Iyini i-Apache: Injini engabonakali enika amandla iwebhu

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Wake wazibuza ukuthi yini ebangela iningi lamawebhusayithi owavakashela nsuku zonke? Kukhona ingxenye ebalulekile futhi engabonakali njalo eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukuphequlula, ukuthenga ku-inthanethi, ukufunda amabhulogi, noma ukuphatha izinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi kunoma iyiphi idivayisi. Yi-Apache, iseva yewebhu esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, isici esibalulekile emlandweni kanye namanje e-inthanethi.

Ukuthola ukuthi i-Apache isebenza kanjani, ukuthi kungani ibilokhu ibaluleke kangaka, izinzuzo zayo, imikhawulo yayo, nokuthi izivumelanisa kanjani nezidingo zamanje kungaba usizo kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumsebenzisi othanda ukwazi noma usebenza ezweni ledijithali. Ngezansi uzothola umhlahlandlela ophelele futhi osesikhathini sale seva. Sizobuyekeza umlando wayo, ukusebenza kwangaphakathi, ukwakheka kwe-modular, ukuqhathanisa nabancintisani bayo abayinhloko, amathiphu okwenza ngcono, izici zokuphepha, nokunye okuningi. Lungela ukufunda i-Apache kusukela ekuqaleni, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amagama anzima obuchwepheshe kodwa ungashiyi lutho.

Iyini i-Apache futhi kungani ibaluleke kangaka?

I-Apache HTTP Server, eyaziwa nje ngokuthi i-Apache, iyisofthiwe yeseva yewebhu yamahhala nevulekile ekuvumela ukuthi ubambe futhi unikeze amakhasi ewebhu, izithombe, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwefayela ku-inthanethi. Yakhishwa okokuqala ngo-1995 futhi yathuthukiswa yi-Apache Software Foundation, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo ekhuthaza isofthiwe yamahhala nevulekile.

Ithonya le-Apache libe likhulu kakhulu eminyakeni edlule. Akugcini nje ngokuba yiseva yewebhu esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele iminyaka eminingi (efinyelela isabelo semakethe esingaphezu kuka-70%), kodwa futhi yaqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kwe-World Wide Web njengoba siyazi. Namuhla, isalokhu iyisinqumo esithandwa kakhulu ngamabhizinisi, amaphrojekthi omuntu siqu, namawebhusayithi azo zonke izinhlobo, yize sekuvele ezinye izindlela zokuncintisana ezifana ne -NGINX ne-LiteSpeed ​​​​.

Uyini umsebenzi wayo oyisisekelo? I-Apache ithola izicelo ezivela kuziphequluli zabasebenzisi (isibonelo, uma uthayipha ikheli lewebhu ku-Chrome noma ku-Safari), ihumusha lezo zicelo ngephrothokholi ye-HTTP noma ye-HTTPS, futhi iphendula ngokuthumela amafayela nedatha edingekayo ukuze iwebhusayithi ibonakale kahle. Ngamanye amazwi, isebenza njengomlamuleli phakathi kwesiphequluli sakho nedatha ebanjwe kuseva.

Umlando omncane: umsuka we-Apache

I-Apache yazalwa ngo-1995 njengokuthuthukiswa kwenye isofthiwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-NCSA HTTPd , iseva yewebhu eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kodwa inemikhawulo namalayisense angaguquki. Igama elithi Apache linemvelaphi emibili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, libhekisela esizweni samaNdiya aseMelika esidumile ngokuqina kwaso, kanti ngakolunye (ngokusho kwabanye), liwukudlala ngamagama anegama elithi "iseva enamachashaza," njengoba izinguqulo zokuqala ze-Apache zaziyiqoqo lamachashaza phezu kwesofthiwe yangaphambilini.

Impumelelo enkulu ye-Apache kwaba ukwamukela ifilosofi yomthombo ovulekile, evumela noma ubani ukuthi alande, ashintshe, futhi athuthukise uhlelo ngaphandle kwezindleko noma imikhawulo. Lokhu kwavusa ukubambisana komhlaba wonke, lapho izinkulungwane zabathuthukisi ziqhubeka nokufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni, izici ezintsha, kanye nokulungiswa kwamaphutha.

