Inkumbulo yekhompyutha: Ukuhlelwa nezici

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Amadivayisi ememori yekhompyutha ayizisetshenziswa eziyinhloko zokugcina idatha nolwazi . Ahlukaniswe ngememori eguquguqukayo nengaguquki, enezici ezahlukene. Izinhlobo zememori yekhompyutha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-RAM (Random Access Memory), i-ROM (Read-Only Memory), kanye nememori ye-flash. Ezinye izinhlobo zifaka phakathi ama-hard disk drive, ama-optical drive, ama-tape drive, kanye nama-solid-state drive (ama-SSD).

Inkumbulo yekhompyutha: Ukuhlelwa nezici

Izinkumbulo zingamathuluzi abalulekile okugcina idatha kukhompuyutha.

Zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi: i-ROM ne-RAM. I-ROM imele i-Read Only Memory, okusho ukuthi ayilahlekelwa ulwazi lapho amandla esuswa.

Ngokungafani ne-ROM, i-RAM (Inkumbulo Yokufinyelela Okungahleliwe) iyaguquguquka; Lokhu kusho ukuthi konke okuqukethwe kuyo kuyasulwa lapho amandla enqanyulwa noma ephazanyiswa ukusetha kabusha noma ukwehluleka.

Izinkumbulo zekhompiyutha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-RAM, i-ROM, inkumbulo ekhanyayo, namadrayivu e-hard disk.

I-RAM iyimemori eguquguqukayo egcina idatha okwesikhashana. Idatha egcinwe ku-RAM izolahleka lapho ikhompyutha icishiwe noma ukunikezwa kwayo kwamandla kuphazamiseka. Lolu hlobo lwememori lusetshenziswa kakhulu ukugcina idatha ezocutshungulwa esikhathini esifushane (njengasesikhathini samanje). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ibizwa nangokuthi imemori "esebenzayo" noma "i-cache . "

I-ROM imele i-Read Only Memory futhi ayiguquguquki, okusho ukuthi igcina okuqukethwe kwayo ngisho noma amandla esusiwe. Lawa madivayisi aqukethe uhla lwama-transistors ku-chip eyodwa angahlelwa i-bit eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngesikhathi ngokudlulisa ugesi kuwo kusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile okuhlela abizwa ngokuthi ama-fuse.

Izinhlobo zenkumbulo zihlanganisa inkumbulo eguquguqukayo nengaguquguquki.

Imemori ihlukaniswa njengeguquguqukayo nengaguquki. Imemori eguquguqukayo ilahlekelwa okuqukethwe kwayo lapho amandla enqanyulwa, kuyilapho imemori engaguquki igcina okuqukethwe kwayo ngisho nalapho amandla enqanyulwa. Izinhlobo ezimbili zememori yi-RAM (Random Access) kanye ne-ROM (Read-Only).

I-RAM isetshenziswa njengememori yohlelo kumakhompyutha; Umsebenzi wayo omkhulu ukugcina izinhlelo nedatha esetshenziswa iyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi yekhompyutha (CPU) okwamanje. I-ROM igcina imininingwane unomphela; Ayinakushintshwa noma isuswe abasebenzisi, kodwa ingafundwa kuphela uma isihlelwe ngedatha ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza noma ngenye idivayisi, njenge-flash drive.

Amadrayivu e-Flash asebenzisa ama-flash memory chips aqukethe uxhaxha lwama-transistors ahlelwe ngemigqa exhunywe amasango ukuze akhe amaseli lapho amanani kanambambili agcinwa khona nge-elekthronikhi ngokusekelwe enanini lamanje eligeleza esangweni le-transistor ngayinye ngesikhathi esithile.

Izinkumbulo zekhompuyutha eziguquguqukayo zidinga ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo ukuze kugcinwe idatha egcinwe kuzo.

Uma ucisha ikhompuyutha yakho, lolu lwazi luyalahleka. Izinkumbulo ezingaguquguquki azilahlekelwa okuqukethwe kwazo lapho amandla enqanyulwa noma ecishiwe; Bayigcina kuze kube yilapho kwenziwa olunye ushintsho kubo (noma sebeyasuswa). I-RAM imele Inkumbulo Yokufinyelela Engahleliwe futhi igcina imiyalelo yohlelo ngenkathi isetshenziswa uhlelo lokusebenza noma isistimu yokusebenza, kodwa uma lolo hlelo lokusebenza seluphumile, yonke into egcinwe ku-RAM ayisatholakali ngaphandle kokuqala kabusha ikhompuyutha, okusho ukuthi noma yiziphi izilungiselelo ezenziwe ziyalahleka.

I-ROM imele i-Read Only Memory; Kuyafana kodwa kunomehluko owodwa obalulekile: njengoba ulwazi olusha lungabhalwa kuma-chips e-ROM (njengama-hard drive), yonke into ekhona isivele ibhaliwe ngesikhathi esithile ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza futhi ayikwazi ukuguqulwa kamuva, ngakho-ke uma kukhona okungahambi kahle ngenye yalezi chips, wonke amathemba angase alahleke. Uze uqale ukumba ujule ekutheni lezi zinto zisebenza kanjani ndawonye ngaphakathi kwedivayisi ngayinye ngaphambi kokwenza noma yimiphi imizamo yokulungisa noma yini wena.

Izinkumbulo zekhompyutha ezingaguquki azidingi ukuxhunywa kunoma yimuphi umthombo wamandla ukuze kugcinwe idatha.

