I-Central and Peripheral Nervous System: Inethiwekhi Engakholeki Elawula Umzimba Wethu

Informatec Digital » Izinhlelo » I-Central and Peripheral Nervous System: Inethiwekhi Engakholeki Elawula Umzimba Wethu

Umzimba womuntu uwumshini oyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi isimiso sezinzwa siyisikhungo sawo sokulawula. Ihlanganiswe nesistimu yezinzwa ezimaphakathi ne-peripheral (PNS), le nethiwekhi enkulu yamangqamuzana ezinzwa nemicu ilawula yonke into kusukela ekunyakazeni kokuqaphela kuya ezinqubweni zokungazi lutho ezigcina imizimba yethu isebenza kahle. Kulesi sihloko, sizokuthatha ohambweni oluhehayo ngokusebenzisa isimiso sezinzwa, siveze izimfihlo nezimangaliso zalo.

Siyini isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi nese-peripheral?

Isistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi ne-peripheral iyinethiwekhi ebanzi yezicubu zezinzwa ezidlulisa amasignali phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukene zomzimba. Ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko:

1. I-Central Nervous System (CNS): Yakhiwe ubuchopho nomgogodla.
2. I-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Kuhlanganisa zonke izinzwa ezisuka ebuchosheni kanye nomgogodla ziye kuwo wonke umzimba.

Ndawonye, ​​i-CNS kanye ne-PNS zixhumanisa yonke imisebenzi yomzimba, kokubili ngokuzithandela nangokuzithandela.

Izimanga zobuchopho

Ubuchopho buyisitho esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu kanye nesikhungo sokulawula isimiso sezinzwa. Njengoba bunama-neuron angaba yizigidigidi ezingu-86, bunesibopho semisebenzi esezingeni eliphezulu njengokucabanga, inkumbulo, imizwa kanye nolimi.

Ubuchopho buhlukaniswe izifunda eziningana, ngasinye sinemisebenzi ekhethekile:

Isifunda	Umsebenzi
i-lobe yangaphambili	Ukucabanga, ukuhlela, izingxenye zenkulumo, ukunyakaza, imizwa kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga
i-parietal lobe	Ukunyakaza, ukuma, ukuqashelwa, ukubona izinto ezishukumisayo
I-lobe yomsebenzi	Ukucubungula okubonakalayo
I-lobe yesikhashana	Ukubona nokuqashelwa kwezisusa zokuzwa, inkumbulo nenkulumo

Uthi bewazi…?

• Ubuchopho bomuntu bunesisindo esingaba ngu-1,4 kg, okumelela cishe u-2% wesisindo somzimba wonke.
• Ubuchopho budla cishe u-20% wesamba esiphelele somzimba womoya-mpilo kanye namandla, naphezu kobukhulu bawo obuncane.

Intambo yomgogodla: Umgwaqo omkhulu wolwazi lomzimba

Intambo yomgogodla iyinqwaba yezicubu zezinzwa ezisuka ebuchosheni, zidlule emgudwini womgogodla, ziye emhlane ongezansi. Isebenza njengothelawayeka wolwazi, idlulisa imiyalezo phakathi kobuchopho nawo wonke umzimba.

Umgogodla unemisebenzi emithathu eyinhloko:

1. Ukushayela: Idlulisa amasignali ezinzwa phakathi kobuchopho nomzimba.
2. Ukuhlanganiswa: Icubungula ulwazi oluvela emithanjeni ye-peripheral ukuze ikhiqize izimpendulo ezifanele.
3. Uyazama: Ixhumanisa izimpendulo ezithile ezisheshayo nezingathandeki, njengokususa isandla endaweni eshisayo.

I-peripheral nervous system: Ukuxhumanisa i-CNS nomzimba

I-peripheral nervous system (PNS) iyinethiwekhi enkulu yezinzwa ezisuka ku-CNS ziye emisipheni, esikhunjeni nasezithweni zangaphakathi. Ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili:

1. Isistimu yezinzwa ye-somatic: Ilawula ukunyakaza kokuzithandela futhi idlulisele ulwazi lwezinzwa kusuka kuma-receptor angaphandle kuya ku-CNS.
2. Isistimu yezinzwa ye-autonomic: Ilawula imisebenzi ezenzakalelayo futhi equlekile njengokushaya kwenhliziyo, umfutho wegazi nokugaya ukudla. Ihlukaniswe ngamasistimu wezinzwa ezizwelayo kanye ne-parasympathetic.

Izinzwa: Izintambo zomzimba

Izinzwa ziyizinqwaba zemicu yezinzwa ezidlulisa amandla kagesi phakathi kwe-CNS nawo wonke umzimba. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zemizwa:

1. Izinzwa zezinzwa: Athwala ulwazi olusuka kuma-sensory receptors (isibonelo, esikhumbeni, emehlweni, nasezindlebeni) aluyise ku-CNS.
2. Izinzwa zezimoto: Badlulisela amasignali kusuka ku-CNS kuya emisipha, okubangela ukunyakaza.
3. Izinzwa ezixubile: Aqukethe kokubili imicu yezinzwa neyemoto.

