Ikhebula le-UTP: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wezinhlobo, Izigaba, I-PoE, kanye Nemininingwane

Informatec Digital » Hardware » Ikhebula le-UTP: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wezinhlobo, Izigaba, I-PoE, kanye Nemininingwane

Isithombe esimele ikhebula elihlelekile

Ikhebula le-Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) lihlala liyinkosi engaphikiswana ngayo yamanethiwekhi endawo: eliyimfihlo, elingabizi, futhi elisebenza kahle kakhulu. Naphezu kokwanda kobuchwepheshe obungenantambo, ukuxhumeka kwethusi kwe-twisted-pair okungavikelwe kuyaqhubeka nokusekela izigidi zamanethiwekhi emakhaya, emahhovisi, nasezikhungweni zedatha ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo, ukuhambisana kwawo, kanye nokulula kokufakwa.

Uma uzibuza ukuthi yini eyenza ibe nokuguquguquka kangaka, impendulo isekuklanyweni kwayo kanye nezindinganiso ezisekelayo. Amabhangqa amane ezintambo zethusi ezisontekile , izixhumi ze-RJ45, kanye nezinga elivuthiwe livumela ukudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile, izwi, ividiyo, ngisho namandla phezu kwe-Ethernet (PoE). Kulo mhlahlandlela, sibuyekeza ngokuphelele ukusebenza kwayo, izinhlobo, izigaba, i-PoE, imininingwane yangempela, kanye nendlela yokukhetha efanele, singashiyi imininingwane.

Iyini ikhebula le-UTP futhi lisebenza kanjani?

I-UTP imele i-Unshielded Twisted Pair . Yakhiwe ngamabhangqa amaningana e-conductors ethusi asontekile ndawonye futhi ambozwe nge-insulation; yonke inhlangano ifakwa ejazini langaphandle (ngokuvamile i-PVC noma ama-compounds angenayo i-halogen). Lokhu kusonta kunciphisa ukumuncwa kanye nokudluliselwa kokuphazamiseka futhi kuvumela ukudluliselwa okuzinzile kakhudlwana.

Isihluthulelo ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zemodi yokwahluka kubhangqa ngalinye: uma umqhubi oyedwa ephethe u-A(t) kanti omunye u-−A(t) , umsindo wangaphandle u-n(t) uhambisana ngokufanayo kokubili. Ngokususa kumukeli, umsindo wemodi evamile uyakhanselwa futhi isignali ewusizo iyaqiniswa (ukwenqatshwa kwemodi evamile). Lesi sici siyimbangela yokuqina kwayo ezindaweni zikagesi ezidinga amandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba imisinga ephambene igeleza phakathi kwesibili ngasinye, amasimu kazibuthe womabili ama-conductor avame ukukhanselana . Lokhu kulinganisa kunciphisa imisebe kagesi evela kukhebula futhi kunciphisa ukungeniswa kwemisinga ye-eddy ezintanjeni eziseduze, kunciphisa ukuxabana phakathi kwamabili.

Izintambo ze-UTP ngokuvamile zinamapheya amane (izintambo ezingu-8), ezibonakala ngamakhodi ombala . Nakuba ukusonta kunciphisa umsindo omningi, njengoba kungekho ukuvikela okuphelele, ezindaweni ezine-EMI/RFI enamandla, kungase kube ngcono ukushintshela kuzinhlobo ezivikelwe (i-STP, i-FTP, noma i-S/FTP) ukuze uthole ukuzivikela okukhulu.

Umlando omncane: kusukela kuthelegrafu kuya kuma-LAN

Izintambo ezisontekile zaba yinto ethandwayo ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 njengesixazululo sezinkinga zokuphazamiseka kwezintambo zocingo neze-telegraph . Ngokufakwa kukagesi emadolobheni kanye nokufika kwezimoto zomgwaqo, umsindo obangelwe yilokhu wenza kwaba nzima ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa izintambo ezivulekile emhlabathini. Isixazululo kwakuwukusebenzisa amasekethe alinganisiwe, futhi kamuva, amasu anjengokushintshana okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwama-conductor.

Ngawo-1880, izinkampani zocingo zathuthela kumasekethe alinganiselayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncishiswa kanye nokuphazamiseka . Ukushintshana (ukushintshana kwezikhundla ezinsikeni ezithile) kwaqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izintambo zithola ukuphazamiseka okufanayo kwezinye izingxenye, okulinganisa umsindo. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iningi lenethiwekhi yase-US lase lisebenzisa kakade imigqa emibili ephikisiwe noma evulekile ene-transposition.

