I-PLC: ukuthi iyini, isebenza kanjani, nokuthi isetshenziselwa ini ezishintshayo zezimboni

I-Informec Digital » Ubuchwepheshe » I-PLC: iyini, isebenza kanjani nokuthi isetshenziselwani ukuzenzekela kwezimboni

Ezweni lezinhlelo zokulawula zezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula zesimanje, ama-PLC abe yizingxenye eziyisisekelo ezishintshe imikhakha yokukhiqiza kanye neyokuthutha. Ukuhlanganiswa kwawo kuholele ekwenzeni imisebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo okuthembekile, okuguquguqukayo, nokuphephile, okuvumela izinkampani ukuthi zithuthukise izinsiza futhi zifinyelele ukusebenza kahle okunzima ukuthi ezinye izinhlelo zikufane. Kodwa uyazi ngempela ukuthi i-PLC iyini , isebenza kanjani, noma ukuthi isetshenziselwa ini?

Uma ufuna ukuqonda lobu buchwepheshe obubalulekile kuzo zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni nezindawo zokuhlala nezohwebo, uzothola incazelo ecacile, ebanzi, nehambisana nesikhathi lapha. Zitholele amaphuzu abalulekile, izinzuzo, izinhlobo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-PLCs ngokujula, ukuhlanganisa wonke ama-nuances nezindlela ezinikezwe imithombo ebaluleke kakhulu ngesi-Spanish.

Yini i-PLC?

Igama elithi PLC livela egameni lesiNgisi elithi Programmable Logic Controller . Liyidivayisi noma ikhompyutha eqinile kagesi, eyenzelwe ngqo ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo kwemishini nezinqubo zezimboni. "Ubuchopho" bunesibopho sokwamukela izimpawu ezivela kuzinzwa ezahlukene, ukuzicubungula ngokwesimiso esilungiselelwe kusengaphambili, kanye nokuqalisa imiphumela yokulawula imishini, izinhlelo, kanye nezinqubo zonke.

Lawa balawuli bedijithali akhelwe ukusebenza ezindaweni ezidinga amandla, lapho izimo zemvelo (uthuli, izinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza, umswakama) zingaba yingozi kunoma yimiphi imishini yehhovisi evamile. Inhloso eyinhloko ye-PLC ukwenza ngokuzenzakalela: ukufaka esikhundleni sezinhlelo zomsebenzi wezandla noma izinhlelo zokudlulisa kanye nokushintsha eziphelelwe yisikhathi ngokulawula kwe-elekthronikhi okuguquguqukayo, okulungisekayo, futhi okuphephile kakhulu futhi okusebenzayo.

Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo kanye nokulula kokuhlela kabusha , ama-PLC athathe indawo yezixazululo eziqinile neziyinkimbinkimbi. Avumela ukuguqulwa kwenqubo, ukuzivumelanisa okusheshayo nezinguquko zokukhiqiza, ukusebenza okwandisiwe, kanye nokugcinwa okulula kakhulu.

Umlando nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwama-PLC

Imvelaphi yama-PLC isukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. Imboni yezimoto, ikakhulukazi e-United States, kwakudingeka ithathe indawo yamaphaneli agcwele ama-relay kanye nezintambo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okwakuthatha isikhathi futhi kubiza kakhulu ukuwashintsha. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela amadivayisi okuqala angahlelwa, asheshe ashintsha ukuze afake ama-microprocessor, andisa amakhono awo futhi avumela ukuxhumana neminye imishini.

Emashumini eminyaka alandela, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe yaholela kuma-PLC anamandla kakhulu, amancane, futhi angabizi . Ngawo-80, ukumiswa kwezimiso kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezilimi zokuhlela kwasungula ama-PLC njengesixazululo esiyinhloko ezenzakalelayo zezimboni. Namuhla, ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo ze-SCADA, ukuxhumana ngamanethiwekhi ezimboni, kanye nokwamukelwa kwezixhumanisi zomshini womuntu (ama-HMI) kuqeda igxathu elifanele lalobu buchwepheshe.

Isebenza kanjani i-PLC?

Ukusebenza kwe -PLC kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana ezibalulekile, eziphindaphindwa ngokujikeleza ngama-millisecond:

• Ithola amasignali okokufaka: I-PLC ithola ulwazi (UKUVULIWE/KUVALIWE kwezimo noma amanani e-analog) kusuka kuzinzwa, amaswishi, izinkinobho ezicindezelayo, ukushintsha okukhawulelwe noma kumadivayisi enkundla.
• Ukucubungula idatha: Uma okufakiwe kugcinwa kumemori, i I-CPU isebenzisa uhlelo lomsebenzisi ukuhumusha lezo zimpawu kanye nokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo okufanele uzithathe.
• Ukwenza kusebenze okuphumayo: Ngokuvumelana ne-logic yohlelo, i-PLC ikhiqiza amasignali okukhiphayo eyenza ama-actuator, ama-relay, izixhumi, izinjini, ama-valve, amalambu, ama-alamu nezinye izakhi zisebenze.
• Ukuxhumana nokuqondisaAma-PLC angakwazi ukushintshanisa idatha namanye ama-PLC, amasistimu e-SCADA, noma izixhumanisi ze-HMI, okuvumela kokubili ukulawula okukude nokugadwa okuqondile nokusebenzisana opharetha.