Imemori engaguquguquki uhlobo lwenkumbulo olugcina idatha lapho amandla engavuliwe. Imemori engaguquki ingasetshenziswa ukugcina idatha nezinhlelo ngisho nalapho ikhompuyutha icishiwe. Inokusebenzisa okuningi kumakhompyutha, okuhlanganisa:

• I-chip ye-BIOS, egcina ulwazi mayelana nokucushwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha nokulandelana kwe-boot.
• Ama-hard drive, agcina wonke amafayela nezinhlelo zakho.

Inkumbulo engaguquki ngokuvamile iza ngezindlela ezimbili: i-flash (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-EEPROM) noma i-RAM.

Iyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi

I-CPU, noma iyunithi yokucubungula ephakathi , ibhodi lesifunda elenza yonke imisebenzi yokucubungula kukhompyutha. Inesibopho sokwenza imiyalelo, ukugcina imisebenzi, nokulawula ezinye izingxenye zekhompyutha.

Ama-CPU angenziwa izigidi zama-transistors ku-chip eyodwa noma ama-chips amaningi asebenza ndawonye njengengxenye ye-system-on-chip (SoC). Ubukhulu nobunkimbinkimbi kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi iyodwa yini noma i-multi-core, amandla aphansi noma aphezulu, ashumekiwe noma ideskithophu, njll., kodwa noma ngabe injani, kusengama-CPU.

Inkumbulo yekhompyutha: Igama elithi "inkumbulo"

Igama elithi "inkumbulo" libhekisela kukho kokubili umthamo wokugcina kanye nesivinini sokufinyelela olwazini olugcinwe kumemori eyinhloko yohlelo.

Umthamo wenkumbulo yekhompyutha ulinganiswa ngamabhayithi (8 bits). Isibonelo, i-chip ye-megabyte (MB) ingagcina u-1 kilobytes (KB), noma amabhayithi ayizigidi ezingu-1024; 1MB chips angagcina 2KB; 2048MB chips izobamba 4 KB; njll., kufika ku-4096GB namagigabhayithi angu-128 chip ngayinye (16 x 16 = 8).

Inani langempela le-RAM oyifakile kukhompuyutha yakho lizoba ngaphansi kwalezi zibalo eziphezulu zethiyori ngoba esinye isikhala kufanele sigcinelwe ezinye izinjongo, njengamafayela esistimu yokusebenza namabhafa wokuboniswa kwevidiyo.

Isivinini sokufinyelela silinganiswa ngama-nanosecond—indlela idatha engasuswa ngokushesha ngayo isuka kwenye indawo iye kwenye ngaphakathi kwe-chip—okuhumusheka esikhathini esisithathayo ukuze iphrosesa yekhompuyutha yakho noma abacubungulayo bathole idatha kumemori eyinhloko uma idingeka ngohlelo lohlelo lokusebenza olusebenza kuzo endaweni ethile emjikelezweni wayo wokusebenzisa.

Isivinini sokufunda/sokubhala idatha sinomthelela ekusebenzeni kwesistimu.

Lapho inkumbulo ishesha, kuba ngcono ukusebenza kohlelo lonke.

Isibonelo, uma unamakhompyutha amabili anama-CPU afanayo nezinye izingxenye kodwa enye inenkumbulo esheshayo kunenye, izosebenza kangcono ngoba ingacubungula imiyalelo eminingi ngomzuzwana (IPS). Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kumageyimu lapho i-FPS ephezulu (ozimele ngesekhondi) idingeka ukuze kudlalwa igeyimu okushelelayo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zokunikezela nge-3D ezidinga amanani ozimele asheshayo ukuze kugwenywe ukucwayiza kwezithombe ezisesikrinini.

Ulwazi kanambambili

Ngamagama alula, amakhompyutha agcina ulwazi ngesimo se-binary esebenzisa amasekethe kagesi aziwa ngokuthi ama-memory units (ama-MU) kanye namabhasi. Ikhodi ye-binary uchungechunge lwama-1 kanye nama-0 amelela izingcezu zedatha noma izinhlamvu.

Iyunithi yenkumbulo ingenziwa ngama-transistors nama-capacitor axhunywe amabhasi.

Izinhlobo zamamojula ekhompyutha

I-RAM (inkumbulo yokufinyelela okungahleliwe) iwuhlobo lwemojuli yekhompyutha esebenza njengesitoreji sesikhashana. Okuqukethwe kwe-RAM kuyalahleka lapho amandla enqanyulwa noma lapho ucisha ikhompuyutha. Zonke izinhlelo zisebenza nge-RAM; Lokhu kubandakanya uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza nanoma yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza zesofthiwe ozisebenzisayo njengamanje.

Idatha eku-RAM ingafinyelelwa ngokushesha kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zememori ngoba akudingekile ukuthi ifundwe kwenye indawo (njenge-hard drive), kodwa lokhu kusho ukuthi iyaguquguquka: iyanyamalala uma ucisha ikhompuyutha yakho noma uphelelwa amandla.

Isiphetho: Izinkumbulo zekhompyutha: Ukuhlelwa nezici

Izinkumbulo zekhompuyutha ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile zesistimu yekhompyutha, futhi igcina idatha ngendlela kanambambili isebenzisa amasekhethi e-electronic aziwa ngokuthi amayunithi enkumbulo (ama-MU) namabhasi. Igama elithi "inkumbulo" libhekisela kukho kokubili umthamo wokugcina kanye nesivinini sokufinyelela olwazini olugcinwe kumemori eyinhloko yohlelo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamamojula ekhompuyutha asebenza njengamathuluzi okugcina, wonke anezakhiwo ezihlukile.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Inkumbulo ye-ROM: Kuyini, izinhlobo kanye nomehluko nge-RAM