Ukusungulwa kwekhebula elisontekile kubangelwa u-Alexander Graham Bell (1881). Umqondo wokulinganisela nokusonta usalokhu usekhona nanamuhla ezigidini zamakhilomitha zekhebula ezisetshenziswa ngabasebenzi bezingcingo, ikakhulukazi emigqeni yasemakhaya kanye namanethiwekhi okufinyelela ngezwi nedatha.

Izinhlobo zamapheya asontekile: I-UTP, i-STP, i-FTP, ne-S/FTP

Kuye ngokuthi isivikelo sinjani, sihlukanisa imindeni eminingana. I-UTP (engavikelwe) ivame kakhulu ngenxa yezindleko kanye nokulula kokufakwa; i-impedance yayo evamile ephawulekayo ingu-100 Ω. Ezindaweni ezinomsindo, kunezinye izinhlobo ezisetshenziswayo:

• STP (Ipheya Elisontekile Elivikelekile): ipheya ngalinye lizungezwe isihlangu, ukungatheleleki okuphezulu kanye nezindleko; I-impedance evamile 150 Ω.
• FTP (I-Foiled Twisted Pair): Isihlangu se-aluminium sisonke esimboza amapheya; esetshenziswa kabanzi ngaphandle nasezindaweni ezine-EMI emaphakathi; I-impedance evamile 120 Ω.
• I-S/FTP: isivikelo sonke kanye nokuvikela ngakunye ngakubili (ukuvikelwa okukabili ku-EMI/RFI).

Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-UTP kanye nezinhlobo ezivikelwe kuncike endaweni esebenza ngogesi. Ngaphandle komsindo wemvamisa ephezulu , i-UTP ivame ukwanele futhi iyonga kakhulu; lapho kukhona ama-motor, izintambo zikagesi, noma imvamisa yomsakazo enamandla, ukuvikela kunikeza ukuqina okudingekayo.

Izigaba zekhebula nezinhlelo zokusebenza

Izindinganiso ze-EIA/TIA kanye ne-ISO/IEC zihlukanisa izintambo ze-twisted-pair ngezigaba ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni. Lezi zigaba zichaza i-bandwidth, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nemikhawulo kumapharamitha afana nokukhuluma nge-crosstalk, ukunciphisa, kanye nokulahlekelwa kokubuya. Ngezansi kunesifinyezo esinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile kanye namanothi ayisihluthulelo:

Isigaba	Isivinini esiphezulu setiyori	I-Banda (MHz)	Aplicaciones	Ukubheka
Ikati 1	-	<1	Ucingo kanye nemodemu i-broadband endala	Ayichazwa yi-EIA/TIA. Ayilungele amasistimu esimanje.
Ikati 2	-	4	Amatheminali amadala (isb., IBM 3270)	Ayichazwa yi-EIA/TIA. Isiphelelwe yisikhathi.
Ikati 3	I-10 Mbps	16 (Ikilasi C)	10BASE-T, 100BASE-T4; ucingo	I-EIA/TIA-568 Standard; aweqi ku-16 Mbit/s wedatha.
Ikati 4	I-20 Mbps	20	Token Ring at 16 Mbit/s	Isetshenziswa kancane namuhla.
Ikati 5	I-100 Mbps	100 (Ikilasi D)	10/100/1000BASE-T	Okujwayelekile ku Ethernet ifa phakathi kwemishini yenethiwekhi.
Ikati 5e	I-1000 Mbps	100 (Ikilasi D)	100BASE-TX kanye ne-1000BASE-T	Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Cat 5, manje esikhundleni se-Cat 6/6A.
Ikati 6	I-1000 Mbps	250 (Ikilasi E)	I-1000BASE-T	Kusabalele ezikhungweni zamanje.
Ikati 6A	I-10.000 Mbps	IHasta 500	I-10GBASE-T	Ihlolwe ku-500 MHz; ububanzi obujwayelekile bufika ku-100 m.
Ikati 7	I-10.000 Mbps	600 (Ikilasi F)	Ucingo, ikhebula le-TV, 1000BASE-T kukhebula efanayo	Izikhali ngaphansi kwe-ISO/IEC 11801; ayaziwa yi-EIA/TIA.
Ikati 7A	I-10.000 Mbps	1000 (Ikilasi F)	I-Telephony, i-Cable TV, i-1000BASE-T	I-4-pair S/FTP; ayaziwa yi-EIA/TIA.
Ikati 8	I-40.000 Mbps	2000	40GBASE-T noma 1000BASE-T multi-service	4-ntanga S/FTP; kuchazwe yi-ANSI/TIA-568-C.2-1 kanye ne-ISO/IEC 11801-1:2017.
Ikati 9	-	25.000	Izinga le-EU ekuthuthukisweni	I-8-pair S/FTP ne-Mylar ne-polyamide.
Ikati 10	-	75.000	Okujwayelekile kusathuthukiswa (GERA, IEEE)	I-8-pair S/FTP ene-Mylar ne-polyamide; i-cita iyadingeka.

