Izikhiye Ezibalulekile Eziyi-10 Zokugcinwa Kwesofthiwe

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Umhlaba wokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware uhlala uvela, futhi ngawo, isidingo sokugcina izinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenza kahle. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umhlaba othakazelisayo wokugcinwa kwesofthiwe, sihlole izici zawo ezibaluleke kakhulu nokuthi ungenza kanjani umehluko empumelelweni yephrojekthi yakho yobuchwepheshe.

Incazelo kanye nobubanzi bokugcinwa kwesoftware

Ukugcinwa kwesoftware kuyinqubo eqhubekayo eyenzeka ngemuva kokuthi isicelo senziwe safakwa ekukhiqizweni. Kodwa kuhlanganisani ngempela? Empeleni, kuhlanganisa yonke imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe uhlelo lwesoftware lusebenza, lusebenza kahle futhi luhambisana nesikhathi.

Le nqubo ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi, kusukela ekulungiseni iziphazamisi nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kuya ekusebenziseni izici ezintsha nokujwayela izinguquko endaweni yobuchwepheshe. Ukugcinwa kwesoftware kufana nokunakekela ingadi: kudinga ukunakwa njalo ukuze iqhubeke iqhakaza futhi ithela izithelo.

Wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zibonakala ziba ngcono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanti ezinye ziphelelwa yisikhathi? Impendulo ilele ekulungisweni kwesoftware ngempumelelo. Izinkampani ezitshala imali kule ndawo ebalulekile zivame ukuba nemikhiqizo eqinile, evikelekile futhi evumelana nezidingo ezishintshayo zabasebenzisi.

Izinhlobo zokugcinwa kwesoftware

Uma sikhuluma ngokulungiswa kwesoftware, asibhekiseli kumsebenzi owodwa, ofanayo. Eqinisweni, kunezinhlobo eziningana zokunakekelwa, ngayinye inomgomo wayo kanye nezinjongo zayo. Ake sibheke eziyinhloko:

1. Ukulungiswa kokulungisa: Lolu uhlobo lwesondlo okungenzeka lufike kuqala engqondweni. Kubandakanya ukukhomba nokulungisa amaphutha noma iziphazamisi kusofthiwe. Ingabe uke wabhekana nokuvalwa kohlelo lokusebenza okungalindelekile? Lezi yizinhlobo zezinkinga ezilungiswayo ezilungiswayo.
2. Ukugcinwa KokuvikelaNjengoba isisho sithi, "ukuvimbela kungcono kunokwelapha." Lolu hlobo lokunakekelwa lufuna ukulindela izinkinga ezingase zibe khona zesikhathi esizayo, ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwekhodi nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ubunzima.
3. Ukugcinwa kwe-AdaptiveEzweni lezobuchwepheshe elishintsha njalo, isoftware kufanele ivumelane nezimo. Lokhu kulungiswa kubandakanya ukulungisa uhlelo ukuze lusebenze ezindaweni ezintsha noma ngobuchwepheshe obusha.
4. Ukugcinwa okusebenzayo: Ubani ongafuni ukuthuthukisa? Lolu hlobo lokunakekela lugxile ekwengezeni ukusebenza okusha noma ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza okukhona ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokwanda okulindelwe ngabasebenzisi.

Ngalunye lwalezi zinhlobo zokunakekela ludlala indima ebalulekile esikhathini sokuphila sohlelo lokusebenza. Isibonelo, nakuba ukulungiswa kokulungisa kungase kuphuthume ukuze kulungiswe inkinga ebalulekile, ukugcinwa kokuvimbela kungasindisa isikhathi nezinsiza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuvimbela izinkinga ekuveleni kwasekuqaleni.

Ukubaluleka kokugcinwa kwesoftware emjikelezweni wokuphila wokuthuthukiswa

Ukugcinwa kwesofthiwe akuyona isigaba esizimele, kodwa yingxenye ebalulekile yomjikelezo wokuphila kokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe (i-SDLC). Eqinisweni, ngokusho kwezifundo zemboni, ukulungiswa kungamelela kufika ku-80% wezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila kwesistimu yesofthiwe.

