- Ukubethela kwe-Asymmetric: I-cryptography yokhiye osesidlangalaleni esebenzisa ukhiye osesidlangalaleni ukuze ibethelwe kanye nokhiye oyimfihlo ukuze kususwe ukubethela, kuxazululwe ukushintshaniswa okuphephile kokhiye.
- Izinzuzo: Ukufakazela ubuqiniso namasignesha edijithali, ukushintshanisa ukhiye ngaphandle kwesiteshi esivikelekile, ubuqotho bedatha; kubalulekile ku-HTTPS, i-imeyili evikelekile, kanye ne-cryptocurrencies.
- Imikhawulo nekusasa: ihamba kancane futhi enokhiye abade; ukuba sengozini kwamakhompyutha e-quantum kushayela i-post-quantum cryptography kanye nama-algorithms amasha.
Ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kungenye yamatshe ekhona wokuphepha kwedijithali yesimanje. Lobu buchwepheshe buguqule indlela esivikela ngayo ulwazi lwethu ku-inthanethi, buvumela ukuxhumana okuphephile nemisebenzi ethenjwayo emhlabeni oxhumene ngokwandayo. Kuleli phepha, sizodalula izimfihlakalo zokubethela kwe-asymmetric futhi siqonde ukuthi kungani kubaluleke kangaka ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke zedijithali.
Ukubethela okungalingani
Ukubethela okungalingani, okwaziwa nangokuthi i-public-key cryptography, kuyindlela yokubethela esebenzisa okhiye ababili abahlukene kodwa abahlobene ngokwezibalo: ukhiye womphakathi kanye nokhiye oyimfihlo. Lolu hlelo luxazulula enye yezinkinga eziyisisekelo zokubethela kwendabuko: ukushintshana okuphephile kokhiye.
Ekubetheleni kwe-asymmetric, ukhiye osesidlangalaleni ungaba ngokukhululekile, kuyilapho ukhiye oyimfihlo kufanele ugcinwe uyimfihlo. Noma ubani angasebenzisa ukhiye osesidlangalaleni ukuze abethele umlayezo, kodwa umnikazi wokhiye oyimfihlo ohambisanayo kuphela ongawususa ukubethela. Le-asymmetry yiyona eyenza isistimu ibe negama layo nokuthi yini eyenza ibe namandla.
Kodwa isebenza kanjani ngempela? Cabanga ukuthi unesisefo esinokhiye ababili: owokukhiya (ukhiye osesidlangalaleni) nowokuwuvula (ukhiye oyimfihlo). Unganikeza wonke umuntu amakhophi okhiye wokukhiya, ubavumele ukuthi bakushiyele imilayezo evikelekile. Nokho, nguwena kuphela onokhiye wokuvula ibhokisi futhi ufunde leyo miyalezo.
Umlando kanye nokuvela kokubethela kwe-asymmetric
Umlando wokubethela kwe-asymmetric uyajabulisa futhi wakamuva. Nakuba i-cryptography ikhona izinkulungwane zeminyaka, umqondo wokubethela kokhiye womphakathi awuzange uvele kuze kube ngawo-1970.
Konke kwaqala ngo-1976, lapho uWhitfield Diffie noMartin Hellman beshicilela iphepha labo elibalulekile elinesihloko esithi “New Directions in Cryptography.” Lo msebenzi ubeke isisekelo setiyori sokubethela kwe-asymmetric, nakuba ungazange unikeze ukuqaliswa okungokoqobo.
Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ngo-1977, u-Ron Rivest, u-Adi Shamir, no-Leonard Adleman basungula i-algorithm ye-RSA, uhlelo lokuqala lokubethela olusebenzayo nolwamukelwa kabanzi. I-RSA (eqanjwe ngeziqalo zabadali bayo) isalokhu ingenye yama-algorithms asetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla.
Kusukela lapho, lo mkhakha uye waba nokukhula okukhulu. Ama-algorithms amasha athuthukisiwe, njenge-ElGamal kanye ne-elliptic curve cryptography, ngayinye inamandla ayo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.
Ubuwazi ukuthi ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kudlale indima ebalulekile ekuzalweni kwama-cryptocurrencies? I-Bitcoin, i-cryptocurrency yokuqala ehlukaniselwe amazwe, isebenzisa i-cryptography yokhiye womphakathi ukuze ivikele ukuthengiselana futhi iqinisekise ubunikazi bezimali.
