- Izithiyo ze-NVMe zincike ku-interface ye-PCIe, i-USB noma i-Thunderbolt kanye ne-SSD uqobo kanye nesilawuli sayo.
- Isivinini esingahleliwe kanye nekhwalithi ye-NAND kunomthelela omkhulu ekusheleleni kwangempela kune-MB/s elandelanayo yebhokisi.
- Amadrayivu amaningi e-NVMe asatshalaliswe kahle athuthukisa ukuhamba komsebenzi ngisho noma abelana ngezixhumanisi ezifana ne-DMI ye-chipset.
- I-PC elinganiselayo idinga ukuvumelanisa i-CPU, i-GPU, i-RAM, ukunikezwa kwamandla, kanye nesitoreji ukuze kungabikho ngxenye eyodwa ekhawulela ezinye.
Uma wakha noma uthuthukisa i-PC yesimanje, kulula ukugxila ku-CPU kanye ne-GPU bese ukhohlwa ezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, izithiyo ezihlobene nama-NVMe SSD, i-PCIe, kanye nokuxhumana kwangaphandle kuya ngokuya kuthinta ukusebenza kwangempela, kungaba kwezemidlalo, ukuhlela amavidiyo, noma imisebenzi yobungcweti. Futhi into ethokozisayo ukuthi eziningi zalezi zithiyo azibonakali lapho abantu belindele khona.
Kulesi sihloko, sizochaza ngokuthula ukuthi izithiyo zenzeka kanjani ku-NVMe, PCIe, USB, kanye ne-Thunderbolt , kwenzekani uma ugcwalisa i-motherboard ngama-drive amaningi e-M.2, ukuthi kungani isivinini esingahleliwe sibaluleke kakhulu kunalokho esibonakala siyikho, nokuthi ungakugwema kanjani ukuchitha imali uthenga ihadiwe engasoze yasebenza kahle ngenxa ye-interface noma lonke uhlelo.
Iyini inkinga yangempela (nokuthi yini engekho)
Umqondo "we-bottleneck" ku-PC usetshenziswa ngokweqile futhi usetshenziswa kabi kangangokuthi ulahlekelwe incazelo yawo. I-bottleneck yenzeka lapho ingxenye eyodwa ikhawulela enye ngokusobala: unamandla atholakalayo engxenyeni eyodwa yesistimu, kodwa enye ayikwazi ukuhambisana nayo, njengemoto yezemidlalo enenjini encane. Kuhlala kukhona ukungalingani okuthile, kodwa inkinga yangempela ivela lapho lowo mehluko udlula cishe u-20-25% ekusebenzeni futhi ubonakala ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke.
Emidlalweni, cishe wonke umuntu ucabanga ngenhlanganisela ye -CPU ne-GPU njengenkinga eyinhloko , futhi kufanele: uma ubhangqa ikhadi lehluzo eliphezulu kakhulu neprosesa encane kakhulu, i-GPU izolinda i-CPU ukuthi iqede umsebenzi wayo; uma wenza okuphambene nalokho, uzoba neprosesa enamandla kakhulu yekhadi lehluzo elibuthakathaka. Kodwa ngale kwalokho kubhangqa, kunezinye izici ezifana nesivinini se-PCIe slot, i-RAM, isitoreji, kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla okungaba "isinqamuleli" lapho ukusebenza kulahleka khona.
Imininingwane ebalulekile abantu abaningi abayinaki ukuthi i- bottleneck akuyona inombolo eqondile noma iphesenti lomlingo elinganikezwa yi-calculator eku-inthanethi (leyo 13,4% edumile eyethusa abaningi). Iyashintsha kuye ngomdlalo, isixazululo, izilungiselelo zehluzo, ngisho nokucubungula ingemuva kohlelo. Ngakho-ke, lawa ma-calculator ayisiqondiso esihle kakhulu, kodwa akuyona inkomba ethembekile.