Kungani ibaluleke kangaka? Zicabange wakha indlu. Akwanele ukuyiklama nokuyakha; udinga ukuyigcina isesimweni esihle ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Okufanayo kuya ngesofthiwe. Ukunakekelwa okuhle kunga:

• Nweba impilo yohlelo lokusebenza
• Thuthukisa ukwaneliseka komsebenzisi
• Yehlisa izindleko zesikhathi eside
• Ukugcina ukuncintisana emakethe

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcinwa kwesoftware akukhona nje “ukulungisa izinto.” Kuphinde kube yithuba lokuqhubeka nokuqamba okusha. Njengoba onjiniyela basebenzela ukulungisa, bangakwazi ukuhlonza izindawo okufanele bathuthukiswe futhi baphakamise izici ezintsha ezigcina isofthiwe ihambisana futhi ibalulekile kubasebenzisi.

Izinselelo ezijwayelekile ekunakekelweni kwesoftware

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, ukugcinwa kwesofthiwe akunazo izinselele. Ezinye ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa:

1. : Uke wazama ukuqonda ikhodi eyabhalwa omunye umuntu eminyakeni edlule? Kungase kufane nokuchaza ulimi lwasendulo. Ikhodi yefa, ngokuvamile engabhalwanga kahle futhi isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphelelwe yisikhathi, ingaba buhlungu bangempela.
2. Ukuntuleka kwemibhaloUkubhalwa kufana nemephu yonjiniyela. Ngaphandle kwakho, ukuzulazula ngekhodi kungaba umsebenzi onzima futhi othambekele ephutheni.
3. Izinguquko ezisheshayo zobuchwepheshe: Ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokwedlulele nangemingcele. Ukugcina isofthiwe isesikhathini ngobuchwepheshe bakamuva nezindinganiso zokuphepha kungaba inselele eqhubekayo.
4. Isabelomali esinomkhawulo: Izinhlangano eziningi zibukela phansi ukubaluleka kwesondlo futhi azibeki izinsiza ezanele, okungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu esikhathini esizayo.
5. Ukushintsha okulindelwe ngabasebenzisi:Abasebenzisi banamuhla balindele ukubuyekezwa njalo nezici ezintsha. Ukulinganisa lokhu okulindelekile nezinsiza ezitholakalayo kungaba nzima.

Ukuhlangabezana nalezi zinselele kudinga inhlanganisela yamakhono ezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlela amasu kanye nokuxhumana ngempumelelo. Izinkampani ezikwaziyo ukuzinqoba ngokuvamile zinenzuzo enkulu yokuncintisana emakethe.

Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokunakekela isofthiwe ngempumelelo

Ukuze unqobe izinselele ezingenhla futhi uqinisekise ukugcinwa ngempumelelo kwesoftware, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izindlela eziningi ezinhle kakhulu. Nazi ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu:

1. Amadokhumenti aphelele: Awukwazi ukubukela phansi inani lamadokhumenti amahle. Qiniseka ukuthi yonke ingxenye yekhodi ibhalwe kahle, okuhlanganisa injongo yayo, ukusebenza, nanoma yikuphi ukuncika. Lokhu akusizi kuphela onjiniyela bamanje, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu kubanakekeli besikhathi esizayo.
2. Ukulawula inguquloSebenzisa amasistimu okulawula inguqulo njenge-Git. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ulandelele izinguquko, ubuyele ezinguqulweni zangaphambilini uma kudingeka, futhi kusize ukusebenzisana phakathi konjiniyela.
3. Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo: Sebenzisa iyunithi, ukuhlanganisa kanye nokuhlolwa kwesistimu. Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo kungathola izinkinga ngokushesha futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izinguquko azilethi iziphazamisi ezintsha.
4. Ukwenza kabusha okuvamile: Ungesabi ukuhlela kabusha futhi uthuthukise ikhodi ekhona. Ukwenza kabusha kungathuthukisa ukufundeka nokusebenza kwesofthiwe, kwenze ukulungiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kube lula.
5. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo: Sebenzisa amathuluzi okuqapha ukuze ubone izinkinga zokusebenza noma iziphazamisi ngaphambi kokuthi zithinte abasebenzisi. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubambe iqhaza kunokuthi uphendule.
6. Ukuvuselelwa okuvamile: Gcina imitapo yolwazi, izinhlaka, namasistimu okusebenza kusesikhathini samanje. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuphepha, futhi kungahlinzeka ngokusebenza okusha nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza.
7. Ukuxhumana nabasebenzisi: Gcina umzila ovulekile wokuxhumana nabasebenzisi. Impendulo yakho ingaba wusizo ekuhlonzeni izindawo ongazithuthukisa futhi ubeke phambili imisebenzi yokulungisa.