Ngaphandle kwezigaba, ukusebenza kwangempela kuncike ebangeni, umkhawulokudonsa, kanye nekhwalithi yokufaka. Kuma-LAN links afinyelela ku-100 m , isivinini sisukela ku-10 Mbps kuya ku-10 Gbps, kanye nokuncipha kanye nokukhuluma okuphambeneyo kuyanda ngokuvama.

Ikati 6 Namuhla: Kungani Kusewukubheja Okuphephile

Isigaba 6 sihlanganisa ukutholakala, intengo, kanye nokusebenza. Sisekela kufika ku-250 MHz kanye ne-1 Gbps (i-Gigabit Ethernet), siyahambisana ne-Cat 5/5e kanye ne-Cat 3. Imikhiqizo eminingi inikeza i-AWG 23 (futhi ephakathi kuka-22–24 AWG) ehambisana ne-ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1, evame ukuhlinzekwa ngama-spool angu-305 m, futhi kwezinye izimo, ama-500 kanye nama-1000 m.

Ukusetshenziswa kwangaphandle, izinhlobo ezinesembozo se-polyethylene emnyama (PE) ziyatholakala, ezimelana nemisebe ye-UV, ukushisa, kanye nomswakama, noma ngabe ziqinisiwe noma cha (amabhande) kuye ngendawo ezungezile. Lezi zinketho ziwusizo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-CCTV kanye nokujikeleza lapho kudingeka khona ukumelana nesimo sezulu.

Ngaphakathi kwendawo yokufaka, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezesekeli: ama-racks okuxhumana, amaphaneli okuhlanganisa, ama-jack e-RJ45 , izintambo zokuhlanganisa eziqediwe, abahleli, nokuningi. Ukuhlanganisa izingxenye zekhwalithi kwenza kube lula ukuthunyelwa kwesistimu kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwayo.

Abakhiqizi abadumile baphinde baqokomise imininingwane ewusizo ku-Cat 6: i-padding enesimo esiphambene ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlukana phakathi kwama-pair, ucingo oludabula ukuvula isembozo kalula, kanye nokulawula ukuvinjelwa ku-100 Ω, okuyisihluthulelo sokugcina ingxoxo ivaliwe.

Izici ezibalulekile ze-UTP ekusebenzeni

Ikhebula elijwayelekile le-UTP linamapheya amane ethusi asontekile kanye nejakethi yangaphandle engavikelwe. I-impedance evamile ingu-100 Ω , efanele i-Ethernet kanye namadivayisi ahlukahlukene. Umqhubi ngamunye uvalwe ngokushisa, futhi yonke inhlangano ivame ukuvikelwa ngamakhemikhali e-PVC noma e-LSZH (low smoke zero halogen).

Phakathi kwezinzuzo zayo eziyinhloko: iguquguquka futhi kulula ukuyidonsa, inikeza ukuhambisana okuphezulu nezixhumi ze-RJ45 kanye nemishini , iyonga kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela futhi ivumela amazinga aphezulu okudlulisa ane-latency ephansi ebangeni eliphansi (kufika ku-100 m).

Izinqubo zokukhiqiza zesimanje zicabangela ngokucophelela amapharamitha anjengokuncipha kanye nokuxoxa nge-crosstalk. Izinto zokwakha ezithuthukisiwe kanye namajiyometri kuvumela amanani aqinile, ngokulahlekelwa okulawulwayo kokubuya kanye nomkhawulo we-ACR ongcono, okuholela ekuxhumaneni okuzinzile kumaza aphezulu.