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, i-Apache izimise njengophawu lokuma kwamaseva ewebhu, izuza isisekelo sezixazululo zokuphathelene nezinkampani ezinkulu futhi yaba yisisekelo sesakhiwo sewebhu sabahlinzeki abaningi abasingathayo, izinkampani ze-inthanethi, amaphrojekthi womuntu siqu, amanyuvesi, kanye nokuphathwa komphakathi.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Iyini iseva nokuthi isebenza kanjani: Izinhlobo nezici

Isetshenziselwani ngempela i-Apache?

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-Apache ukusebenza njengeseva yewebhu, okukuvumela ukuthi ubambe futhi ulethe okuqukethwe kubasebenzisi be-inthanethi ngendlela ephumelelayo nephephile. Uma ulungiselela isevisi yokubamba iwebhu noma i-VPS, i-Apache inesibopho sokuphendula kuzo zonke izicelo ezitholwe yisizinda.

• Inikeza amakhasi ewebhu amile: I-HTML, i-CSS, i-JavaScript, izithombe, namanye amafayela akhonjiswa njengoba enjalo kubasebenzisi.
• Isingatha izinhlelo zokusebenza eziguqukayo: I-Apache ihlanganisa nezilimi ezifana ne-PHP, i-Python, ne-Perl ukuze ikhiphe imibhalo futhi ibonise okuqukethwe okwenziwe ngokwezifiso okusekelwe kudatha egcinwe kusizindalwazi.
• Phatha amasayithi amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa: Ngenxa yesici se-Virtual Hosts, kuyenzeka ukusingatha inqwaba noma amakhulu amawebhusayithi ahlukene kuseva efanayo, ngalinye linokucushwa kwalo nesizinda.
• Isekela ukuxhumana nge-HTTPS kanye nezitifiketi zokuphepha ze-SSL/TLS, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi luhamba lubethelwe futhi luhlanganiswe phakathi kweseva nomsebenzisi.
• Ikuvumela ukuthi wenze ngokwezifiso imithetho yokufinyelela, ukuqondisa kabusha, ukucindezelwa kwefayela, ukugcinwa kwesikhashana, njll. ngenxa yesistimu yayo ye-modular kanye namafayela adumile we-.htaccess.

Isebenza kanjani i-Apache Ngaphansi Kwe-Hood: I-Architecture namamojula

I-Apache akuyona iseva ebonakalayo, kodwa isofthiwe efakwe kukhompyutha (iseva) exhunywe kwi-inthanethi. Isebenza kumodeli yeklayenti-iseva: isiphequluli somsebenzisi (iklayenti) sicela ikhasi, i-Apache iyacubungula lelo sicelo, bese ithumela impendulo ehambisanayo.

Inhliziyo ye-Apache ukwakheka kwayo kwe-modular . Lokhu kusho ukuthi imisebenzi yayo eyisisekelo (ukuhumusha i-HTTP, ukuthumela amafayela) ingandiswa noma iguqulwe ngokungeza "amamojula," okuyizingcezu ezincane zesofthiwe ezivumela izinketho ezintsha.

• mod_ssl: Yengeza ukubethela kanye nosekelo lwe-SSL/TLS lokuxhumana kwe-HTTPS.
• mod_rewrite: Ikuvumela ukuthi ubhale kabusha ama-URL ukuze uwenze asebenziseke kalula noma avikeleke.
• mod_deflate: Inika amandla ukucindezelwa kwamafayela athunyelwe kumsebenzisi, yehlisa ukusetshenziswa komkhawulokudonsa.
• I-mod_proxy ne-mod_proxy_ajp: Asebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwe-Apache nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle, njengamaseva we-Tomcat we-Java.
• mod_security: Ihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka ekuhlaselweni okuvamile kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu.
• mod_cache, mod_expire: Benza lula ukugcinwa kwesikhashana ukuze kuthuthukiswe isivinini sokulayisha.

Lokhu kunikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu, ngoba ungavumela amamojula owadingayo kuphela futhi wenze ngokwezifiso ngokuphelele ukuziphatha kweseva . Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaphathi bangashintsha ukucushwa kokubili emhlabeni jikelele (kweseva yonke) kanye nesizinda ngasinye noma ngisho nohla lwemibhalo (ngenxa yefayela le-.htaccess).