Ukubethela kwe-Symmetric: okhiye abangu-10 ababalulekile bokuqonda le ndlela yokuphepha
Izisekelo zezibalo
Ukubhala ngemfihlo kwe-asymmetric kusekelwe ezimisweni zezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi okuthi, nakuba zingase zibonakale zesabisa lapho uqala nje ukubuka, zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi iphephe kangakanani.
I-Public Key Algorithms
Ama-algorithm okhiye womphakathi ayinhliziyo yokubethela okungalingani. Lawa ma-algorithm asekelwe ezinkingeni zezibalo okulula ukuzixazulula ohlangothini olulodwa, kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukuzibuyisela emuva ngaphandle kolwazi olwengeziwe.
Isibonelo, i-algorithm ye-RSA isekelwe ekuhlukaniseni izinombolo ezinkulu eziyinhloko . Ukuphindaphinda izinombolo ezimbili eziyinhloko kulula kakhulu, noma ngabe zinkulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ubheka umkhiqizo wama-prime amabili amakhulu, ukuthola izici zokuqala kunzima kakhulu ngokwezibalo.
Imisebenzi yendlela eyodwa
Imisebenzi yendlela eyodwa ingomunye umqondo obalulekile ekubetheleni kwe-asymmetric. Lena imisebenzi yezibalo okulula ukuyibala iye ohlangothini olulodwa, kodwa cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyihlehlisa.
Isibonelo esivamile umsebenzi wemodulo ku-arithmetic. Uma ngikunikeza izinombolo ezimbili, kulula ukubala okusele kwazo lapho uzihlukanisa. Kodwa uma ngikunikeza kuphela okusele kanye neyodwa yezinombolo, kuba nzima kakhulu ukunquma enye inombolo, ikakhulukazi uma sisebenza ngezinombolo ezinkulu kakhulu.
Lezi zakhiwo zezibalo yizo ezenza ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kuvikeleke kakhulu. Ngisho noma umhlaseli azi ukhiye osesidlangalaleni kanye ne-algorithm esetshenzisiwe, ngaphandle kokhiye oyimfihlo, ukususa ukubethela komlayezo cishe akunakwenzeka ngobuchwepheshe bamanje.
Ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kusebenza kanjani
Ukuqonda ukuthi ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kusebenza kanjani ekusebenzeni kubalulekile ekwaziseni ukubaluleka kwakho ekuvikelekeni kwedijithali. Ake sihlukanise inqubo isinyathelo ngesinyathelo.
Ukukhiqiza ukhiye
Isinyathelo sokuqala kunoma iyiphi isistimu yokubethela ye-asymmetric ukukhiqiza okhiye. Le nqubo ibandakanya ukudala ipheya yokhiye abahlobene nezibalo: ukhiye osesidlangalaleni kanye nokhiye oyimfihlo.
- Umsebenzisi uqala inqubo yokwenza ukhiye kudivayisi yakhe.
- Isofthiwe yokubethela isebenzisa i-algorithm ethile (efana ne-RSA) ukuze ikhiqize ipheya yokhiye ehlukile.
- Ukhiye oyimfihlo ugcinwa ngokuvikelekile kudivayisi yomsebenzisi, uvikelwe ngokufanelekile ngephasiwedi eyengeziwe.
- Ukhiye osesidlangalaleni ungaba ngokukhululekile nanoma ubani ofuna ukuthumela imilayezo ebethelwe kumsebenzisi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba okhiye behlobene ngokwezibalo, ngokwezibalo akunakwenzeka ukuthola ukhiye oyimfihlo wazi ukhiye womphakathi kuphela.
Ukubethela kanye nenqubo yokubhala
Uma okhiye sebekhiqiziwe, inqubo yokubethela neyokufihla ilula kakhulu:
Ukubethela:
- Umthumeli uthola ukhiye osesidlangalaleni womamukeli.
- Sebenzisa lo khiye osesidlangalaleni ukuze ubethele umlayezo.
- Umlayezo obethelwe uthunyelwa kumamukeli.
Kukhishwe ikhodi:
- Umamukeli uthola umlayezo obethelwe.
- Sebenzisa ukhiye wakho oyimfihlo ukuze ususe ukubethela komlayezo.
- Umlayezo wangempela utholiwe.