I-CPU, i-GPU kanye nesisombululo: umthombo wezingqinamba eziningi
Izinkinga ezinkulu zokungalingani zenzeka uma uhlanganisa iprosesa embi nekhadi lehluzo . Uma i-GPU inamandla kakhulu futhi i-CPU ingakwazi ukuyiphatha, uzobona ukuthi i-FPS ayikhuphuki ngisho noma wehlisa izilungiselelo zehluzo; uma kungenjalo, uzoba neprosesa enamandla kodwa ikhadi lehluzo elihlulekayo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubunzima bomgoqo buxhomeke kusisombululo kanye nohlobo lomdlalo . Ku-1080p, umthwalo uwela kakhulu ku-CPU, ngakho-ke iprosesa encane inganqoba ngisho nekhadi lehluzo elihle. Ku-1440p futhi ikakhulukazi ku-4K, i-GPU ivame ukuba yisici esivimbelayo, futhi amaprosesa aphansi kakhulu ayayeka ukuba nenkinga enkulu kangaka. Ukudlala isihloko esilula sokuncintisana njenge-Counter-Strike akufani nokudlala umdlalo ovulekile odingayo njenge-Cyberpunk, lapho ihluzo kanye nomthwalo wememori kukhulu khona.
Ukuze sikusize ukhethe izingxenye ezifanele, indlela enengqondo ukuhlanganisa ama-CPU nama-GPU obubanzi obufanayo :
- Intengo ephansi (kulabo abafuna ukusebenzisa imali edingekayo kuphela): i3 noma iRyzen 3 kanye namakhadi ehluzo aphansi, angadluli i-RTX 3050 noma okufana nayo ngaphambili.
- Ibanga eliphakathi ("indawo emnandi"): I-i5 / Ultra 5 noma i-Ryzen 5 enamakhadi ehluzo afana ne-RTX 4060 Ti, RTX 5070 noma afanayo ku-AMD.
- Ikhwalithi ephezulu (umthandi): amaprosesa anamandla njenge-Ryzen X3D noma i-Intel Ultra 7/9 anama-GPU afana ne-RTX 5080, 5090 kanye nama-equivalents.
Iphutha elikhulu ukuxuba iprosesa yezinga lokuqala ne-GPU yezinga lomdlandla noma i-CPU ebiza kakhulu nekhadi lehluzo elibuthakathaka kakhulu. Kuzo zombili izimo, ukhokhela amandla ongasoze wawabona esikrinini ngoba ingxenye eyodwa ibeka umkhawulo kwenye ngokusobala.
Ama-bottlenecks ahlobene ne-PCIe kanye nezikhala zangaphakathi ze-M.2
Uma sikhuluma ngama-NVMe SSD, umqondo we-bottleneck uxhomeke kakhulu kunguqulo yebhasi ye-PCIe kanye nendlela i-motherboard eyabela ngayo imizila . Isikhala ngasinye se-M.2 PCIe x4 sidinga imizila emine ukuze isebenze ngokugcwele, futhi le mizila ivela ku-processor kanye ne-chipset, ezixhumanisa ngesixhumanisi se-DMI (kumapulatifomu e-Intel) noma isixhumanisi esifanayo kumapulatifomu e-AMD.
Isibonelo esijwayelekile amabhodi omama anikeza izikhala ezimbili ze-M.2, njenge-MSI X470 Gaming Plus Max noma amamodeli afanayo: isikhala se-M2_1 sixhunywe kwiprosesa futhi sisekela i-PCIe 3.0 x4, kuyilapho isikhala se-M2_2 sincike ku-chipset futhi sinqunyelwe ku-PCIe 2.0 x4 noma singabelana nge-bandwidth namachweba e-SATA noma ezinye izikhala. Uma ufaka amadrayivu amabili e-NVMe PCIe 3.0 x4, leyo esesikhala se-M2_2 izoba nekhanda lokusebenza okulandelanayo okuncane ngoba nje isikhombimsebenzisi sihamba kancane.
Kulezi zimo, abasebenzisi abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi "amabhodlela" e-NVMe PCIe 3.0 x4 SSD axhumeka yini ku- PCIe 2.0 x4 slot noma i-chipset ene-bandwidth encane . Impendulo iwukuthi, ekusebenzeni kokufunda nokubhala okulandelanayo okumsulwa, kunomehluko wethiyori ngesivinini esiphezulu, kodwa ekusebenzeni, ngemisebenzi efana nokudlala imidlalo noma ukusetshenziswa okuvamile, isikhathi esiningi ngeke uqaphele ushintsho olukhulu, ngaphandle kokukopisha okuqhubekayo kwamafayela amakhulu kakhulu.