I-athikili ehlobene:

Izinhlobo zamaseva ewebhu: Umhlahlandlela ophelele

Amafayela okumisa nokwenza ngokwezifiso

I-Apache ihlelwe ngokuyinhloko ngamafayela ombhalo achaza indlela iseva okufanele iziphathe ngayo. Abaluleke kakhulu yile:

• httpd.conf: Ifayela lokumisa lomhlaba jikelele, lapho amapharamitha afana nembobo yokulalela, izindlela zamafayela, amamojula asebenzayo, izinsiza ezivunyelwe, njll.
• apache2.conf: Ilingana ne-httpd.conf ekusabalazweni okuningi kwamanje kwe-Linux, ikakhulukazi Ubuntu.
• .htaccess: Ifayela elikhethekile elingafakwa kunoma iyiphi inkomba kuwebhusayithi, elikuvumela ukuthi wenze ngokwezifiso imithetho yaleyo folda ethile. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekusingatheni okwabiwe kanye nezinhlelo ezifana ne-WordPress.
• Abasingathi Ababonakalayo: Izingcezu zokucushwa ezichaza amapharamitha esizinda ngasinye noma isizinda esingaphansi kwesinye esisingethwe kuseva.

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-Apache ngaphezu kwezinye izindlela

I-Apache ibilokhu ihamba phambili iminyaka ngezizathu eziningi:

• Umthombo ovulekile futhi mahhala: Ngaphandle kwezimali zelayisensi, noma ubani angayisebenzisa, ayilungise, futhi ayivumelanise nephrojekthi yakhe.
• Umphakathi omkhulu wabasebenzisi nabathuthukisi: Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo, ukuvuselelwa njalo kwezokuphepha, kanye nemibhalo ebanzi.
• I-modularity eyedlulele nokuvumelana nezimo: Ivumelana nezimo kumaphrojekthi amancane noma amakhulu. Ungangeza amamojula owadingayo kuphela.
• Ama-Multiplatform: Isebenza ku-Linux, Windows, macOS nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
• Ihambisana ne-CMS namapulatifomu amakhulu: I-WordPress, Joomla, PrestaShop, Drupal nezinye eziningi ziphuma ngaphandle kwebhokisi nge-Apache.
• Ukwenza ngokwezifiso nge-.htaccess: Inikeza imithetho ethile noma ukwenza ngendlela oyifisayo ngaphandle kokufinyelela kuzilungiselelo zomhlaba.
• Izinsiza eziningi kanye nezifundo ku-inthanethi: Ilungele kokubili abaqalayo nochwepheshe.

Ukungalungi kanye nezinkinga ze-Apache

Yize iqine kakhulu, i-Apache inokulinganiselwa okuthile:

• Ukusebenza kumasayithi anethrafikhi ephezulu: Inqubo/isakhiwo esisuselwe kuchungechunge ngoxhumano ngalunye lungakhawulwa ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zokuxhuma ngasikhathi sinye uma kungalungiselelwe kahle.
• Ukucushwa okuthuthukisiwe okuyinkimbinkimbi: Inani elikhulu lezinketho namamojula lingaholela emaphutheni noma ekubeni sengozini uma lingasetshenziswa kahle.
• Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamamojula: Ukunika amandla amamojula amaningi kakhulu angadingekile kungase kuthinte ukuzinza noma ukuphepha.
• Ukulinganisa okulinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa namaseva aqhutshwa umcimbi njenge-NGINX: Ukugcina ukusebenza okuphezulu ngamavolumu aphezulu wethrafikhi kudinga ukulungiselelwa okuqondile.

Noma kunjalo, amawebhusayithi amancane naphakathi cishe ahlala ethola i-Apache njengenketho ethembekile nephephile.

Ukuqhathanisa: I-Apache iqhudelana ne-NGINX, i-LiteSpeed, nezinye izimbangi

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ezinye izindlela ezifana ne-NGINX ne-LiteSpeed ​​​​zizuze ukuvelela, ikakhulukazi kumasayithi anabantu abaningi:

• I-NGINX: Isebenzisa i-architecture eqhutshwa umcimbi, ilawula izinkulungwane zokuxhumanisa ngokusetshenziswa okuphansi kwensiza nokusebenza okuphezulu.
• I-LiteSpeed Inikeza isivinini esikhulu kune-Apache sokuqukethwe okuguquguqukayo, nakuba inguqulo yebhizinisi ingeyona mahhala ngokuphelele.
• I-Tomcat: Igxile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-Java, i-Apache ihlanganisa uhla olubanzi lobuchwepheshe.
• I-IIS (Izinkonzo Zolwazi Lwe-inthanethi): Isixazululo seMicrosoft, esiqondiswe ku-ASP.NET kanye ne-MSSQL.