Wake wazibuza ukuthi ungaqiniseka kanjani ukuthi akekho omunye ongafunda imilayezo yakho ye-WhatsApp? Uhlelo lokusebenza lusebenzisa ukubethela kwe-asymmetric ekupheleni kuya ekupheleni. Wonke umlayezo owuthumelayo ubethelwe ngokhiye osesidlangalaleni womamukeli, futhi ungasuswa ukubethela kuphela ngokhiye wabo oyimfihlo ohambisanayo.
Izinzuzo zokubethela kwe-asymmetric
Ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezikwenze kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile yokuphepha kwedijithali yesimanje:
- Vikela ukushintshanisa kokhiye: Ngokungafani nokubethela kwe-symmetric, asikho isidingo sokwabelana ngokhiye oyimfihlo phezu kwesiteshi esivikelekile. Ukhiye osesidlangalaleni ungasatshalaliswa ngokuvulekile.
- Ukufakazelwa ubuqiniso: Ngaphezu kokugcinwa kuyimfihlo, ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kuvumela ukufakazela ubuqiniso ngamasiginesha edijithali.
- Ukwehluka: Kunethiwekhi yabantu abangu-n, amapheya okhiye angu-n kuphela adingekayo, esikhundleni sika-n(n-1)/2 okhiye ababiwe njengokubethela kwe-symmetric.
- Ukunganqabi: Umthumeli akanakuphika ukuthi uthumele umlayezo osayinwe ngedijithali, obalulekile emisebenzini yezomthetho nezezimali.
- Ubuqotho bedatha: Noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa komlayezo ngesikhathi sokudlulisa kutholakala kalula.
Lezi zinzuzo zenze ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezifana ne-imeyili evikelekile, ukubhanga ku-inthanethi, kanye ne-e-commerce.
Ukungalungi nokulinganiselwa
Ngaphandle kwezinzuzo zako eziningi, ukubethela kwe-asymmetric nakho kunobubi kanye nemikhawulo ethile ebalulekile okufanele uyiqaphele:
- Ijubane: Ama-algorithms wokubethela we-asymmetric ahamba kancane kakhulu kunawo-symmetric, awenza angasebenzi ekubetheleni amavolumu amakhulu wedatha.
- Usayizi Wokhiye: Okhiye abasetshenziswa ekubetheleni okulinganayo bade kakhulu kunalabo abasetshenziswa ekubetheleni kwe-symmetric ukuze kuhlinzekwe ileveli yokuphepha elinganayo.
- Ubunkimbinkimbi bekhompyutha: Ukukhiqiza ukhiye kanye nokusebenza kokubethela/ukukhipha ukubethela kudinga izinsiza eziningi zokubala.
- Ukuphatha okubalulekile: Nakuba kulula kunokubethela kwe-symmetric, ukuphathwa kokhiye womphakathi kuseyinselelo, ikakhulukazi kumasistimu amakhulu.
- Ukuba sengozini ekuhlaselweni komuntu ophakathi nendawo: Uma umhlaseli ekwazi ukuvimba futhi aguqule ukuxhumana kokhiye osesidlangalaleni, angakhohlisa abasebenzisi ukuthi basebenzise ukhiye mbumbulu.
Le mikhawulo ichaza ukuthi kungani ekusebenzeni, ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kuvame ukusetshenziswa kuhlanganiswe nokubethela kwe-symmetric kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi amasistimu ayingxube.
Izicelo ezingokoqobo
Ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kunezinhlelo eziningi ezihlukene empilweni yethu yansuku zonke yedijithali. Ake sibheke ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu:
Ukuphepha Kwe-imeyili
Ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe ubumfihlo kanye nobuqiniso bama-imeyili. Amaphrothokholi afana ne-PGP (Imfihlo Enhle Kahle) kanye ne-S/MIME zisebenzisa ukubethela kwe-asymmetric ukuze zibethele okuqukethwe kwama-imeyili futhi ziqinisekise ubunikazi bomthumeli.
Ukuhweba kwe-elekthronikhi
Uma uthenga ku-inthanethi, ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kudlala indima ebalulekile. Iphrothokholi ye-HTTPS, evikela ukuxhumana phakathi kwesiphequluli sakho newebhusayithi, isebenzisa ukubethela kwe-asymmetric ukuze kusungulwe uxhumano oluvikelekile ngaphambi kokushintshela ekubetheleni kwe-symmetric ukuze kudluliselwe idatha.
