ingangeni esikhundleni sabantu, kodwa isisiza ukuba sibe ngcono. Wasishiya nombono wokuthi ukuhlakanipha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi okomuntu noma okokwenziwa, kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokuxazulula izinkinga zomhlaba.

Ngamafuphi, uJohn McCarthy wayengaphezu kukasosayensi wekhompyutha ohlakaniphile. Wayengumuntu ocabangayo, obona imibono, enguthisha futhi eyiphayona. Umsebenzi wakhe awugcinanga ngokushintsha umkhakha we-computing, ushintsha umhlaba esiphila kuwo. Futhi ingxenye engcono kakhulu ukuthi ithonya layo liyaqhubeka likhula.

Ngakho-ke ngokuzayo lapho uhlanganyela nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-AI, khumbula u-John omuhle omdala. Ngoba ngaphandle kwalo, umhlaba wezobuchwepheshe njengoba sazi ukuthi uzobe uhluke kakhulu. Siyabonga, John McCarthy, ngokusisiza ukuthi sidlulele esikhathini esizayo!

Isiphetho

Nkosi yami, yeka uhambo esibe nalo! Sidlulile empilweni nomsebenzi kaJohn McCarthy, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi singavuma ukuthi lo mfana ubengumuntu ohlakaniphile wangempela. Ukusuka ekusunguleni i-AI kuya ekubikezeleni ifu, ukudala izilimi zokuhlela ukuqeqesha izingqondo ezigqame kakhulu, uMcCarthy ukwenze konke.

Kodwa into emangalisa kunazo zonke ukuthi imibono yakhe isasebenza kanjani nanamuhla. Kube sengathi uMcCarthy unebhola le-crystal wabona ikusasa lobuchwepheshe. Futhi hhayi lokho kuphela, kodwa wehla ukuze asebenze ukuze akwenze kube ngokoqobo.

Okungihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngoMcCarthy yindlela ahlanganisa ngayo ingqondo ekhaliphile nombono oqotho nowethembekile. Wayenganelisekile ngokudala izinto ezinhle, kodwa wayehlale ecabanga ngemithelela yezinto aziqambile. Ezweni lobuchwepheshe obuthuthuka ngokushesha, sidinga abantu abaningi abafana noMcCarthy ukuze basikhumbuze ukuthi ngamandla amakhulu kuza umthwalo omkhulu.

Futhi uma indaba kaMcCarthy isifundisa okuthile, kungukuthi ukuqamba okusha akunamingcele. Ngakho ngokuzayo lapho othile ekutshela okuthile okungenakwenzeka, khumbula uJohane. Wachitha ukuphila kwakhe enza okwakungenakwenzeka.

Nokho, ngicabanga ukuthi sonke singafunda okuthile kuJohn McCarthy. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakuwukubekezela, ubuciko, ukuziphatha noma umbono, lo mfana wayenakho konke. Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho ucela okuthile ku-Siri noma usebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-AI, khumbula ukubonga ngokwengqondo u-John McCarthy. Ngoba ngaphandle kwalo, umhlaba wethu wezobuchwepheshe ubuyohluka kakhulu.