Izwe elithakazelisayo lama-neurotransmitters

Ama-Neurotransmitters ayizithunywa zamakhemikhali ezidlulisa amasignali phakathi kwama-neurons. Lapho i-neuron ishukunyiswa, ikhulula ama-neurotransmitters ku-synapse, isikhala esincane phakathi kwama-neurons. Lawa ma-neurotransmitters abe esebopha kuma-receptors ku-neuron eyamukelayo, okujabulisayo noma ukuyivimbela.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zama-neurotransmitters, ngalinye linemisebenzi ethile. Ezinye ezaziwa kakhulu zihlanganisa:

• I-Serotonin: Ilawula imizwa, ukulala kanye nesifiso sokudla. Amazinga aphansi e-serotonin ahlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka.
• Dopamine: Kuhileleke emvuzweni, ekugqugquzeleni nasekunyakazeni. Amazinga aphansi e-dopamine ahlotshaniswa nesifo sika-Parkinson.
• I-Norepinephrine: Idlala indima ekuphenduleni "kwempi noma indiza", enyusa izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo nomfutho wegazi.
• I-GABA (i-gamma-aminobutyric acid): I-neurotransmitter eyinhloko evimbelayo ebuchosheni, isiza ukulawula ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka.

Iyini isistimu kusayensi yekhompyutha? 11 imiqondo ebalulekile

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi nendawo

1. Kwenzekani lapho ingxenye yesimiso sezinzwa ilimele? Ngokuya ngendawo nezinga lomonakalo, imiphumela ingasukela ekubeni ndikindiki okuncane noma ubuthakathaka kuye ekukhubazekeni noma ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza kwengqondo. Isibonelo, ukushaywa unhlangothi okulimaza i-frontal lobe kungathinta i-motor, ulimi, kanye namakhono okwenza izinqumo.
2. Ingabe amangqamuzana ezinzwa alimele angakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha? Ngokwesiko, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ama-neurons awakwazi ukuvuselela. Nokho, ucwaningo lwakamuva lusikisela ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ubuchopho bungakha ama-neuron amasha (inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-neurogenesis) nokuthi ama-neurons alimele angakha ukuxhumana okusha.
3. Yini engingayenza ukuze ngigcine isimiso sami sezinzwa siphilile? Ukuze ulondoloze isimiso sezinzwa esinempilo, cabangela amathiphu alandelayo:

• vivinya umzimba njalo
• Yidla ukudla okunomsoco
• Lala ngokwanele
• Lawula ingcindezi
• Khuthaza ubuchopho bakho ngemisebenzi eyinselele
• Gwema ukuphuza ngokweqile futhi ungabhemi.

4. Ukuguga kusithinta kanjani isimiso sezinzwa? Ngokuguga, ubuchopho kanye nesistimu yezinzwa kwenzeka izinguquko eziningana. Ama-neurons angase ashwabane noma afe, futhi kungase kube nokuncipha kwama-neurotransmitters afana ne-dopamine ne-serotonin. Lezi zinguquko zingaba nomthelela ekwehleni kwenkumbulo, ukusebenzisana, nezinzwa.
5. Ingabe ukucindezeleka kungalimaza isimiso sezinzwa? Ukucindezeleka okungapheli kungaba nemiphumela emibi eminingana ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Kunganciphisa i-neurogenesis, kuthinte i-hippocampus (isikhungo senkumbulo yobuchopho), futhi kuholele ekuvuvukeni. Ukulawula ukucindezeleka okuphumelelayo kubalulekile ekugcineni isimiso sezinzwa esinempilo.
6. Ngabe uhlelo lwezinzwa kanye nohlelo lwe-endocrine lusebenzisana kanjani? Isistimu yezinzwa kanye nesistimu ye-endocrine isebenza eduze. I-hypothalamus, isakhiwo ebuchosheni, isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwalezi zinhlelo ezimbili. Ikhiqiza amahomoni alawula indlala ye-pituitary, yona elawula ezinye izindlala ze-endocrine kuwo wonke umzimba.

Isiphetho sesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi nese-peripheral

Uhlelo lwezinzwa oluphakathi nendawo luyisimangaliso sebhayoloji, inethiwekhi enkulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi elawula yonke imisebenzi yemizimba yethu. Kusukela emicabangweni ephakeme kakhulu ebuchosheni bethu kuya ekuziphenduleleni okuzenzakalelayo komgogodla kanye nomdanso obucayi wama-neurotransmitters, le nethiwekhi emangalisayo isivumela ukuthi sizizwele futhi sihlanganyele nomhlaba ngezindlela ezimangalisayo.

Njengoba isayensi iqhubeka nokudalula izimfihlakalo zesimiso sezinzwa, into eyodwa icacile: ukunakekela lesi simiso esibalulekile ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuphila enempilo kubalulekile enhlalakahleni yethu yonke. Ngakho-ke masigcine ubuchopho bethu busebenza, silawule ingcindezi, silale ngokwanele, futhi sazise ubunkimbinkimbi obumangalisayo obungaphakathi kwethu. Isimiso sethu sezinzwa, ngemva kwakho konke, siyisisekelo sakho konke esiyikho.

Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa mayelana nesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi nese-peripheral, yabelana ngayo nabangani kanye nomndeni wakho! Masisakaze izindaba mayelana nenethiwekhi emangalisayo esenza sibe yilokho esiyikho.