Isiginesha yedigital
Amasiginesha edijithali, asebenzisa ukubethela kwe-asymmetric, asetshenziswa kabanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe amadokhumenti e-elekthronikhi. Uma usayina idokhumenti ngokwedijithali, usebenzisa ukhiye wakho wangasese ukuze udale isiginesha eyingqayizivele okungenzeka ukuthi yenziwe nguwe kuphela.
Wake wazibuza ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kwesoftware okuzenzakalelayo kusebenza kanjani? Amasistimu wokusebenza amaningi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenzisa amasiginesha edijithali asekelwe ekubetheleni kwe-asymmetric ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqiniso bezibuyekezo ngaphambi kokuzifaka.
Ukuqhathanisa nokubethela kwe-symmetric
Ukuze uqonde kangcono amandla nobuthakathaka bokubethela kwe-asymmetric, kuyasiza ukuyiqhathanisa nozakwabo, ukubethela kwe-symmetric:
| Característica | Ukubethela kwe-Asymmetric | Ukubethela kwe-Symmetric |
|---|---|---|
| Amakhi | Sebenzisa ipheya yokhiye (esidlangalaleni neyimfihlo) | Sebenzisa ukhiye owabiwe owodwa |
| Isivinini | Kancane | Ngokushesha |
| Ukuphepha | Iphakeme kakhulu kokhiye abade | Kuphezulu, kodwa kuncike ekuvikelekeni kokhiye owabiwe |
| ukushintshana okubalulekile | Asikho isiteshi esivikelekile esidingekayo | Idinga isiteshi esivikelekile |
| Ukufakazela ubuqiniso | Isekela ukufakazela ubuqiniso nokunganqabi | Ayisekeli ukufakazela ubuqiniso ngokwayo |
| Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile | Ukushintshanisa okubalulekile, amasignesha edijithali | Ukubethela kwedatha enkulu |
Empeleni, izinhlelo zokuphepha zesimanje zivame ukuhlanganisa zombili izinhlobo zokubethela ukuze zisebenzise izinzuzo zayo ngayinye.
Ama-algorithms adumile wokubethela we-Asymmetric
Kunama-algorithms ambalwa wokubethela asymmetric, ngalinye linezici zalo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ake sibheke ezinye ezidume kakhulu:
RSA
I-RSA (i-Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) cishe iyindlela eyaziwa kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa kakhulu yokubethela i-asymmetric. Isekelwe ebunzimeni bokulinganisa umkhiqizo wezinombolo ezimbili ezinkulu.
Izici ezibalulekile ze-RSA:
- Yamukelwa kabanzi futhi yahlolwa
- Okuhlukahlukene: kusetshenziselwa kokubili ukubethela kanye namasiginesha edijithali
- Idinga okhiye abade ukuze uthole ukuphepha okuphezulu
ElGamal
Uhlelo lwe-ElGamal lusekelwe enkingeni ye-logarithm eqondile. Nakuba ingavamile kune-RSA, inezinzuzo ezithile ezihlukile.
Izici ezibalulekile ze-ElGamal:
- Inikeza ukuphepha kwe-semantic
- Iwusizo ezinhlelweni ezithile zesiginesha yedijithali
- Ingase isebenze kahle kakhulu kune-RSA kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Amajika ama-elliptic
I-Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) iyindlela entsha enikeza ukuvikeleka okufanayo ne-RSA enokhiye abafushane.
Izici ezibalulekile ze-ECC:
- Okhiye abafushane bezinga elifanayo lokuphepha
- Isebenza kahle kakhulu ngokwezinsiza zokubala
- Idume kakhulu kumadivayisi mobile kanye nezinhlelo kushumekiwe
Ubuwazi ukuthi i-elliptic curve cryptography iyisisekelo kuma-cryptocurrencies amaningi, okuhlanganisa i-Bitcoin ne-Ethereum? Ukusebenza kahle kwayo kuyenza ilungele izinhlelo ezidinga ukuvikeleka okuphezulu ngezinsiza ezilinganiselwe.