Ukwamukela lezi zinqubo kungase kubonakale kuyinselele ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kubangela isofthiwe ezinzile, esebenza kahle, futhi elondolozekayo. Umphumela? Abasebenzisi abajabule kakhudlwana kanye nethimba lokuthuthukisa elicindezelekile kancane.

Amathuluzi nobuchwepheshe bokugcina isoftware

Emhlabeni wokugcinwa kwesoftware, ukuba namathuluzi afanele kungenza umehluko phakathi kwenqubo ebushelelezi kanye negcwele izithiyo. Ngenhlanhla, kunohlu olubanzi lwamathuluzi aklanyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokulungisa ibe lula. Ezinye ezidume kakhulu zihlanganisa:

1. Izinhlelo zokulawula inguqulo: Git, SVN, Mercurial
2. Amathuluzi okuphatha iphrojekthi: Jira, Trello, Asana
3. Amathuluzi Okuhlola Okuzenzakalelayo: I-Selenium, i-JUnit, i-TestNG
4. Amasistimu wokuqapha: Nagios, Zabbix, New Relic
5. Amathuluzi okuhlaziya amakhodi: SonarQube, Checkstyle, ESLint
6. Amapulatifomu Okuhlanganiswa Okuqhubekayo: Jenkins, Travis CI, CircleCI

Ngalinye lalawa mathuluzi lidlala indima ebalulekile ezicini ezahlukahlukene zokugcinwa kwesoftware. Isibonelo, isistimu yokulawula inguqulo efana ne-Git ivumela onjiniyela ukuthi basebenzisane kahle futhi bagcine umlando onemininingwane wezinguquko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithuluzi lokuqapha elifana ne-New Relic linganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kohlelo lokusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ukukhetha amathuluzi afanele kuzoncika ezidingweni ezithile zephrojekthi yakho nethimba. Okubalulekile ukuthi la mathuluzi ahlanganiswe kahle ekuhambeni kwakho komsebenzi futhi enze inqubo yokulungisa ibe lula ngempela.

Iqhaza lethimba lokunakekela isoftware

Ukugcinwa kwesoftware akukhona nje ngamathuluzi nezinqubo; isici somuntu sibaluleke ngokufanayo. Ithimba elisebenzayo lokunakekela i-software lifana neqembu lodokotela abakhethekile, ngamunye eletha ubuchwepheshe bakhe obuhlukile ekugcineni “isiguli” (i-software) sisesimweni esiphezulu.

Leli qembu ngokuvamile lihlanganisa izindima ezibalulekile ezimbalwa:

1. Abathuthukisi Besondlo: Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza izinguquko kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhodi.
2. Abahlaziyi bezinhlelo: Bahlola umthelela wezinguquko ezihlongozwayo kusistimu iyonke.
3. Abahloli: Baqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko azizange ziveze amaphutha amasha nokuthi isistimu iyaqhubeka nokusebenza njengoba bekulindelekile.
4. Abaphathi besizinda: Baphatha futhi bandise imininingwane yolwazi yesistimu.
5. Ochwepheshe bezokuphepha: Baqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo luhlala luvikelekile ezinsongweni ezivelayo.

Ukusebenzisana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwalezi zindima kubalulekile. Isibonelo, uma unjiniyela enza ushintsho, umhloli kufanele aluqinisekise, umhlaziyi wesistimu kufanele ahlole umthelela walo, futhi uchwepheshe wezokuvikela kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi akethuli ubungozi.

Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukuthi ithimba labalungisayo libe nokuxhumana okumanzi neminye iminyango, njengomsebenzi wamakhasimende, ukuqonda izidingo nezinkinga zabasebenzisi bokugcina.