Uma ucabanga ukufaka amadrayivu amaningi e-NVMe ngasikhathi sinye, isibonelo, amadrayivu amathathu e-M.2 Gen3 x4 kubhodi lomama le-Z490, kunezici eziningana ezibandakanyekayo: imizila yesikhala ngasinye se-PCIe, imizila ye-chipset, kanye nomthamo wesixhumi esibonakalayo se-DMI 3.0 esixhumanisa i-CPU ne-chipset. Nakuba idrayivu ngayinye ye-NVMe ingasebenzisa imizila efinyelela kwemine, i-DMI ivame futhi ukunikeza imizila emine iyonke, ngakho wonke amadrayivu axhunywe ku-chipset abelana ngokuxhumeka okufanayo ne-CPU.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ufaka ama-drive amabili e-M.2 kuma-chipset slots kanye nenye i-NVMe drive ku-adapter ye-PCIe x4 exhunywe kwi-slot encike ku-chipset, ngokwethiyori ungagcwalisa isixhumanisi se-DMI uma wonke ama-SSD amathathu esebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu sokulandelana ngasikhathi sinye . Kodwa-ke, nansi iphuzu elibalulekile: ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela, akuvamile kakhulu ukuba nama-drive amathathu e-NVMe asunduza i-bandwidth ngasikhathi sinye ngemingcele yawo ngokudluliselwa okuqhubekayo; ngokuvamile, i-bottleneck ayibonakali kakhulu kunezibalo zethiyori ezisikiselayo.
Ngakho-ke, ngisho nasemabhodini omama lapho i-DMI ingase ibonakale sengathi iyinkinga, ukusebenzisa amadrayivu amaningi e-NVMe kusazuzisa, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini efana nokuhlela ividiyo ngamadrayivu ahlukene esistimu, imidiya, amaphrojekthi, kanye ne-cache . Idrayivu ngayinye yabelana ngomthwalo wokufunda nokubhala futhi inciphisa ukuncintisana kwe-IOPS, yize zonke zabelana ngesixhumanisi sokugcina esifanayo ne-CPU.
Isivinini esilandelanayo uma siqhathaniswa nesivinini esingahleliwe ku-NVMe: kungani i-SSD yakho ingasebenzi njengoba yenza ngokuzumayo
Abantu abaningi bagxila kuphela ezinombolweni ezinkulu ebhokisini le-SSD: 3.500 MB/s, 7.000 MB/s, njll. Lezi yizivinini ezilandelanayo eziphezulu kakhulu , ngokuvamile ezilinganiswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, ngemigqa emide namafayela amakhulu kakhulu. Amabhentshimakhi okwenziwa afana ne-CrystalDiskMark asetshenziselwa ukuwaqhathanisa, kodwa lokhu kuvame ukugcizelela lesi sici sokusebenza, ngezinye izikhathi ngokungafaneleki uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke.
Kodwa-ke, ukushelela okubonakalayo kwesistimu, kanye nezimo eziningi ukusebenza kwangempela emidlalweni noma lapho kulayishwa amaphrojekthi, kuncike kakhulu ekusebenzeni kokufunda nokubhala okungahleliwe (i-IOPS) kunasezibalo ezilandelanayo. Yilapho isilawuli se-SSD, uhlobo kanye nekhwalithi yememori ye-NAND flash, inani lezendlalelo, ukwakheka kwesiteshi, kanye nokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwe-DRAM ezinikele kudlala khona.
Idrayivu ye-NVMe ene-interface enhle ye-PCIe 3.0 x4 ingafinyelela isivinini esiphezulu sebhasi sokufunda okulandelanayo , kodwa ukufundwa okungahleliwe kunqunyelwe ukwakheka kwayo kwangaphakathi. Ngisho noma ungayibeka endaweni ye-PCIe 4.0, isivinini sokufunda nokubhala okungahleliwe ngeke sithuthuke ngokumangalisayo; ama-elekthronikhi e-SSD kanye nekhwalithi yememori ye-NAND flash kunquma ukusebenza, hhayi i-bandwidth yethiyori yokuxhumeka.
Isibonelo, idrayivu ye-NVMe esezingeni eliphansi kuya kweliphakathi ingakhangisa cishe ama-IOPS ayi-1.000K okufundwa okungahleliwe , okuhunyushwa ku-MB/s esebenza kahle cishe engu-65-66 MB/s yamabhulokhi amancane. Kuma-random writes, ama-IOPS angu-900K alingana cishe nama-58 MB/s. Lawa manani angase abonakale ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkulungwane zama-MB/s okufundwa okulandelanayo, kodwa ajwayelekile ngokuphelele kumanani athile futhi, empeleni, ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okwanele kokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kanye nokudlala imidlalo.
