Umsuka Wezibalo: Ukuhlola Izisekelo

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IMathematika ingeminye yemikhakha emidala futhi eyisisekelo yesintu. Kusukela kwabaseBhabhiloni nabaseGibhithe lasendulo kuya kosozibalo banamuhla, ukucwaninga kwayo kuye kwadlula amasiko futhi kwashiya uphawu olungasuki emhlabeni. Kulesi sihloko, sizongena ohambweni oluhehayo lomsuka weMathematika. Sizohlola ukuvela kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ongqondongqondo abalolonge izimiso zayo kanye nezindlela ezingokoqobo eziguqule indlela esiphila ngayo. Hlanganyela nathi kulolu hambo olujabulisayo futhi uthole ukuthi i-Origin of Mathematics iwulolonge kanjani umhlaba esiwaziyo namuhla.

Umsuka wezibalo ezikhathini zasendulo

Ukuqala kwezinombolo: Izethulo zezinombolo zokuqala

Umsuka weMathematika usukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko yabantu. Ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando, okhokho bethu baqala ukuthuthukisa izindlela zakudala zokubala nokumelela izinombolo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu emathanjeni nasematsheni kwakungenye yezibonakaliso zokuqala zalesi simiso sokuqala. Lezi zethulo zezinombolo zakuqala zabeka izisekelo zokuthuthukiswa kwakamuva kweMathematika.

abaseGibhithe kanye Mathematics ekuphileni kwansuku zonke

EGibhithe lasendulo, iMathematika yayidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. AbaseGibhithe basungula uhlelo lwedesimali lokuqala futhi basebenzisa amakhono athuthukile ezibalo ekwakheni amaphiramidi, izinkundla zokulinganisa, nokuphatha isikhathi. Ukuqonda kwabo i-geometry kuphinde kwabonakala endleleni abadweba ngayo imingcele yomhlaba kanye nezakhiwo zezikhumbuzo zezakhiwo.

IBhabhiloni: Izibalo kanye ne-Astronomy

Impucuko yaseBhabhiloni yasendulo yayiwukukhanya kolwazi lwezibalo nezinkanyezi. AbaseBabiloni basungula isimiso sobulili, esasisekelwe enombolweni engu-60 futhi esasetshenziswa nanamuhla ukuze kukale isikhathi nama-engeli. Baphinde benza iminikelo ebalulekile ku-geometry ne-arithmetic, futhi basebenzisa ulwazi lwabo lwezibalo ukuze babikezele izenzakalo zezinkanyezi futhi benze ukuqaphela okunembile.

Umsuka wezibalo eGrisi lasendulo

Pythagoras kanye nesikole sePythagorean: Ukuvela Kwejiyomethri

EGreece yasendulo, isikole Pythagorean, eholwa isazi sefilosofi nezibalo Ama-Pythagoras, yaba neqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kweMathematika. AmaPythagorean ahlola imiqondo eyisisekelo yezinombolo, izilinganiso, kanye nejometri. Bathola ukuthi ubudlelwano bezinombolo obungaphansi konxantathu abangakwesokudla bungavezwa ngefomula edumile ye-Pythagorean, ngaleyo ndlela bebeka izisekelo ze-Euclidean geometry.

I-Euclid kanye Nezinto: I-Axiomatic Geometry

U-Euclid, isazi sezibalo esingumGreki sekhulu lesi-3 BC, wabhala i-Elements, ubuciko bobuciko bezibalo obabeka izisekelo ze-axiomatic geometry. Kule ncwajana enethonya, u-Euclid wethule uchungechunge lwama-postulates nama-axiom okuvela kuwo amathiyori neziphakamiso. I-Elements yaba umbhalo oyisisekelo ekufundiseni iMathematika futhi ithonya layo lathatha amakhulu eminyaka.

Archimedes kanye nezibalo ezisetshenziswayo

U-Archimedes, isazi sezibalo nefiziksi esingumGreki, wayaziwa ngeqhaza lakhe emkhakheni wezibalo ezisetshenziswayo. Izinto azithole ezenza izinguquko ekubalweni kwezindawo namavolumu, kanye nokusungula kwakhe isikulufu sika-Archimedes kanye nomthetho we-lever, kwabonisa ukubaluleka kwezibalo ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezingokoqobo. Iminikelo ka-Archimedes yavula indlela yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.

Ukuvela kwezibalo kuwo wonke umlando

I-Renaissance kanye nenguquko yezibalo

Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, iMathematics yaba nenguquko. Izazi zezibalo ezivelele ezinjengoLeonardo da Vinci noJohannes Kepler basebenzisa izimiso zezibalo kwezesayensi nezobuciko, babeka isisekelo se-physics yesimanje kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholwa kokubala kuka-Isaac Newton kanye no-Gottfried Leibniz kunikeze uhlaka olusha lokuxazulula izinkinga zezibalo nezesayensi.

Ikhulu le-19: Ukunyuka kwe-algebra nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo

Ikhulu le-19 labona intuthuko esheshayo emkhakheni weMathematika. I-algebra ye-Abstract yaba indawo evelele yocwaningo, futhi izazi zezibalo ezinjengo-Évariste Galois no-Georg Cantor zashintsha indlela izinkinga ze-algebra ezasingathwa ngayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kwathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo yimisebenzi yezazi zezibalo ezinjengoKarl Weierstrass no-Augustin-Louis Cauchy, okubeka izisekelo zethiyori yokusebenza nokuhlaziya kwesimanje.