Izindleko ezihlobene nokugcinwa kwesofthiwe

Esinye sezici eziyinselele kakhulu zokugcinwa kwesoftware izindleko zayo. Izinhlangano eziningi ziyamangala ukuthola ukuthi ukulungiswa kungafinyelela ku-80% wesamba sezindleko ze-software ye-lifecycle. Kodwa kungani kubiza kangaka?

Izindleko zokunakekela isoftware zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba eziningana:

1. Izindleko zabasebenzi: Amaholo onjiniyela, abahloli, abahlaziyi kanye nabanye ochwepheshe abahilelekile ekunakekeleni.
2. Izindleko zengqalasizinda: Amaseva, amathuluzi okuthuthukisa, amalayisensi esofthiwe, njll.
3. Izindleko zokuqeqesha: Gcina ithimba linolwazi lwakamuva ngobuchwepheshe bakamuva nemikhuba ehamba phambili.
4. Izindleko zesikhathi sokuphumula: Noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kwesevisi ngenxa yokunakekelwa kungase kube nezindleko ezinkulu ebhizinisini.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi nakuba ukunakekelwa kwesofthiwe kungase kubonakale kubiza, izindleko zokungenzi ukunakekelwa okufanele zingaba nkulu nakakhulu. Isofthiwe enganakekelwa kahle ingaholela ekulahlekelweni kwamakhasimende, ekubeni sengozini yezokuphepha, kanye nokwehluleka kwesistimu okuyinhlekelele.

Okubalulekile wukubheka ukugcinwa kwesondlo hhayi njengezindleko, kodwa njengokutshalwa kwezimali empilweni ende kanye nempumelelo eqhubekayo yesofthiwe. Isu lokulungisa elihlelwe kahle lingakwazi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukunciphisa izindleko ngokuvimbela izinkinga ezinkulu nokwelula impilo yesofthiwe.

Amathrendi wesikhathi esizayo ekugcinweni kwesoftware

Umkhakha wokunakekelwa kwesoftware uhlala ushintsha, uqhutshwa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokushintsha kwezidingo zemakethe. Amanye amathrendi avelayo akha ikusasa lokulungiswa kwesoftware afaka:

1. I-Artificial Intelligence kanye Nokufunda Ngomshini: Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukubikezela izinkinga ezingaba khona kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesofthiwe.
2. I-DevOps Nokugcinwa Okuqhubekayo:Ukuhlanganiswa kokuthuthukiswa nokusebenza kuholela endleleni ewuketshezi futhi eqhubekayo yokunakekela, lapho izibuyekezo nezithuthukisi zisetshenziswa kaningi futhi zinokuphazamiseka okuncane.
3. Ukugcinwa Okubikezelwayo: Esikhundleni sokulinda izinkinga ukuthi zenzeke, izinkampani zisebenzisa ukuhlaziya idatha ukuze zibikezele ukuthi izinkinga zingase zenzeke nini futhi zixazulule ngokushesha.
4. Ukuphepha Okudidiyelwe: Ngokwanda kwezinsongo ze-inthanethi, ukuphepha kuba yingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokulungisa, hhayi nje ukucabanga kamuva.
5. I-Cloud Computing: Ukuthuthela emafini kushintsha indlela ukunakekelwa okwenziwa ngayo, okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa okulula nokukalwa okungcono.

Lawa mathrendi athembisa ukwenza ukugcinwa kwesoftware kusebenze kahle, kusebenze kahle, futhi kuphazamise kancane. Kodwa-ke, baphinde balethe izinselele ezintsha, njengesidingo samakhono amasha kanye nokuphathwa kwezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izibonelo: Izindaba zempumelelo ekunakekelweni kwesoftware

Ukukhombisa ukubaluleka kokugcinwa kwesoftware, ake sibheke ezinye zezibonelo zezinkampani eziphumelele kule ndawo:

1. NetflixInkampani yokusakaza bukhoma yaziwa ngendlela yayo esebenzayo ekugcinweni kwesoftware. Basebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi “I-Chaos Engineering,” lapho bethula khona amaphutha ngamabomu kusistimu yakho ukuze bakhombe futhi balungise ubungozi ngaphambi kokuthi buthinte abasebenzisi. Le ndlela emisha ibe negalelo elikhulu ekuzinzeni nasekuthembekeni kwenkundla yayo.
2. Spotify:Inkundla yokusakaza umculo edumile yamukele indlela yama-microservices ekwakhiweni kwesoftware yayo. Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zenze izibuyekezo nokunakekelwa kwezingxenye ezithile ngaphandle kokuthinta lonke uhlelo, okuholela kusevisi ezinzile futhi eshesha kakhulu.
3. -GoogleUmdondoshiya wezobuchwepheshe waziwa ngesiko laso “lokuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo.” Bahlala benza izibuyekezo ezincane kanye nentuthuko emikhiqizweni yabo, okubavumela ukuthi bagcine izinhlelo zabo zokusebenza zisesikhathini samanje futhi zibalulekile ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu kubasebenzisi.

Lezi zimo zibonisa ukuthi indlela esebenzayo nehlelwe kahle yokunakekelwa kwesofthiwe ingaholela ezinhlelweni eziqinile, abasebenzisi abajabule, kanye nenzuzo yokuncintisana endaweni yemakethe.

I-FAQ Yokulungisa Isofthiwe

Ukuphetha, ake siphendule imibuzo evamile mayelana nokugcinwa kwesofthiwe:

1. Singakanani isikhathi okufanele sisetshenziswe ekugcinweni kwesoftware?

Ayikho impendulo eyodwa njengoba incike ebunzimeni nasekubucayi kwesoftware. Kodwa-ke, njengomthetho ojwayelekile, izinhlangano eziningi zinikezela phakathi kuka-15% no-20% wezinsiza zabo zokuthuthukiswa ukuze zilungiswe.

2. Zingancishiswa kanjani izindleko zokugcinwa kwesoftware?

Amanye amasu ahlanganisa:

• Faka imali kumklamo omuhle wokuqala
• Sebenzisa izivivinyo ezizenzakalelayo
• Gcina imibhalo yakamuva
• Yenza ama-refactorings avamile

3. Uyini umehluko phakathi kokugcinwa kwesoftware nokusekelwa?

Ukunakekela kusho imisebenzi yokugcina isoftware isebenza kahle futhi iyithuthukise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukwesekwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuhilela ukusiza abasebenzisi ukuxazulula izinkinga futhi baphendule imibuzo yabo.

4. Ingabe ukugcinwa kwesoftware kuyadingeka ezinhlelweni zamafu?

Nakanjani. Nakuba izinhlelo zokusebenza zamafu zingenza izici ezithile zokunakekelwa zibe lula, zisadinga ukubuyekezwa njalo, ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, nokujwayela ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezidingo zokuphepha.

Isiphetho

Ukugcinwa kwesoftware kuyisici esibalulekile kumjikelezo wempilo wanoma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza. Kunokuba kube umsebenzi okhathazayo "wokulungisa izinto," kuyithuba lokuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo, ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, kanye nokujwayela indawo yezobuchwepheshe ehlala ishintsha.

Njengoba sibhekela kwikusasa ledijithali elikhulayo, ukubaluleka kokugcinwa kwesoftware kuzoqhubeka nokukhula. Izinhlangano eziyiqondayo futhi ezisondela kuyo ngobuchule zizoba sesimweni esingcono sokuletha imikhiqizo yesoftware yekhwalithi ephezulu, zigcine ukwaneliseka kwabasebenzisi, futhi zihlale zincintisana emakethe.

Khumbula, ukugcinwa kwesoftware akukhona nje ukulungisa okuphukile; Kumayelana nokwakhela kulokho okusebenzayo, ukuqhubeka nokwenza ngcono, kanye nokulindela izidingo zesikhathi esizayo. Uhambo, hhayi indawo.

Ingabe uthole lesi sihloko esimayelana nokugcinwa kwesofthiwe siwusizo? Yabelana ngayo nozakwenu nabangane. Ndawonye, ​​singaqhubeka sithuthukisa izinqubo zethu futhi sidale isofthiwe eqinile futhi esebenza kahle.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukugcinwa Kwesofthiwe Evikelayo: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele, Izinqubo, Izinhlobo, Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu, Nobuchwepheshe Bamanje