Umjikelezo ophelele (owaziwa ngokuthi “ukuskena”) uhlanganisa ukuzihlola, ukufunda okufakwayo, ukwenza uhlelo, ukubuyekeza okukhiphayo, kanye nemisebenzi yokuxhumana. Lo msebenzi wesikhathi sangempela uqinisekisa impendulo esheshayo nethembekile kunoma yisiphi isenzakalo esitholwe ekufakweni.

Izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-PLC

I-PLC ngayinye yakhiwe ngamamojula amaningana aphatha imisebenzi ethile:

• I-CPU (Iyunithi Yokucubungula Emaphakathi): Kuwumongo we-PLC, lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-logic yokulawula futhi yonke imiyalelo icutshungulwa.
• Amamojula enkumbulo: Bagcina uhlelo lomsebenzisi, bacubungule idatha, amapharamitha namarekhodi omlando.
• Amamojula okokufaka: Bavumela ukwamukela amasignali kagesi kusuka kuzinzwa noma kumadivayisi angaphandle, ukuguqula lawa masignali ukuze i-CPU ikwazi ukuwatolika.
• Amamojula okukhiphayo: Bakhiqiza amasiginali ukuze benze kusebenze ama-relay, othintana nabo, ama-valve, amamotho noma iyiphi idivayisi exhunyiwe.
• Ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi: Inikeza amandla adingekayo kuzo zonke izingxenye zangaphakathi.
• Iyunithi yokuhlela: Ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi alayishe, aguqule noma agade uhlelo lokulawula esebenzisa ikhompuyutha ephathekayo, i-PC noma itheminali ephathwa ngesandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-PLC amaningi afaka amamojula okuxhumana ukuze ahlanganiswe kumanethiwekhi ezimboni kanye nezixhumi ze-HMI ukuze kube lula ukusebenzisana ngqo nomqhubi.

PLC Programming and Languages

Indlela i-PLC ehlelwe ngayo ingenye yezinzuzo zayo ezinkulu. Ivumela ukuzivumelanisa nokulungisa kabusha izinqubo zokukhiqiza noma zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela njengoba izidingo zenkampani zishintsha. Izinga lomhlaba wonke i-IEC 61131 lisungula izilimi eziningana zokuhlela ze-PLC, ezivame ukusetshenziswa yilezi:

• Umdwebo Wesitebhisi (LD): Ngokusekelwe emidwebeni kagesi “yesitebhisi”, ingeyendabuko futhi ilula kakhulu kochwepheshe abanolwazi lukagesi.
• Umdwebo Webhulokhi Yomsebenzi (FBD): Imelela ingqondo ngamabhulokhi axhunywe ngezithombe ukuze kubonakale kakhulu.
• Umbhalo Osakhiwe (ST): Isebenzisa i-syntax efana nezilimi ezijwayelekile zokuhlela, ezifanele izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
• Uhlu Lwemiyalo (IL) kanye Nomdwebo Wokulandelana (SFC): Ezinye izilimi eziqondiswe ezinhlelweni ezithile.

Lolu hlelo luthuthukiswa kumakhompyutha kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ethile enikezwa umenzi ngamunye futhi ludluliselwa ku-PLC ngekhebula noma uxhumano lwenethiwekhi.

Izici ezihlukile zama-PLC

Lawa madivayisi anezimfanelo ezimbalwa eziwahlukanisa ngokusobala kwezinye izinhlelo zokulawula, njengezilawuli ezincane, ama-PC wezimboni, noma ama-relay anezintambo:

• Ukuqina: Zenzelwe ukumelana nezimo ezimbi ezijwayelekile zamafekthri noma imigqa yokukhiqiza.
• ukwethembeka: Banikeza ukusebenza okuqhubekayo nokuphephile, okunciphisa ubungozi bokwehluleka noma ukuma okungahleliwe.
• Ukuvumelana nezimo kanye nokulula kokumisa kabusha: Ukuguqulwa kokulawula inqubo kungenziwa kalula ngokulungiswa kohlelo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuguqulwa komzimba kuzintambo.
• UkuzijwayezaAmamodeli amaningi avumela ukukhulisa inani lokokufaka/okuphumayo noma ukungeza izici njengoba izidingo zesistimu zikhula.
• Ukuxhumana: Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu (i-SCADA, i-MES, i-ERPs) namanethiwekhi ezimboni (i-Ethernet/IP, i-Profibus, i-Modbus, njll.).
• Ukuhambisana nezilimi ezahlukene zokuhlela: Ifanele izisebenzi zikagesi kanye nonjiniyela bamakhompyutha.
• I-interface yomsebenzisi enobungane: Nge-HMI noma amaphaneli ayingcaca anezikrini zokuthinta, ukuze kube lula ukusebenza nokuxilongwa kokufakwa.