Ngokuphathelene nokufinyelela, ukuze kufakwe izintambo ezivundlile kunconywa ukuthi kungadluli amamitha ayi-100 (kufaka phakathi izintambo zokubopha). Ezintanjeni ze-trunk noma ezindaweni lapho kukhona ukuphazamiseka, kufanele kucatshangelwe ikhebula le-FTP/STP noma ngisho ne-fiber optic, kuye ngesimo.

Ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zangempela, i-UTP isetshenziselwa izwi, idatha, kanye nevidiyo , kusukela kumanethiwekhi asekhaya kuya emahhovisi nasezikhungweni zedatha (ezigabeni eziphakeme). Ezindaweni ezinomsindo noma emithethweni eqinile, izinhlobo ezivikelwe zingase zifaneleke kakhulu.

I-PoE: idatha namandla phezu kwekhebuli efanayo

Amandla phezu kwe-Ethernet (PoE) avumela ukudluliswa kwamandla nedatha ngekhebula elifanayo le-UTP, okususa isidingo sokunikezwa kwamandla endawo kumadivayisi amaningi. Izindinganiso zamanje zifaka phakathi i-IEEE 802.3af (PoE), 802.3at (PoE+), kanye ne-802.3bt (PoE++/4PPoE) , enamazinga amandla amane (Izinhlobo 1 kuya ku-4).

Izinto ezihlukanisa izinhlobo ze-PoE yilezi: amandla aphezulu anikezwa yi-PSE (iswishi noma injector), amandla atholakala ku-PD (idivayisi enikwe amandla) kanye nenani lamapheya asetshenziselwa amandla (amapheya ama-2 noma ama-4).

Estándar	I-Tipo	I-Denomination	Amandla e-PSE aphezulu	Amandla e-PD	Amapheya asetshenzisiwe
IEEE 802.3af	Thayipha i-1	I-PoE	15.4 W	12.95 W	2
IEEE 802.3at	Thayipha i-2	PoE +	30 W	25.5 W	2
IEEE 802.3bt	Thayipha i-3	I-PoE++ / 4PPoE	60 W	51 W	4
	Thayipha i-4		90-100 W	71 W	4

Ukusetshenziswa Okunconywayo: Uhlobo 1 (amafoni e-IP, amakhamera ayisisekelo, ama-AP e-Wi-Fi adingwa kancane kanye nezinzwa); Uhlobo 2 (ama-AP ebhendi elikabili, amakhamera e-PTZ, amafoni evidiyo, ama-alamu); Uhlobo 3 (ama-AP e-Wi-Fi 6/6E, amakhamera e-PTZ afudumele, imihlangano yevidiyo); Uhlobo 4 (izikrini zokuthinta, amadeskithophu, imishini yenethiwekhi esebenza kahle kakhulu).

Izinzuzo ze-PoE ekufakweni: izintambo zikagesi ezincane , ukuthunyelwa okusheshayo, ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwendawo, ukuphathwa kwamandla okuphakathi kanye nokunciphisa izindleko, konke ngama-voltage aphephile ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi.

Isibonelo sangempela: Ikhebula le-Cat 6 U/UTP LSZH Dca kanye nezibalo zalo

Ikhebula lendawo yokuhlala/lobungcweti lesigaba 6 elinejakethi elingenayo i-halogen (LSZH/LSFH) linikeza ibhalansi enhle phakathi kokuphepha nokusebenza. Izici ezijwayelekile zifaka : amabhangqa ama-4 ethusi eliqinile i-AWG 23, i-separator crosshead, i-rip cord, i-100 Ω impedance, ukumelana ngomqhubi ngamunye < 9,38 Ω/100 m, i-bandwidth efika ku-250 MHz (futhi efika ku-400 MHz kwamanye amamodeli), futhi ijubane lifika ku-1 Gbps.

Ishidi ledatha elifingqiwe lemodeli yokubhekisela (DK6000): U/UTP, i-Euroclass Dca s2 d2 a1 , ibhendi yokudlulisela engu-400 MHz, ububanzi bomqhubi ongu-0,55 mm, ukufakelwa kwe-polyethylene, ububanzi be-sheath engu-6,2 mm (ukujiya okungu-0,5 mm), i-voltage yokusebenza engu-300 V, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza elingu-−25…70 °C, isivinini sokusabalala esijwayelekile esingu-72% kanye ne-Spark Test 3000 Vac.