I-20th Century: Ukuphakama Kwe-Set Theory kanye ne-Computer Science

Ekhulwini lama-20, i-set theory kanye ne-mathematical logic yaba yizindawo ezibalulekile zokufunda. Izazi zezibalo ezinjengoGeorg Cantor noBertrand Russell bahlola imikhawulo nezindida zamasethi, kuyilapho U-Alan Turing wabeka izisekelo zesayensi yekhompiyutha kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa ngomqondo wakhe womshini weTuring. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwavula iminyango emisha emhlabeni weZibalo futhi kwavula indlela yenkathi yedijithali esiphila kuyo namuhla.

Umthelela wezibalo emhlabeni wanamuhla

Izibalo nobuchwepheshe

Izibalo zibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje. Kusukela i ubuchule obuphezulu esetshenziswa ezinjinini zokusesha kumamodeli ezibalo asetshenziswa kubuhlakani bokwenziwa nokufunda ngomshini, iMathematics ibe umgogodla wenguquko yedijithali. Ngaphandle kwabo, besingeke sibe namakhompyutha, omakhalekhukhwini noma i-inthanethi njengoba siyayazi namuhla.

Izibalo kanye neFiziksi

I-Physics, njengesifundo esiyisisekelo sokuqonda indawo yonke, iye yaxhunyaniswa eduze neMathematika kuwo wonke umlando. Kusukela emithethweni yokunyakaza ka-Newton kuya kuthiyori ka-Einstein yokuhlobana, izibalo zinikeze ulimi namathuluzi adingekayo ukuchaza nokubikezela izenzakalo ezibonakalayo. Ngaphandle kweMathematika, ukuqonda kwethu imvelo bekuyoba nomkhawulo.

Izibalo nesayensi yezenhlalo

Ngisho nakusayensi yezenhlalo, iMathematics ithole ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile. Izibalo nokuhlaziywa kwedatha kungamathuluzi ayisisekelo ocwaningo lwezenhlalo nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi. Amamodeli ezibalo nawo asetshenziselwa ukubikezela ukuthambekela kwezomnotho, ukuziphatha kwemakethe, namaphethini omphakathi. Izibalo zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuqonda nokubhekana nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zomphakathi wanamuhla.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nemvelaphi Yezibalo

Iyiphi into yokuqala ebalulekile etholakele yezibalo emlandweni?

Ukutholwa kokuqala okukhulu kwezibalo okulotshwe emlandweni kwakuwukuvela kwezibalo zezibalo emasikweni asendulo, njengezinhlelo zokubala zabaseBhabhiloni nabaseGibhithe. Lezi zindlela zakuqala zokubala nokumelela izinombolo zabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwakamuva kweMathematika.

Ubani owayeyisazi sezibalo esasinethonya elikhulu eGrisi yasendulo?

Omunye wezazi zezibalo ezinethonya elikhulu eGrisi lasendulo kwakungu-Euclid, umbhali we-Elements. Le ncwadi yezibalo yabeka izisekelo ze-axiomatic geometry futhi yaba umbhalo oyisisekelo wokufundiswa kweMathematika amakhulu eminyaka.

Izibalo zibe nomthelela kanjani ezobuchwepheshe besimanje?

Izibalo zibe nomthelela omkhulu kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje. Ama-algorithms ezibalo ayisisekelo sezinjini zokusesha, izinhlelo zokuncoma kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamodeli ezibalo asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwesekethe ye-elekthronikhi, i-cryptography, nokuhlaziywa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela.

Ikuphi ukuxhumana phakathi kweMathematika neFiziksi?

Izibalo ne-physics kuxhumene kakhulu. Izibalo zihlinzeka ngolimi namathuluzi adingekayo ukuchaza nokubikezela izenzakalo ezibonakalayo. Imithetho yezibalo nezibalo, njengemithetho yokunyakaza ka-Newton kanye nezibalo zethiyori ye-quantum, ivumela izazi zefiziksi ukuthi zenze imodeli futhi ziqonde ukuziphatha kwemvelo.

Yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza iMathematika enazo kwisayensi yezenhlalo?

Izibalo zinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene kusayensi yezenhlalo. Izibalo kanye ukuhlaziywa kwedatha Zisetshenziselwa ukuphenya nokuqonda izenzakalo zezenhlalo, ezomnotho nezombusazwe. Amamodeli ezibalo nawo asetshenziswa ekubikezeleni ukuziphatha kwemakethe, ukuhlela amadolobha, kanye nokuthuthukisa izinsiza emphakathini.

Uyini umthelela weMathematics ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke?

Izibalo zinomthelela omkhulu ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke. Ukusuka ebhange kuya ekugcineni kwesikhathi nokuphequlula nge GPSIzibalo zikhona emisebenzini yethu eminingi yansuku zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhono ezibalo asivumela ukuba sixazulule izinkinga, senze izinqumo ezinolwazi, futhi siqonde umhlaba osizungezile ngokujulile.

Isiphetho semvelaphi yeMathematics

Umsuka weMathematika utholakala ezisekelweni zempucuko yabantu. Kusukela ekumelelweni kwezinombolo zasendulo kuya emibonweni yanamuhla eyinkimbinkimbi, lokhu kuziphatha kuye kwavela futhi kwashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka emlandweni. Izibalo azigcini nje ngokuqhubeza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe nesayensi, kodwa futhi ziguqule indlela esiqonda ngayo umhlaba nokuxazulula izinkinga ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ngokuhlola I-Origin of Mathematics, siyabazisa ubuhlakani nekhono lokusungula lezibalo ezishiye uphawu oluhlala njalo emlandweni wesintu.