Izinhlobo ze-PLC

Ngokuya ngobunkimbinkimbi benqubo okufanele ilawulwe kanye nemvelo yohlelo lokusebenza, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-PLC:

• I-Compact PLC: Ahlanganisa wonke amamojula (i-CPU, okokufaka/okuphumayo kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla) endaweni eyodwa. Zilungele izinhlelo ezincane noma eziphakathi nendawo lapho isikhala silinganiselwe futhi ukunwetshwa kungeke kudingeke.
• I-Modular PLC: Yenziwe ngamamojula azimele (CPU, I/O, ukuxhumana, njll.) angahlanganiswa ngokuvumelana nezidingo. Zinikeza ukwanda okukhulu nokuguquguquka, futhi ziyinketho ekhethwayo yezinhlelo zezimboni ezimaphakathi noma ezinkulu.
• Inkampani Rackmount PLC: Esetshenziswa kakhulu ekufakweni okukhulu, avumela amamojula ahlukene ukuthi afakwe futhi ahlanganiswe kuhlaka olulodwa, lula ukushintshaniswa kolwazi phakathi kwabo futhi anikeze amandla amakhulu okucubungula nokwandisa.
• I-PLC ene-HMI eyakhelwe ngaphakathi: Kubandakanya ukusebenzelana okuhlanganisiwe kwesithombe, okwenza kube lula ukusebenzisana nomsebenzisi futhi kunciphise izintambo zama-elementi.
• I-PLC ngesoftware: Abanayo i-CPU yabo ephathekayo, kodwa basebenzisa iphrosesa ye-PC noma iseva ukuze baqhube uhlelo lokulawula. Zilungele ukulingiswa, ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlola, nakuba ezinhlelweni ezibucayi i-PLC yehadiwe yendabuko ihlala inconywa.
• Slot PLC: Axhuma njengamakhadi e-PCI ngaphakathi kwekhompuyutha, ahlanganisa izinzuzo ze-modularity ne-PC processing.

Izicelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-PLC embonini

Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwama -PLC kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemikhakha yezimboni neyezentengiselwano, njenge:

• Izinhlelo zokukhiqiza nezokukhiqiza: Ukulawulwa kwemigqa yokuhlanganisa, amathuluzi omshini, amapulasitiki nemishini yensimbi, amarobhothi ezimboni kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanganisa ezizenzakalelayo.
• I-air conditioning, ukuphepha kanye nokufakwa kwamandla: Ukulawulwa kokushisisa, isimo somoya, isilawuli sokukhanyisa, iminyango ezenzakalelayo nezinhlelo ze-alamu ezindaweni zezimboni noma izakhiwo ezinkulu.
• Izinqubo zamakhemikhali nokudla: Ukuqapha nokulawula ukukala, ukulinganisa, ukuxuba, ukugcwalisa, ukupakisha nokugcinwa, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina nokuphepha kokudla.
• I-automation ye-Logistics: Ukuphathwa kwezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezizenzakalelayo, izinhlelo zezokuthutha zangaphakathi, amabhande okuthutha, okhrayini abanqwabelanisayo, namarobhothi okukha, ukugcina irekhodi lesikhathi sangempela lendawo nesimo sempahla.
• Imboni yezimoto: Izicelo emigqeni yokuhlanganisa, imishini yokushisela, amadokodo okupenda, imishini yokugaya, imishini yokumba kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezingxenye.
• Izitshalo zokwelapha kanye namandla: Ukulawulwa kwezitshalo zamanzi, ukuhlanzwa, amapayipi kawoyela, izinqubo zokukala, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa, ukwelapha okushisayo nokusatshalaliswa kukagesi.

Umkhuba wamanje ukhomba ekuhlanganisweni okukhulu kwama-PLC nobuchwepheshe be-Industry 4.0 , okuvumela ukuxhumana kwamafu, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Ngale ndlela, abalawuli be-logic abahlelekayo bazoqhubeka nokuba yinhliziyo ye-automation yezimboni kanye ne-digitalization.