I-Modelo		DK6000
I-Tipo		I-U/UTP
I-Euroclass		Dca s2 d2 a1
Isigaba		Ikati 6
Ancho de banda		Kufika ku-400MHz
Isivinini		I-1 Gbps
Conductor		Ikhopha eqinile, 0,55 mm, AWG 23
Ukufakwa kwe-conductor		I-Polyethylene (Ø ≈ 0,99 mm)
Kufakwe		I-Crosshead (isiphambano) + intambo edabulayo
Ikhava		I-LSFH, Ø ≈ 6,2 mm, ukujiya okungu-0,5 mm
Impedance	Ω	100
Ukumelana nomqhubi	Ω/100 m	<9,38
Isivinini segama	%	72
I-voltage esebenzayo	V	300
Ukushisa	° C	−25 … 70

Ama-curve okusebenza (amanani ajwayelekile kanye nemikhawulo) kuma-frequency ahlukene avumela usayizi wesixhumanisi oqondile. Ukuncipha kuyanda nge-frequency , kuyilapho i-NEXT/PSNEXT kanye ne-ACR kwehla, njengoba kulindelekile ngethusi.

Imvamisa	1 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz 25 MHz 31,25 MHz 62,5 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 250 MHz 300 MHz 400 MHz
Ukunciphisa (ubukhulu.) dB/100 m	2 3,8 5,3 6 7,6 8,5 9,5 10,7 15,4 19,8 29 32,8 - -
I-Attenuation (uhlobo.) dB/100 m	1,7 3,5 5 5,6 7,1 8 8,9 10 14,4 18,3 26,2 29,4 32,8 37,7
OKULANDELAYO (amaminithi.) dB/100 m	74,3 65,3 60,8 59,3 56,2 54,8 53,3 51,9 47,4 44,3 39,8 38,3 - -
OKULANDELAYO (uhlobo.) dB/100 m	87,3 78,1 74,1 70,1 67,3 65,9 64,1 62,2 57,3 57 50,5 49,5 44 36,5
I-PSNEXT (imizuzu.) dB/100 m	72,3 63,3 58,8 57,3 54,2 52,8 51,3 49,9 45,4 42,3 37,8 36,3 - -
I-PSNEXT (uhlobo.) dB/100 m	84,9 76,2 71,2 67,7 64,8 64,1 62,9 60,5 56,1 52,1 46,5 45,3 41,2 35,6
I-ACR-N (min.) dB/100 m	72,3 61,5 55,5 53,3 48,6 46,3 43,8 41,2 32 24,5 10,8 5,5 - -
I-ACR-N (uhlobo.) dB/100 m	85,5 74,4 69,1 64 59,9 57,9 55,3 52,2 43 36,1 22,7 19,2 11,2 -1,2
I-PS ACR-N (min.) dB/100 m	70,3 59,5 53,5 51,3 46,6 44,3 41,8 39,2 30 22,5 8,8 3,5 - -
I-PS ACR-N (uhlobo.) dB/100 m	83,2 71,8 66,2 62 57,6 56,2 54,1 50,5 41,5 34,4 20,3 16 9 -1,7
I-ACR‑F (min.) dB/100 m	67,8 55,8 49,7 47,8 43,7 41,8 39,8 37,9 31,9 27,8 21,8 19,8 - -
I-ACR‑F (uhlobo.) dB/100 m	78,1 66 60,9 58,7 54,3 52,5 50,4 49 41,6 38,6 30,5 28,6 23,9 22,3
PS ACR‑F (min.) dB/100 m	64,8 52,8 46,7 44,8 40,7 38,8 36,8 34,9 28,9 24,8 18,8 16,8 - -
I-PS ACR‑F (uhlobo.) dB/100 m	74,7 63,2 58,1 56,2 52,9 50,4 48,4 46,5 40,3 35,8 28,6 26,8 20,5 16,5
Ukulahlekelwa kokubuyisela (min.) dB	20 23 24,5 25 25 25 24,3 23,6 21,5 20,1 18 17,3 - -
Ukulahlekelwa kokubuyisela (uhlobo.) dB	25,6 26,6 29,3 29,8 31,9 32,3 32,1 32,5 31,6 27,7 24,8 23,1 21,8 19,3

Ngokuphathelene nokuhambisana nemithetho, izintambo ze-Cat 6 ezisezingeni eliphezulu zihlangabezana ne-TIA/EIA-568B.2-1 . Eziningi zifaka ukuhambisana kwe-bandwidth enwetshiwe (kufika ku-400 MHz kumamodeli athile) kanye nezici zemishini ukuze kube lula ukufakwa.