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu lapha ukuthi i-SSD ayinayo i-DRAM (ngaphandle kwe-DRAM ezinikele) noma cha. Kuma-drive amaningi angenayo i-DRAM, ukusebenza okungahleliwe nokuqhubekayo ngaphansi komthwalo kuyehla ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi lapho i-cache yangaphakathi ye-SLC isiphelile. Lokhu kwehla akunandaba nokuthi uyixhuma ku-PCIe 3.0 noma i-4.0; kumane kungumkhawulo wokuklama ohloselwe ukunciphisa izindleko, futhi kuchaza amacala amaningi ama-SSD ahamba kancane ku-Windows 11.
Ngakho-ke, lapho kulinganiswa futhi kuqhathaniswa, kuthembeke kakhulu ukusebenzisa amathuluzi asetshenziswa abakhiqizi be-SSD abasezingeni eliphezulu njengereferensi, njenge- ATTO Disk Benchmark , esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ngokweqile izivivinyo ezihilela imisebenzi yokubhala enzima kakhulu futhi ezinganciphisa isikhathi sokuphila kwedrayivu. Ukugijima ngakunye kwezilinganiso ezithile kungabangela amashumi ama-gigabytes abhalelwe amaseli, into okungafanele iphindwe njalo ngenxa yayo.
Izixhumi ze-NVMe zangaphakathi vs. ukuxhumana kwangaphandle: i-USB, i-Thunderbolt, kanye nemikhawulo yangempela
Esinye isici esikhathazayo yizingqinamba ezingaba khona uma kusetshenziswa ama-SSD njengama-drive angaphandle , kungaba ngoba sithenga imodeli yangaphandle esele ikhona noma ngoba sixhuma eyangaphakathi (SATA noma i-NVMe) nge-adaptha ye-USB noma ye-Thunderbolt. Kulesi simo, ukuhlanganiswa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo se-SSD kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo se-adaptha kunquma ukuthi sichitha ukusebenza.
Ngasohlangothini lwe-SSD, sinemindeni emibili: amadrayivu e-SATA III , anomkhawulo wethiyori ongaba ngu-600 MB/s, kanye namadrayivu e-NVMe nge-PCIe , lapho amadrayivu e-Gen 3x4 efinyelela cishe isivinini sokufunda esiphezulu esingu-3.500 MB/s kanye namadrayivu e-Gen 4x4 angafinyelela cishe ku-7.000-7.800 MB/s ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Ngamanye amazwi, amadrayivu e-NVMe anikeza ukusebenza okuphindwe kaningana kwedrayivu ye-SATA.
Kodwa uma uzikhipha ebhokisini, izindinganiso ezifana ne -USB 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, USB 4, noma i-Thunderbolt 3 kanye ne-4 ziyaqala ukusebenza , ngesivinini esisukela ku-5 Gbps (cishe u-600 MB/s) kuya ku-40 Gbps (cishe u-5 GB/s usebenza kahle). Uma uxhuma i-SATA III SSD ku-adaptha ye-USB 3.0 engu-5 Gbps, ukusetha kulinganisela kahle: I-SATA ngokwayo izokukhawulela ngaphambi kwe-USB, ngakho-ke i-adaptha ye-5 Gbps engabizi yanele ukukhipha cishe amandla aphelele edrayivu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ufaka i-NVMe PCIe 3.0 noma i-4.0 SSD esheshayo kakhulu ku-adaptha enikeza kuphela, isibonelo, i- 10 Gbps (1,25 GB/s) USB 3.1 , uzobe unciphisa kakhulu i-throughput yayo ephezulu yokulandelana, ngoba ibhasi langaphandle lingaphansi kakhulu kwalokho idrayivu ye-NVMe engakunikeza. Nge-20 Gbps (2,5 GB/s) USB 3.2, izinto ziyathuthuka, kodwa usazoba kude nokusebenza kwedrayivu ye-Gen4x4 ephezulu.
Okufanayo kusebenza ku-Thunderbolt 3 no-4, ezisebenza ku- 40 Gbps (cishe ama-5 GB/s ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela) . Nakuba lokhu kukusondeza esivinini se-NVMe Gen4, kusasilele kancane kunani eliphakeme kakhulu lamamodeli ashesha kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuthenga i-NVMe PCIe 4.0 SSD ebizayo ukuze uyisebenzise kuphela njenge-external drive kungaba yinkinga kulezi zinsuku: ngeke ukwazi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele amakhono ayo kuyilapho izixhumi zangaphandle zikhawulelwe ku-40 Gbps.