Ikusasa lokubethela kwe-asymmetric
Umkhakha wokubethela kwe-asymmetric uhlala uvela, ubhekene nezinselele ezintsha namathuba. Ake sibheke amanye amathrendi nokukhathazeka ngekusasa:
Izinsongo ze-quantum computing
I-Quantum computing imele enye yezinselelo ezinkulu zokubethela kwamanje kwe-asymmetric. Amakhompyutha we-Quantum, uma esethuthukiswe ngokugcwele, angaphula ama-algorithms amaningi wokubethela asymmetric esiwasebenzisa namuhla.
I-algorithm ye-Shor, isibonelo, ingase ilinganisele izinombolo ezinkulu ngesikhathi se-polynomial, okwenza isistimu ye-RSA ibe sengozini. Lokhu kuholele emncintiswaneni wokuthuthukisa ama-algorithms we-"post-quantum" angamelana nokuhlaselwa ngamakhompyutha we-quantum.
Ingabe ukhathazekile ngokuthi idatha yakho ingase ibe sengcupheni ngokuzayo? Awuwedwa. Izinhlangano eziningi sezivele zisebenzisa amasu “wokuvuna manje, susa ukubethela kamuva”, zibhala ngemfihlo idatha enama-algorithms amaningi ukuze zivikeleke ezinsongweni ze-quantum zesikhathi esizayo.
Intuthuko entsha namathrendi
Naphezu kwezinselelo, inkambu yokubethela kwe-asymmetric iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka. Amanye amathrendi athakasela kakhulu ahlanganisa:
- I-cryptography ye-Homomorphic: Ivumela izibalo ukuthi zenziwe kudatha ebethelwe ngaphandle kokuyisusa, enezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaba khona kukhompyutha yamafu nedatha enkulu.
- I-cryptography esekwe kwi-lattice: Kubhekwa njengenye yezinkampani ezithembisayo kakhulu ze-post-quantum cryptography.
- I-cryptography esekwe kubunikazi: Ivumela ulwazi lomsebenzisi oluhlukile (olufana nekheli le-imeyili) ukuthi lusetshenziswe njengokhiye osesidlangalaleni, lula ukuphatha ukhiye.
- I-cryptography yezendlalelo eziningi: Ihlanganisa ama-algorithms amaningi ukuze unikeze izendlalelo ezengeziwe zokuphepha.
- I-Blockchain kanye ne-cryptocurrencies: Lobu buchwepheshe bushayela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokubethela kwe-asymmetric.
Ikusasa lokubethela kwe-asymmetric lithembisa ukujabulisa, ngama-algorithms amasha nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezizoqhubeka nokuvikela ubumfihlo bethu nokuvikeleka emhlabeni owandayo wedijithali.
Isiphetho
Ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kuguqule ukuphepha kwedijithali, okusivumela ukuthi sixhumane futhi senze ngokuphepha ku-inthanethi. Kusukela yasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970, isiguquke yaba yingxenye ebalulekile yengqalasizinda yethu yedijithali.
Sihlole izisekelo zayo zezibalo, indlela esebenza ngayo, izinzuzo zayo kanye nokungalungi kwayo , kanye nezinhlelo zayo eziningi ezisebenzayo. Sibonile nokuthi iqhathaniswa kanjani nokubethela okulinganayo futhi sibheke ezinye zezindlela ezithandwa kakhulu zokubhala.
Naphezu kwezinselele ezibangelwa yi-quantum computing, insimu yokubethela okungalingani iyaqhubeka nokukhula, kanti ama-algorithms amasha kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ziyathuthukiswa. I-Post-quantum cryptography, i-homomorphic cryptography, kanye nezinye izinto ezintsha zithembisa ukugcina idatha yethu iphephile esikhathini esizayo.
Ezweni lapho ubumfihlo nokuvikeleka kwedijithali kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqonda ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kubalulekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthumela i-imeyili, wenza umsebenzi wasebhange ku-inthanethi, noma uphequlula iwebhu, ukubethela kwe-asymmetric kusebenza ngemuva ukuze kuvikelwe ulwazi lwakho.
Ucabangani ngekusasa lokubethela kwe-asymmetric? Ingabe ucabanga ukuthi izoqhubeka nokuba yingxenye ebalulekile yokuphepha kwethu kwedijithali, noma kuzovela ubuchwepheshe obusha obuzothatha indawo yayo? Noma ngabe yikuphi, into eyodwa eqinisekile: isidingo sokuvikela imininingwane yethu yedijithali sizohlala sibalulekile eminyakeni ezayo.