Ngokuvamile, i-Apache inikeza inketho engcono kakhulu yamawebhusayithi ajwayelekile, kuyilapho i-NGINX isetshenziswa njengommeleli ohlanekezelwe noma ezindaweni ezinethrafikhi ephezulu. I-LiteSpeed ​​​​ihamba phambili ekusebenzeni, nakuba inemikhawulo ethile enguqulweni yayo yamahhala. I-Tomcat igxile ezinhlelweni ze-Java.

Ukuthuthukisa nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza ku-Apache

Ukwandisa ukusebenza kwe-Apache, ukucushwa okufanele kuyanconywa:

• Yenza kusebenze i-KeepAlive: Igcina ukuxhumeka kuvuliwe, yehlisa ukubambezeleka ngesikhathi sokulayisha okuningi.
• Lungiselela ama-MaxClients kanye nesikhathi sokuvala: Ukuphatha kahle ukuxhumana ngasikhathi sinye ngokuya ngomthamo weseva.
• Sebenzisa amamojula okulondoloza isikhashana afana ne-mod_cache noma i-mod_expires: Ukuze kusheshiswe izimpendulo.
• Lungiselela ukucindezela nge-mod_deflate: Yehlisa isisindo sedatha ezothunyelwa.
• Khubaza amamojula angadingekile: Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuzinza.
• Hlanganisa ne-NGINX: Isu elivame kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-NGINX kokuqukethwe okumile kanye ne-Apache kokuqukethwe okuguquguqukayo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Iyini i-webhook, isebenza kanjani, futhi yenzelweni?: umhlahlandlela ophelele

Ukulungiselelwa okuncane kungenza umehluko omkhulu kulwazi lomsebenzisi nokusebenza kahle kweseva.

Ukuphepha kwe-Apache: Ungayivikela Kanjani Iseva Yakho

Ukuphepha kumaseva ewebhu kubalulekile:

• Fihla inguqulo nge-ServerTokens kanye ne-ServerSignature: Kwenza kube nzima kwabangaba abahlaseli ukuthola ulwazi kusuka kuseva.
• Lungiselela ama-firewall futhi uhlunge ama-IP: Ukuze uvimbele ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe.
• Sebenzisa i-HTTPS ene-SSL/TLS nezitifiketi, ezifana ne-Let's Encrypt: Ukuze ubethele ukuxhumana.
• Gcina i-Apache namamojula ayo esesikhathini samanje: Izinguqulo ezintsha zilungisa ubungozi.
• Nika amandla i-mod_security: Okokuvikela ekuhlaselweni okuvamile okufana nemijovo noma i-XSS.
• Khawulela izimvume futhi usebenzise amafayela we-.htaccess: Ukuze uvikele amafolda anamagama ayimfihlo futhi ukhawulele ukufinyelela.

Amacala okusetshenziswa kwe-Apache kanye nokuba khona kwamanje

I-Apache isalokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yamapulatifomu amaningi:

• Wikipedia: Isebenzisa i-Apache njengesisekelo sengqalasizinda yayo.
• I-LinkedIn kanye ne-Apple Internal Services: Yize izingxenye sezithuthile, i-Apache isalokhu ingukhiye ezinhlelweni eziningi.
• Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamabhulogi, izitolo namawebhusayithi ezinkampani: Bayethemba i-Apache ngokwethembeka kwayo, imibhalo emihle, nokuhambisana nama-CMS afana ne-WordPress, Joomla, kanye neDrupal.

Ngaphandle komncintiswano, i-Apache isalokhu iyinketho ekhethwayo kuyo yonke i-inthanethi, ekhombisa ukuguquguquka kwayo kanye nokuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo.

Njengoba ubonile, i-Apache ingaphezu nje kweseva yewebhu. Ngemuva kokulula kwayo okusobala kukhona uhlelo oluqinile, oluguquguqukayo, noluphephile oluguqule umlando we-inthanethi. Kusukela kumabhulogi omuntu siqu kuya kuma-portal amakhulu, izitolo eziku-inthanethi, amapulatifomu ezemfundo, kanye namaphrojekthi amakhulu edatha, i-Apache ibilokhu futhi iyaqhubeka nokuba yinjini engabonakali eyenza iwebhu isebenze nsuku zonke. Uma ufuna ukuthembeka, ukwesekwa, izinketho zokwenza ngokwezifiso, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okulula nobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu, i-Apache HTTP Server iyisinqumo esiphephile sokwakha okwamanje kwakho kwedijithali kanye nekusasa.