Isimo sizoshintsha ngezindinganiso ezifana neThunderbolt 5, ehlose i-80 Gbps , kodwa namuhla into enengqondo kakhulu ukuhlanganisa "imvu ngayinye nomngane wayo": ama-SATA SSD ne-USB 3.0 uma ufuna into engabizi, i-NVMe Gen3 ene-USB 3.1/3.2 noma i-Thunderbolt uma ufuna into esheshayo, bese ubhuka ama-drive e-NVMe Gen4 anamandla kakhulu ukuze asetshenziswe ngaphakathi, lapho angafakwa khona ngaphandle kwemingcele eminingi kangaka.
Ama-drive e-NVMe M.2 ahlukahlukene okuhlela ividiyo: asetshenziswa noma ayacindezelwa?
Isimo esivame kakhulu kochwepheshe nabadali bokuqukethwe ukufuna ama-NVMe SSD amaningana azinikele emisebenzini ehlukene : eyodwa yesistimu yokusebenza nezinhlelo, enye yamafayela evidiyo angavuthiwe, enye yamaphrojekthi nemitapo yolwazi, kanye neyesine ye-cache, ama-audio peaks, noma amanye amafayela esikhashana. Le nhlangano inengqondo kakhulu ekuhleleni isofthiwe ngoba ihlukanisa ukugeleza kokufunda nokubhala futhi inciphisa ukuphikisana kudrayivu efanayo.
Umbuzo ojwayelekile uwukuthi ukufaka amadrayivu amathathu noma amane e-NVMe kubhodi lomama kungayiphazamisa yini i-GPU noma amadrayivu ngokwawo. Esipulatifomu efana ne-Z490 ene-10700K, isibonelo, ungasebenzisa ama-slots amabili ahlanganisiwe e-M.2 kanye ne- adaptha ye-PCIe x4 ukuze wengeze enye i-SSD ye-M.2 . Ukwabiwa kwemizila kuzobukeka kanje: i-slot eyodwa egcwele ye-PCIe x16 ye-GPU, enye i-slot ebonakalayo ye-PCIe x16 esebenza ku-x4 ye-adaptha ye-M.2, kanye nama-slots amabili e-M.2 axhunywe ku-chipset.
Ephepheni, i-chipset kanye nesixhumanisi se-DMI kunemizila emine ye-PCIe 3.0, ekhawulela ithrafikhi ehlanganisiwe phakathi kwawo wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe: i-M.2, amachweba e-SATA, i-USB, njll. Uma wonke ama-drive e-NVMe namadivayisi e-chipset engenza ukudluliselwa okulandelanayo ngesivinini esigcwele ngasikhathi sinye, ungafinyelela iphuzu lapho ama-drive amathathu e-NVMe ndawonye engeke abe ngokushesha kune-drive eyodwa ye-NVMe esebenza ngokugcwele , ngoba ubungafinyelela umkhawulo we-bandwidth we-DMI.
Kodwa empeleni, ekuhleleni ividiyo nasemsebenzini wokudala, ukufinyelela kwidiski kuyahlukahluka kakhulu: kunezinto eziningi zokufunda nokubhala amafayela, ukugxuma, ukufinyelela okuncane okungahleliwe, ukuhumusha okungaphelele… Akukhona kakhulu ngama-drive amathathu ngesivinini esingaguquki esingu-3.000 MB/s, kodwa mayelana nokusabalalisa imigqa ye-I/O kuma-disk amaningana . Lokhu kusho ukuthi, yize babelana ngesixhumanisi sokugcina esifanayo, uhlelo luzizwa lubushelelezi, kunezikhathi zokulinda ezimbalwa, futhi isofthiwe ingahambisa imisebenzi ngendlela ephumelelayo.
Kumapulatifomu amasha njenge-Z690 kanye nakamuva, ukwabiwa kwemizila kanye ne-interface ye-CPU-chipset kuyathuthukiswa, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukulayisha ngokweqile uhlelo ngama-drive amaningi e-NVMe. Kodwa noma ngabe i-motherboard yakho ingeyona imodeli yakamuva, ukuba nama-drive amathathu ahlukene e-NVMe ngokuvamile kunenzuzo kune-drive eyodwa enkulu yemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi. Into ebalulekile ukwamukela ukuthi umkhawulo ukhona nokuthi izibalo zokumaketha ezisekelwe embonweni azibonakalisi ukusetshenziswa kwangempela.