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zama-PLC ngaphezu kwamanye amasistimu

Ukwamukela ama-PLC njengesixazululo sokulawula kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi:

• Ukunakekela okusheshayo nokulula: Ukuxilongwa okulula kwephutha, amathuba okuhlolwa ngaphandle kokushintsha izintambo zomzimba.
• Scalability kanye modularity: Ukunwetshwa kwesistimu kalula ngokungeza amamojula ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuklama kabusha okunamandla.
• Ukwehliswa kwezindleko nendawo: Isidingo esincane samaphaneli adluliselwe, indawo ebonakalayo, kanye nezikhathi zokuthuthuka nezokusebenzisa.
• Ukuphepha: Amathuba okufaka izikhiya, ukuvikela nemisebenzi yokumisa izimo eziphuthumayo ukuze kugwenywe izingozi.
• Ukuqapha okuthuthukile: Ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, ukukhiqizwa kwe-alamu, ukuqoshwa kwedatha nokuhlaziya, kusiza ukugcinwa kokubikezela.
• Ukuxhumana nokulawula okumaphakathi: Ukuhlanganiswa okulula kumanethiwekhi ezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha ezisezingeni eliphezulu (i-SCADA, i-WMS, i-WMS, izinhlelo ze-ERP, njll.).

Asetshenziswa kuphi ama-PLC kanye nezibonelo ezingokoqobo?

Ezinye izimo ezivamile lapho ama-PLC ebalulekile khona zifaka:

• Ukugeza izimoto okuzenzakalelayo: Ukulawula ukulandelana kwezinzwa (ukunquma ukuba khona kwezimoto, ukwenza amarobhothi asebenze, amafeni namaphampu ngokuya ngemingcele ehleliwe).
• Izimboni zezimoto: Ukuphatha ukupenda, ukushisela, nemigqa yokuhlanganisa, kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nezinhlelo zokudosa impahla.
• Ezokuthutha kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza: Ukwenza ngokuzenzakalela ukunyakaza nokuhlelwa kwamaphakheji, iziqukathi, noma amaphalethi ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla ezinkulu nasezikhungweni zempahla.
• Imboni yokudla: Ukulawula izinqubo ezibucayi ezifana nokufaka amabhodlela, i-pasteurization, ukugcwalisa, ukulebula noma ukupakisha, lapho i-homogeneity nokuphepha kubalulekile.
• Izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile: Ukulawulwa kwesimo somoya, ukukhanyisa, amakheshi namasistimu okufinyelela.

Njengamanje, ngisho nasezinhlelweni zasekhaya, kunezinhlobo ze -PLC zokuhlala ezenzelwe ukuphathwa kwamandla, ukulawula ukuchelela noma izinhlelo zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela ekhaya.

Izinhlobo namamodeli we-PLC asetshenziswa kakhulu

Emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe, abakhiqizi abanjengoSiemens no-Allen Bradley bavelele, behola imboni ngezixazululo ezenzelwe yonke imikhakha. I-Siemens iyisilinganiso eYurophu nase-Asia ngenxa yemigqa yayo yemikhiqizo ye-S7-200, S7-300, S7-400, S7-1200, kanye ne-S7-1500. U-Allen Bradley, okwamanje, ulawula imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-ControlLogix, MicroLogix, kanye ne-CompactLogix, ezihlanganisa konke kusukela ekufakweni kwezimboni ezincane kuya kwezinkulu.

Kukhona nama-PLC akhethekile emisebenzini ethile, njenge-PLC ezisekelwe kuma-slot zokugcina idatha yokukhiqiza noma ama-PLC asekelwe kwisofthiwe ukuze kwenziwe izivivinyo ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwangempela.

Izindleko kanye nembuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali lapho usebenzisa i-PLC

Izindleko zokuqala ze-PLC zincike kumkhiqizo, uhlobo, kanye nenani lamamojula adingekayo ekufakweni ngakunye. Kodwa-ke, imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali itholakala ngokushesha ngenxa yokonga ekunakekelweni, amaphutha anciphile, umkhiqizo owandisiwe, kanye nokuguquguquka kokuzivumelanisa nezidingo zemakethe ezintsha.

Nsuku zonke, kuvela amamodeli angabizi kakhulu futhi aqinile, afinyeleleka kalula kumabhizinisi amancane naphakathi, ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ikhwalithi noma ukuphepha. Ukutshala imali ku-PLC ethembekile kuwukutshala imali esikhathini esizayo kanye nokuncintisana kwenkampani yakho.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ubuchwepheshe be-PLC buthuthuke kakhulu kangangokuthi manje kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekulawulweni kwemishini esindayo kuya ezinqubweni zezokuthutha kanye nokuqapha amandla ezakhiwo , ngezixazululo ezingandiswa, eziphephile, nezilula ukuzinakekela. Uma unesifiso ngemboni, ubunjiniyela, noma ufuna nje ukuqonda ukuthi izinhlelo zokukhiqiza zesimanje zisebenza kanjani ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi zilungiselelwe, ukuthola ukuqonda okuphelele kwabalawuli be-logic abahlelekayo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile.