I-PLC: ukuthi iyini, isebenza kanjani, nokuthi isetshenziselwa ini ezishintshayo zezimboni

Informatec Digital » Ubuchwepheshe » I-PLC: ukuthi iyini, isebenza kanjani, nokuthi isetshenziselwa ini ezishintshayo zezimboni

Emhlabeni wezimboni ezishintshayo kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula zesimanje, PLC Seziphenduke izingcezu ezibalulekile eziguqule umkhakha wezokukhiqiza nowokuthuthwa kwempahla. Ukufakwa kwayo kunikeze amandla okuzenzakalela komsebenzi okuthembekile, okuvumelana nezimo, nokuvikelekile, okuvumela izinkampani ukuthi zandise izinsiza futhi zithole ukusebenza kahle okunzima ukuzifanisa nezinye izinhlelo. Kodwa ingabe uyazi ngempela? Iyini i-PLC?, isebenza kanjani noma isetshenziselwa ini ekusebenzeni?

Uma ufuna ukuqonda lobu buchwepheshe obubalulekile kuzo zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni nezindawo zokuhlala nezohwebo, uzothola incazelo ecacile, ebanzi, nehambisana nesikhathi lapha. Zitholele amaphuzu abalulekile, izinzuzo, izinhlobo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-PLCs ngokujula, ukuhlanganisa wonke ama-nuances nezindlela ezinikezwe imithombo ebaluleke kakhulu ngesi-Spanish.

Yini i-PLC?

Leli gama PLC livela esiNgisini Isilawuli Esihlelekile se-Logic, elihunyushwe ngokuthi Isilawuli Sengqondo Ehlelekayo. Iwumshini oqinile we-elekthronikhi noma ikhompuyutha, eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo kwemishini yezimboni nezinqubo. "Ingqondo" enesibopho sokwamukela amasiginali avela kuzinzwa ezahlukene, iwacubungule ngokohlelo olulungiselelwe kusengaphambili, nokwenza kusebenze okuphumayo ukuze ulawule imishini, amasistimu, nazo zonke izinqubo.

Lezi automata zedijithali Zakhelwe ukusebenza ezindaweni ezinzima, lapho izimo zemvelo (uthuli, izinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza, umswakama) zingaba zimbi kunoma iyiphi impahla yasehhovisi evamile. Inhloso eyinhloko ye-PLC ukuzenzela: ukufaka esikhundleni somsebenzi wezandla noma amasistimu amadala wokudlulisa nokushintsha ngokuguquguquka, okuhlelekayo, nokulawula okuphephe kakhulu nokusebenza kahle kagesi.

Ngibonga wakho ukuguquguquka nokulula ukuhlela kabusha, ama-PLC asuse izixazululo eziqinile neziyinkimbinkimbi. Bavumela ukuguqulwa kwezinqubo, ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha nezinguquko zokukhiqiza, ukusebenza okunwetshiwe, nokugcinwa okushesha kakhulu.

Umlando nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwama-PLC

Ukuqala kwama-PLCs kuhlehlela emuva ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. Imboni yezimoto, ikakhulukazi e-United States, yayidinga ukushintsha amaphaneli agcwele ama-relay nezintambo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okwakudinga isikhathi esiningi nemali ukuze kulungiswe. Ekuphenduleni, kwavela amadivaysi okuqala ahlelekayo, avele avela ngokushesha ukuze ahlanganise ama-microprocessors, ukwandisa amakhono kanye nokuvumela ukuxhumana namanye amadivaysi.

Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezobuchwepheshe kwaletha ama-PLC anamandla, ahlangene futhi anomnotho. Ngawo-80s, ukumiswa kwephrothokholi kanye nezilimi zokuhlela ezithuthukisiwe kwenza ama-PLC abe yisixazululo esihamba phambili ekuzishintsheni kwezimboni. Namuhla, ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo ze-SCADA, ukuxhumana ngamanethiwekhi ezimboni, kanye nokwamukelwa kwe-graphical interfaces (HMI) kuqedela ukugxumela phambili kwekhwalithi kulobu buchwepheshe.

Isebenza kanjani i-PLC?

Ukusebenza kwe-a PLC zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezibalulekile ezimbalwa, eziphindaphindiwe ngomjikelezo ngama-millisecond:

• Ithola amasignali okokufaka: I-PLC ithola ulwazi (UKUVULIWE/KUVALIWE kwezimo noma amanani e-analog) kusuka kuzinzwa, amaswishi, izinkinobho ezicindezelayo, ukushintsha okukhawulelwe noma kumadivayisi enkundla.
• Ukucubungula idatha: Uma okufakiwe kugcinwa kumemori, i I-CPU isebenzisa uhlelo lomsebenzisi ukuhumusha lezo zimpawu kanye nokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo okufanele uzithathe.
• Ukwenza kusebenze okuphumayo: Ngokuvumelana ne-logic yohlelo, i-PLC ikhiqiza amasignali okukhiphayo eyenza ama-actuator, ama-relay, izixhumi, izinjini, ama-valve, amalambu, ama-alamu nezinye izakhi zisebenze.
• Ukuxhumana nokuqondisaAma-PLC angakwazi ukushintshanisa idatha namanye ama-PLC, amasistimu e-SCADA, noma izixhumanisi ze-HMI, okuvumela kokubili ukulawula okukude nokugadwa okuqondile nokusebenzisana opharetha.

Umjikelezo ophelele (owaziwa ngele-“scan”) uhlanganisa ukuzihlola, ukufunda okokufaka, ukwenza uhlelo, ukubuyekezwa kokukhiphayo, nemisebenzi yokuxhumana. Lokhu kusebenza kwesikhathi sangempela kuqinisekisa impendulo esheshayo nethembekile kunoma yimuphi umcimbi otholwe endaweni.

Izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-PLC

Konke PLC Yakhiwe ngamamojula amaningana anesibopho semisebenzi ethile:

• I-CPU (Iyunithi Yokucubungula Emaphakathi): Kuwumongo we-PLC, lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-logic yokulawula futhi yonke imiyalelo icutshungulwa.
• Amamojula enkumbulo: Bagcina uhlelo lomsebenzisi, bacubungule idatha, amapharamitha namarekhodi omlando.
• Amamojula okokufaka: Bavumela ukwamukela amasignali kagesi kusuka kuzinzwa noma kumadivayisi angaphandle, ukuguqula lawa masignali ukuze i-CPU ikwazi ukuwatolika.
• Amamojula okukhiphayo: Bakhiqiza amasiginali ukuze benze kusebenze ama-relay, othintana nabo, ama-valve, amamotho noma iyiphi idivayisi exhunyiwe.
• Ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi: Inikeza amandla adingekayo kuzo zonke izingxenye zangaphakathi.
• Iyunithi yokuhlela: Ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi alayishe, aguqule noma agade uhlelo lokulawula esebenzisa ikhompuyutha ephathekayo, i-PC noma itheminali ephathwa ngesandla.

Ukwengeza, ama-PLC amaningi ahlanganisa amamojula okuxhumana ukuhlanganisa amanethiwekhi ezimboni kanye Izixhumanisi ze-HMI ukwenza lula ukuxhumana okuqondile nomsebenzisi.

PLC Programming and Languages

Uyihlela kanjani i-PLC ingenye yezinzuzo zayo ezinkulu. Ikuvumela ukuthi uguqule futhi ulungise kabusha izinqubo zokukhiqiza noma ezizenzakalelayo njengoba izidingo zenkampani zishintsha. Izinga lamazwe ngamazwe le-IEC 61131 lisungula izilimi ezimbalwa zohlelo lwe-PLC, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezi:

• Umdwebo Wesitebhisi (LD): Ngokusekelwe emidwebeni kagesi “yesitebhisi”, ingeyendabuko futhi ilula kakhulu kochwepheshe abanolwazi lukagesi.
• Umdwebo Webhulokhi Yomsebenzi (FBD): Imelela ingqondo ngamabhulokhi axhunywe ngezithombe ukuze kubonakale kakhulu.
• Umbhalo Osakhiwe (ST): Isebenzisa i-syntax efana nezilimi ezijwayelekile zokuhlela, ezifanele izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
• Uhlu Lwemiyalo (IL) kanye Nomdwebo Wokulandelana (SFC): Ezinye izilimi eziqondiswe ezinhlelweni ezithile.

Uhlelo luthuthukiswa kumakhompyutha kusetshenziswa isoftware ethile ehlinzekwa ngumkhiqizi ngamunye. futhi idluliselwa ku-PLC ngekhebula noma ngoxhumano lwenethiwekhi.

Izici ezihlukile zama-PLC

Lawa madivayisi anezimfanelo ezimbalwa eziwahlukanisa ngokusobala kwezinye izinhlelo zokulawula, njengezilawuli ezincane, ama-PC wezimboni, noma ama-relay anezintambo:

• Ukuqina: Zenzelwe ukumelana nezimo ezimbi ezijwayelekile zamafekthri noma imigqa yokukhiqiza.
• ukwethembeka: Banikeza ukusebenza okuqhubekayo nokuphephile, okunciphisa ubungozi bokwehluleka noma ukuma okungahleliwe.
• Ukuvumelana nezimo kanye nokulula kokumisa kabusha: Ukuguqulwa kokulawula inqubo kungenziwa kalula ngokulungiswa kohlelo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuguqulwa komzimba kuzintambo.
• UkuzijwayezaAmamodeli amaningi avumela ukukhulisa inani lokokufaka/okuphumayo noma ukungeza izici njengoba izidingo zesistimu zikhula.
• Ukuxhumana: Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu (i-SCADA, i-MES, i-ERPs) namanethiwekhi ezimboni (i-Ethernet/IP, i-Profibus, i-Modbus, njll.).
• Ukuhambisana nezilimi ezahlukene zokuhlela: Ifanele izisebenzi zikagesi kanye nonjiniyela bamakhompyutha.
• I-interface yomsebenzisi enobungane: Nge-HMI noma amaphaneli ayingcaca anezikrini zokuthinta, ukuze kube lula ukusebenza nokuxilongwa kokufakwa.

Izinhlobo ze-PLC

Ngokuya ngobunkimbinkimbi benqubo okufanele ilawulwe kanye nemvelo yohlelo lokusebenza, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-PLC:

• I-Compact PLC: Ahlanganisa wonke amamojula (i-CPU, okokufaka/okuphumayo kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla) endaweni eyodwa. Zilungele izinhlelo ezincane noma eziphakathi nendawo lapho isikhala silinganiselwe futhi ukunwetshwa kungeke kudingeke.
• I-Modular PLC: Yenziwe ngamamojula azimele (CPU, I/O, ukuxhumana, njll.) angahlanganiswa ngokuvumelana nezidingo. Zinikeza ukwanda okukhulu nokuguquguquka, futhi ziyinketho ekhethwayo yezinhlelo zezimboni ezimaphakathi noma ezinkulu.
• Inkampani Rackmount PLC: Esetshenziswa kakhulu ekufakweni okukhulu, avumela amamojula ahlukene ukuthi afakwe futhi ahlanganiswe kuhlaka olulodwa, lula ukushintshaniswa kolwazi phakathi kwabo futhi anikeze amandla amakhulu okucubungula nokwandisa.
• I-PLC ene-HMI eyakhelwe ngaphakathi: Kubandakanya ukusebenzelana okuhlanganisiwe kwesithombe, okwenza kube lula ukusebenzisana nomsebenzisi futhi kunciphise izintambo zama-elementi.
• I-PLC ngesoftware: Abanayo i-CPU yabo ephathekayo, kodwa basebenzisa iphrosesa ye-PC noma iseva ukuze baqhube uhlelo lokulawula. Zilungele ukulingiswa, ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlola, nakuba ezinhlelweni ezibucayi i-PLC yehadiwe yendabuko ihlala inconywa.
• Slot PLC: Axhuma njengamakhadi e-PCI ngaphakathi kwekhompuyutha, ahlanganisa izinzuzo ze-modularity ne-PC processing.

Izicelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-PLC embonini

Ukuvumelana nezimo kwe- PLC ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimboni nezentengiso, njenge:

• Izinhlelo zokukhiqiza nezokukhiqiza: Ukulawulwa kwemigqa yokuhlanganisa, amathuluzi omshini, amapulasitiki nemishini yensimbi, amarobhothi ezimboni kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanganisa ezizenzakalelayo.
• I-air conditioning, ukuphepha kanye nokufakwa kwamandla: Ukulawulwa kokushisisa, isimo somoya, isilawuli sokukhanyisa, iminyango ezenzakalelayo nezinhlelo ze-alamu ezindaweni zezimboni noma izakhiwo ezinkulu.
• Izinqubo zamakhemikhali nokudla: Ukuqapha nokulawula ukukala, ukulinganisa, ukuxuba, ukugcwalisa, ukupakisha nokugcinwa, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina nokuphepha kokudla.
• I-automation ye-Logistics: Ukuphathwa kwezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezizenzakalelayo, izinhlelo zezokuthutha zangaphakathi, amabhande okuthutha, okhrayini abanqwabelanisayo, namarobhothi okukha, ukugcina irekhodi lesikhathi sangempela lendawo nesimo sempahla.
• Imboni yezimoto: Izicelo emigqeni yokuhlanganisa, imishini yokushisela, amadokodo okupenda, imishini yokugaya, imishini yokumba kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezingxenye.
• Izitshalo zokwelapha kanye namandla: Ukulawulwa kwezitshalo zamanzi, ukuhlanzwa, amapayipi kawoyela, izinqubo zokukala, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa, ukwelapha okushisayo nokusatshalaliswa kukagesi.

Isimo samanje sikhomba ku-a Ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwama-PLC nobuchwepheshe be-Industrial 4.0, okuvumela ukuxhumeka kwamafu, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okuthuthukisiwe, nokuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Izilawuli ezinengqondo ezihlelekayo zizosala ziwumgogodla wokuzenzakalela kwezimboni kanye nokwenza idijithali.

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zama-PLC ngaphezu kwamanye amasistimu

Ukwamukelwa kwe Ama-PLC Njengesixazululo sokulawula inikeza izinzuzo eziningi:

• Ukunakekela okusheshayo nokulula: Ukuxilongwa okulula kwephutha, amathuba okuhlolwa ngaphandle kokushintsha izintambo zomzimba.
• Scalability kanye modularity: Ukunwetshwa kwesistimu kalula ngokungeza amamojula ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuklama kabusha okunamandla.
• Ukwehliswa kwezindleko nendawo: Isidingo esincane samaphaneli adluliselwe, indawo ebonakalayo, kanye nezikhathi zokuthuthuka nezokusebenzisa.
• Ukuphepha: Amathuba okufaka izikhiya, ukuvikela nemisebenzi yokumisa izimo eziphuthumayo ukuze kugwenywe izingozi.
• Ukuqapha okuthuthukile: Ukuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela, ukukhiqizwa kwe-alamu, ukuqoshwa kwedatha nokuhlaziya, kusiza ukugcinwa kokubikezela.
• Ukuxhumana nokulawula okumaphakathi: Ukuhlanganiswa okulula kumanethiwekhi ezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha ezisezingeni eliphezulu (i-SCADA, i-WMS, i-WMS, izinhlelo ze-ERP, njll.).

Asetshenziswa kuphi ama-PLC kanye nezibonelo ezingokoqobo?

Ezinye izimo ezijwayelekile lapho i- Ama-PLC izici ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:

• Ukugeza izimoto okuzenzakalelayo: Ukulawula ukulandelana kwezinzwa (ukunquma ukuba khona kwezimoto, ukwenza amarobhothi asebenze, amafeni namaphampu ngokuya ngemingcele ehleliwe).
• Izimboni zezimoto: Ukuphatha ukupenda, ukushisela, nemigqa yokuhlanganisa, kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nezinhlelo zokudosa impahla.
• Ezokuthutha kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza: Ukwenza ngokuzenzakalela ukunyakaza nokuhlelwa kwamaphakheji, iziqukathi, noma amaphalethi ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla ezinkulu nasezikhungweni zempahla.
• Imboni yokudla: Ukulawula izinqubo ezibucayi ezifana nokufaka amabhodlela, i-pasteurization, ukugcwalisa, ukulebula noma ukupakisha, lapho i-homogeneity nokuphepha kubalulekile.
• Izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile: Ukulawulwa kwesimo somoya, ukukhanyisa, amakheshi namasistimu okufinyelela.

Njengamanje, ngisho nasezintweni zasekhaya, kukhona amamodeli we Izindawo zokuhlala ezengeziwe e-PLCs okuhloswe ukuphatha amandla, ukulawula ukuchelela noma izinhlelo ezishintshayo zasekhaya.

Izinhlobo namamodeli we-PLC asetshenziswa kakhulu

Emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe, abakhiqizi abafana no-Siemens no-Allen Bradley bayagqama, behola imboni ngezixazululo ezihambisana nayo yonke imikhakha. I-Siemens iyisilinganiselo eYurophu nase-Asia sibonga imindeni yayo i-S7-200, S7-300, S7-400, S7-1200 kanye ne-S7-1500. U-Allen Bradley, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphethe imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-ControlLogix, i-MicroLogix, ne-CompactLogix, ehlanganisa yonke into kusukela ezikhungweni zezimboni ezincane kuya ezinkulu.

Kukhona futhi Ama-PLC akhethekile emisebenzini ethile, efana nesitoreji esisekelwe ku-slot sedatha yokukhiqiza noma isitoreji esisekelwe kusofthiwe sokulingisa nokuhlola ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwangempela.

Izindleko kanye nembuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali lapho usebenzisa i-PLC

El Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-PLC Kuya ngohlobo, uhlobo kanye nenani lamamojula adingekayo ekufakweni ngakunye. Nokho, i ukubuyisela ekutshalweni kwezimali kuyashesha ngenxa yokonga ekunakekeleni, ukuncishiswa kwamaphutha, ukwanda kokukhiqiza kanye nokuvumelana nezimo ukuze uvumelane nezidingo zemakethe entsha.

Nsuku zonke, kuphuma amamodeli eyongayo kakhulu futhi ahlangene, afinyeleleka emabhizinisini amancane naphakathi nendawo, ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ikhwalithi noma ukuphepha. Ukutshala imali ku-PLC ethembekile kusho ukutshala imali ekusaseni lenkampani kanye nokuncintisana.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ubuchwepheshe be Ama-PLC iye yavela kakhulu kangangokuthi manje kungenzeka hlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekulawuleni imishini esindayo kuya ezinqubweni zezokuthutha noma ukuqapha amandla ezakhiwo, enezixazululo ezingaka, ezivikelekile nezilula ukuzigcina. Uma uthanda imboni, ubunjiniyela, noma umane ufuna ukuqonda ukuthi amasistimu okukhiqiza esimanje enziwa kanjani ngokuzenzakalela futhi athuthukiswe, ukuqonda okuphelele komhlaba wezilawuli ezinengqondo ezihlelekayo kuyadingeka.