Ezinye izinkinga ezithinta ukusebenza kwe-PC iyonke
Ngenkathi sigxile ku-NVMe kanye nesitoreji, asikwazi ukukhohlwa ezinye izinto ezingaba yizithiyo ezibalulekile. Isibonelo, isikhala se-PCI Express lapho uxhuma khona i-GPU sibalulekile: ikhadi lesimanje elenzelwe i-PCIe 4.0 elifakwe kubhodi lomama elinikeza i-PCIe 3.0 kuphela lingalahlekelwa amaphuzu athile okusebenza, futhi uma ulixhuma ku-x8 noma ku-x4 esikhundleni se-x16, umthelela ungaba mkhulu nakakhulu kuye ngemodeli.
I-RAM ingenye into ejwayelekile: kulezi zinsuku, i-8 GB iphelelwe yisikhathi ngokusobala ukuze idlale kahle futhi isebenze kahle. I-16 GB isanele kubasebenzisi abaningi, kodwa ayikwaneli kakhulu emidlalweni eminingi enzima nedinga amandla amaningi. Indawo efanelekile yamanje yi- 32 GB ye-RAM kulabo abafuna uhlelo olungenalo ukulibaziseka, ikakhulukazi uma isivinini kanye nokubambezeleka nakho kuhle (kubalulekile kumapulatifomu afana ne-Ryzen).
Ukunikezwa kwamandla nakho kungaba yisithiyo sangempela, yize ngezinye izikhathi kunganakwa. Uma i-GPU idinga amandla aphezulu angu-300W futhi ukunikezwa kwamandla kungakwazi ukukunikeza ngendlela ezinzile, ikhadi lingase lishaye, linyakaze, noma lishayeke bese liqala kabusha. Ngandlela thile, "kuyisithiyo sikagesi": ihadiwe ingasebenza kangcono, kodwa ukunikezwa kwamandla akukwazi ukuqhubeka.
Ngokuphathelene nokugcina, ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa ama-HDD omshini emidlalweni noma kumaphrojekthi adinga amandla kungumthombo oqhubekayo wezikhathi zokulayisha ezingapheli kanye nokungaguquguquki, ikakhulukazi lapho umdlalo noma isofthiwe idinga ukulayisha ukwakheka noma iziqeshana zevidiyo ngokushesha. Ukuthuthela okungenani kwi-SATA SSD sekuvele kuyigxathu elikhulu, futhi ukushintshela ku-NVMe kususa cishe noma yimiphi imikhawulo yezikhathi zokulayisha zokusetshenziswa okuningi kwasekhaya.
Okokugcina, ibhodi lomama uqobo kanye nekhwalithi yalo yokwakha nakho kudlala indima: ama-VRM ajwayelekile, i-BIOS engasebenzi kahle, ukwakheka komzila we-PCIe okunganele, noma ukuhambisana okulinganiselwe namaza athile e-RAM konke kungathinta kabi ukusebenza okuphelele, noma ngabe ezinye izingxenye zinhle. Akukhangi kangako njenge-GPU, kodwa ukukhetha ibhodi lomama elifanele kungavimbela izinkinga eziningi endleleni.
Sekukonke, ukuqonda ukuthi imizila ye-PCIe yabiwa kanjani, imikhawulo yezixhumanisi ezifana ne-DMI, ukuthi izixhumi zangaphandle ezahlukene (i-USB, i-Thunderbolt) ziziphatha kanjani, kanye nokubaluleka kwangempela kwe-IOPS kanye nesivinini esingahleliwe kuvumela izinqumo zokuthenga ezinolwazi oluningi. Akukhona mayelana nokugxila kakhulu kumanani aphelele, kodwa kunalokho mayelana nokugwema ukukhokhela ukusebenza, ngenxa yokwakheka kwesistimu, ongeke ukwazi ukukusebenzisa. Ekugcineni, icebo ukwakha uhlelo olulinganiselayo: i-CPU ne-GPU ezivela kumazinga afanayo, i-RAM eyanele, ugesi omuhle, ama-NVMe SSD lapho enza khona umehluko ngempela, kanye nokuxhumana okungavimbi amandla ehadiwe.