Ukuhambisana kwesixhumi se-RJ45 ku-Cat 6 (isibonelo se-Televés)

Ukuxhumana okuthembekile kudinga ukusebenzisa izixhumi nezintambo ezihambisanayo . Njengereferensi, ithebula elilandelayo lifingqa ukuhambisana kwemishini/okusebenzayo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezixhumi ze-RJ45 (owesifazane nowesilisa) kanye namathuluzi/izesekeli ezihambisanayo. Inganekwane: Kulungile (kuyahambisana), Kulungile* (kuyahambisana kodwa kunezinketho ezingcono), X (akuhambelani).

Izikhombo		219602	219701	219910	212201	2123	212302	212305	212310	212101	219302	219312	219322
Izixhumi IHembra	209901/209907	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	X	X	X	X
	209905	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	X	X	X	X
	209921/209925	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	X	X	OK	X
	209926	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	X	X	OK	X
	209903	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	OK	X	X	X
	209923	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	OK	OK	KULUNGILE*	OK
	209929/209501	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	OK	OK	KULUNGILE*	OK
Izixhumi Macho	209902	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	X	X	X	X
	209961/209962	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	X	X	X	X
	209904	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	OK	X	X	X
	209906	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	X	X	X	X
	209965/209966	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	OK	X	X	X	X
	209922	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	X	X	OK	X
	209924	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	KULUNGILE*	OK	KULUNGILE*	OK

Khumbula ukuthi ukukhetha ithuluzi elifanele lokuxhuma + ikhebula + kugwema ukwenqatshwa kwezitifiketi kanye nokulungiswa kabusha ensimini, ikakhulukazi ukuqala nge-Cat 6/6A, lapho ukubekezelelana kuqinile khona.

Ukucushwa kwezintambo: kuqonde kudlule kanye ne-crossover

Ukuqedwa kwesixhumi se-RJ45 kungalandela ukucushwa okubili kuye ngokusetshenziswa. Ukuxhuma amadivayisi ahlukene (isb., i-PC ukuze ishintshe), kusetshenziswa ikhebula eliqondile. Kumadivayisi afanayo (isb., i-PC ibe yi-PC ngaphandle kweswishi), ukucushwa okujwayelekile kuyikhebula elihambayo, elibuyisela emuva amabhangqa okudlulisa nokwamukela.

Namuhla amadivayisi amaningi asekela i-Auto MDI/MDI-X , ethola ngokuzenzakalelayo uhlobo; noma kunjalo, kuwumkhuba omuhle ukuhlonipha izinhlelo ezijwayelekile ze-T568A/T568B nokubhala phansi izintambo ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga.

I-TIA/EIA‑568‑B.2 Isitifiketi: Yini elinganiswayo nokuthi kungani

Ukuze kubhekwe "njengokuqinisekisiwe," ukufakwa kumele kuqinisekiswe ngokwemigomo echazwe yindinganiso, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi athile. Izinto ezijwayelekile zifaka:

• Imephu yezintambo: ukuqhubeka, i-wire oda kanye ne-pinout ngokusho okujwayelekile.
• I-Longitud: kukalwa kuwo wonke amapheya ngokuya ngokubambezeleka kokusabalalisa kanye ne-NVP.
• Ukulahlekelwa kokufaka (ukunciphisa): isignali yehla eduze kwesixhumanisi.
• OLANDELAYO (Near-End Crosstalk): I-Crosstalk isuka kupheya eyodwa iye kwenye ekugcineni, ngababili nangebhendi.
• PSNEXT: umphumela ohlanganisiwe wawo wonke amapheya asondelene kokunikeziwe.
• FEXT/ELFEXT: i-inter-end crosstalk, okubhekiselwa kuyo kusignali encishisiwe (inhlanganisela engenzeka engama-24).
• PSELEXT: isamba esihlanganisiwe se-FEXT samapheya amaningana ngokuhlonipha okukodwa.
• Ukulahlekelwa yimbuyiselo (Ukubuyisela Ukulahlekelwa): amandla aboniswa ukungalungi.
• Libazisa i-Skew: umehluko wokulibaziseka phakathi kwamapheya (ukuvumelanisa kwe-inter-thread).

Ukuhlolwa kumele kuphasiswe kuzo zonke izimbobo zenethiwekhi . Inqubo ingaba nzima ekufakweni okukhulu, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuthi ukufakwa kwezintambo kuhlangabezana nezidingo zesigaba esiqondiwe.

Izinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo yokubhanqa okusontekile

Amandla ayisihluthulelo e-twisted pair ku-LAN: ukuminyana okuphezulu kwama-port ngesigaba ngasinye , ukuhlaziywa kokusebenza okulula kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga, ikhono lokufaka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nokuphela kwensimu kalula.

Phakathi kwezingqinamba zayo: ngesivinini esiphezulu ingozi yamaphutha iyanda uma ukufakwa kungalawulwa , i-bandwidth ilinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa ne-fiber, ukungavikeleki komsindo kanye nokukhuluma nge-crosstalk kuphansi kunezintambo ezivikelwe noma ezihlanganisiwe, imishini esebenzayo ingabiza kakhulu futhi ibanga elijwayelekile lilinganiselwe kumamitha ayi-100 ngesigaba ngasinye.

Ungakhetha kanjani ikhebula le-UTP elifanele

Isihlungi sokuqala yisidingo sesivinini kanye nomkhawulokudonsa. Uma indawo ifuna i-10GBASE-T, i-Cat 6A ene-500 MHz iyisidingo esincane esifanelekile; ngesivinini se-Gigabit emahhovisi nasemakhaya, i-Cat 6 yanele kakhulu. Futhi, cabanga ngokukhula kwesikhathi esimaphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kanye nemishini kunquma izidingo: Amakhamera e-PTZ IP ane-PoE enamandla aphezulu, izindawo zokufinyelela ze-Wi-Fi 6/6E, noma i-videoconferencing angase athethelele izigaba eziphezulu kanye nokuvikela. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amanethiwekhi alula asekhaya azosebenza kahle ne-Cat 6 UTP.

Indawo ezungezile iyala: uma kukhona umsindo we-electromagnetic (ama-motor, ama-lifti, izintambo zikagesi) noma ama-conduit amade ahambisanayo, cabanga nge-FTP/STP/S/FTP. Ngaphandle, funa i-sheath emnyama ye-PE engamelana ne-UV futhi, uma kusebenza, i-armor.

Futhi cabanga ngemithethonqubo kanye nokuphepha: Ama-Euroclasses okusabela emlilweni (isb., i-Dca s2 d2 a1) kanye nama-sheath e-LSZH ezindawo zomphakathi noma emizileni yokuphuma. Qinisekisa ukuthi ikhebula lihambisana namazinga e-TIA/EIA kanye ne-ISO/IEC ngokwesigaba salo.

Okokugcina, hlola ukuhambisana kwesixhumi, ukutholakala kwama -reel (305/500/1000 m) kanye nezesekeli (ama-racks, amaphaneli, izintambo zokubopha, amasokhethi), kanye nokusekelwa kwe-PoE uma uzosebenzisa ikhebula uqobo.

Okuhlukile nemiqondo ehlobene

Kunezinhlobo ezingavamile kodwa ezithakazelisayo: i-loaded twisted pair inezela i-inductance (ama-Pupin coil) ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphambuka ngezikhathi ezithile, i-bonded twisted pair ithuthukisa ukuqina komshini ngenkathi igcina imininingwane kagesi, kanti ikhebula le-braib elilukiwe lihlanganisa ifomethi ye-ribbon nezingxenye ezilukiwe.

Ekuzijwayezeni kwansuku zonke, amagama ahlobene njenge- RJ-45 , amakhodi ombala angu-25, kanye nemibono yokuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic (EMC/CEM) azovela, asetshenziswe ekwakhiweni nasekufakweni ukuvimbela ukuhlangana nendawo ezungezile kanye naphakathi kwezinhlelo.

Konke okungenhla kuveza isithombe esicacile: ngokukhetha isigaba esifanele, isivikelo, kanye nezingxenye, ikhebula le-UTP liyaqhubeka nokunikeza isisombululo esiqinile, esingabizi, nesilinganisekayo sezwi, idatha, kanye nevidiyo, ngezinketho ezifana ne-PoE ezenza kube lula amadivayisi okunika amandla namathuluzi okuqinisekisa aqinisekisa ukusebenza okudingekayo kuphrojekthi ngayinye.