- Ukujwayela kuhlela imininingwane egciniwe ngokususa ukungasasebenzi kanye namaphutha.
- Kunamafomu ajwayelekile ahlukene, ngalinye linemithetho ethile yokuhlela amatafula.
- Ukujwayela kuthuthukisa ubuqotho nokuvumelana kwedatha egciniwe.
- Ukuklama imininingo egciniwe ejwayelekile kudinga ukuqonda ukuncika kokusebenza kanye nokhiye abayinhloko.
Siyakwamukela ezweni lama-database kanye nokulungiswa kwawo. Uma unesithakazelo emhlabeni wedijithali, ngokuqinisekile uke wezwa ngezindlela ezijwayelekile kuma-database . Kodwa ingabe uyazi ngempela ukuthi ayini nokuthi asetshenziselwani? Kulesi sihloko, sizochaza konke: kusukela emqondweni oyisisekelo kuya emazingeni ahlukene okulungiswa. Uzothola nezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwawo lapho uklama i-database esebenza kahle futhi ehlelekile. Lungela ukufunda ngenye yezinsika eziyisisekelo zomhlaba wezobuchwepheshe!
Amafomu avamile kusizindalwazi
Isingeniso sokujwayela kwesizindalwazi
Ukulungiswa kwedathabheyisi kuyindlela esetshenziswa ukuhlela nokuhlela ulwazi olugcinwe kudathabheyisi. Kuyinqubo eqeda ukuphindaphinda, ivimbele amaphutha, futhi yenza lula imibuzo yedathabheyisi.
Ukuze kufezwe le nqubo, kumele kutholakale ukuncika kokusebenza phakathi kwezinkambu ezahlukene zesizindalwazi. Okusho ukuthi, kumele kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi izinkambu ezihlobene nokuthi zithintana kanjani.
Uma lokhu kuncika sekuphawuliwe, ulwazi luhlukaniswa ngamathebula noma izinhlangano ezahlukene, kulandelwa imithetho ethile noma amafomu avamile. Izinga ngalinye lokumiswa lihlangabezana nezimo ezithile eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwalo kanye nokusebenza okulungile komsebenzisi wokugcina.
Ukuncika okusebenzayo nokubalulekile
Ukuncika ekusebenzeni kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwenziwa kwesizindalwazi kujwayelekile. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi amanani esethi enikeziwe yezibaluli ahlobene ngokuqondile namanani enye isethi ehlukile, ngaleyo ndlela adale ukuthembela komunye nomunye phakathi kwawo.
Ukuze kutholakale lokhu kuncika, kubalulekile ukuqonda okhiye abayinhloko , njengoba besenza sikwazi ukuhlukanisa irekhodi ngalinye elihlukile ngaphakathi kwedatha yethu futhi sakhe ubudlelwano obufanele phakathi kwamathebula. Okhiye bangaba lula (isici esisodwa) noma inhlanganisela (izimfanelo eziningi), futhi ukukhetha kuzoncika kumklamo othize.
Ukuncika kokusebenza nokhiye kuyizici ezibalulekile zokufinyelela ukwenziwa kujwayelekile okulungile kuzingosi zethu zolwazi. Ngokuqonda ukuthi le miqondo isebenzisana kanjani singaklama izakhiwo ezifanele ukugcina idatha yethu ngaphandle kokuphindaphindeka noma ukungahambisani.
Ifomu Lokuqala Elijwayelekile (1NF)
Ifomu lokuqala elivamile (1NF) yizinga lokuqala lokujwayela kolwazi olugciniwe. Kuqukethe ukususa amaqembu ayimpinda kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi isibaluli ngasinye sinevelu eliyingqayizivele ngaphakathi kwethebula. Ngamanye amazwi, kuhlanganisa ukuhlukanisa amatafula amakhulu, ayinkimbinkimbi abe amatafula amaningana amancane, alula.
Ukuze athobelane ne-1NF, wonke amanani kumele abe i-athomu, okusho ukuthi awakwazi ukuba namanani amaningi ahlukaniswe ngokhefana nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwe-delimiter. Lokhu kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bengeze idatha entsha ngaphandle kokuthinta kabi lonke ithebula.
Wonke amakholomu kufanele abe namagama ahlukile aqondene nokuqukethwe kwawo. Ngale ndlela, ikholomu ngayinye inohlobo oluthile lolwazi olugcinwe kuyo kuphela, okwenza kube lula ukucinga ulwazi oluthile lapho ludingeka.
Ifomu lesibili elijwayelekile (2NF)
Ifomu lesibili elivamile (2NF) isandiso se-1NF esibhekana nezinkinga zokungadingeki emsebenzini kumathebula. Nakuba i-1NF igxile ekuhlukaniseni idatha ibe amakholomu ahlukene, i-2NF ibheka ukuncika kokusebenza phakathi kwamakholomu amaningi.
Ukuze kuhambisane nomthetho wesibili wefomu evamile, ikholomu ngayinye kumele incike kuphela kukhiye oyinhloko noma oyinhloko ophelele hhayi kunoma iyiphi enye ingxenye. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amathebula amasha kumele adalwe ukuze kuqedwe noma yikuphi ukuphindaphindeka.
Leli fomu elijwayelekile lisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ihlelwe kahle futhi livimbela ukungahambisani lapho kwenziwa izibuyekezo noma ukususwa kuthebula elihlobene. Ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwaleli zinga kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kohlelo futhi kunciphise amaphutha ngokunciphisa ingozi yokuphindaphindwa noma ukulahleka ngengozi kolwazi olubalulekile.
Ifomu lesithathu elivamile (3NF)
Ifomu lesithathu elivamile (3NF) lingesinye isigaba esibalulekile ekumisweni kwedatha evamile. Kufinyelelwa lapho konke ukuncika okuguquguqukayo kususiwe futhi kuncike kuphela ekusebenzeni okuqondile okusele phakathi kwamakholomu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ikholomu ngayinye kufanele incike kuphela kusihlonzi esiyinhloko noma ukhiye oyinhloko, hhayi kwamanye amakholomu.
Ngamanye amazwi, uma sinetafula elinamakholomu amaningana futhi amanye ahlobene namanye ngekholomu yesithathu emaphakathi, singase singalihlukanisa libe amathebula amabili ahlukene ukuze lihambisane no-3NF. Ngale ndlela, sigwema ukuchithwa okungadingekile futhi siqinisekisa ubuqotho bedatha nokungaguquguquki.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba i-3NF inciphisa ingozi yamaphutha kudatha egciniwe, ingaholela ekwandeni kwenani eliphelele lamathebula adingekayo ukuze amele lonke ulwazi ngendlela efanele.
Ifomu elivamile lika-Boyce-Codd (BNCF)
Ifomu elivamile le-Boyce-Codd (BCNF) liyisandiso sefomu lesithathu elivamile (3NF), futhi lisiza ukuqeda ukuncika kokusebenza okungatheni. Ku-FNBC, bonke okhiye bekhandidethi akumele bancishiswe, okusho ukuthi azikho izibaluli ezingasuswa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa isakhiwo esiyinhloko.
Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemfuneko yokungahoxiki ku-BCNF, abaklami besizindalwazi bangangeza amathebula amasha ukuze aqukathe ubudlelwano obengeziwe phakathi kwamabhizinisi. Lokhu kungaholela enanini elikhuphukile lamatafula nobunzima ekwakhiweni kwakho.
Nakuba i-BCNF iyindlela eqinile yokwenza izinto zibe zijwayelekile, ingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ubuqotho kanye nokuvumelana kumasethi amakhulu edatha ahlobene . Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe lapho kusetshenziswa le ndinganiso, njengoba ingathinta kabi ukusebenza kohlelo uma isetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele.
Ifomu lesine nelesihlanu elivamile (4NF, 5NF)
Ifomu lesine elivamile (i-4NF) kanye nefomu lesihlanu elivamile (5NF) amazinga athuthukisiwe esizindalwazi esijwayelekile esifuna ukugwema ukuphinda kusetshenziswe idatha egciniwe. Kuzo zombili izinhlobo ezijwayelekile, inhloso ukunciphisa ukuncika okuningi phakathi kwezibaluli.
Ku-4NF, ubudlelwano buyahlukaniswa baba ubudlelwano obuncane ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ngobudlelwano obuncikile. Khonamanjalo, ku-5NF, inhloso ukuhlukanisa ngokuphelele ubudlelwano obuphakathi ngokusebenzisa amathebula engeziwe.
Nakuba lawa mafomu avamile angathuthukisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle kwesizindalwazi ngokunciphisa ubukhulu baso, kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ukujwayela ngokweqile kungase kube nzima futhi kungadingeki kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kokujwayelekile
Ukulungiswa kwesizindalwazi kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nobuqotho lapho kuphathwa ulwazi oluningi. Isizindalwazi esijwayelekile singanikeza izinzuzo eziningana, njengokunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuhambisana kwedatha egciniwe.
Nokho, kukhona futhi ukungalungi okufanele kucatshangelwe lapho usebenzisa le ndlela. Isibonelo, inqubo ingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi idle isikhathi uma yenziwa ngesandla. Ukwengeza, i-database ejwayeleke kakhulu ingaba nzima ukuyiqonda noma ukuyigcina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amasu athuthukile ukuze kujwayeleke imininingwane yolwazi, kubalulekile ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuhlola ngokucophelela izidingo ezithile zephrojekthi futhi ucabangele izinzuzo nezinkinga ezingase zivele lapho usebenzisa le ndlela.
Izibonelo ezisebenzayo zokumisa
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukujwayelaniswa kwedathabheyisi ngendlela engokoqobo . Cabanga ngenkampani ephatha ulwazi mayelana nabasebenzi bayo, okuhlanganisa igama labo, inombolo kamazisi, kanye nomnyango abasebenza kuwo. Etafuleni elingajwayelekile, kungase kube nokuphindaphindwa kolwazi okungadingekile, njengegama lomnyango noma ngisho negama eliphelele lesisebenzi.
Ifomu lokuqala elivamile (1NF) lisiza ekunciphiseni ukuphindaphindeka ngokuhlukanisa amanani e-athomu abe amakholomu ahlukene futhi isuse amanani ayimpinda. Ifomu lesibili elivamile (2NF) ligxile ekuqedeni ukuncika ngokwengxenye ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi isici ngasinye sinokhiye oyingqayizivele nonqumayo.
Ukwenza kube ngokwejwayelekile kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuvumelana kwezizindalwazi zethu ngokunciphisa amaphutha abantu kanye nokungahambisani kwedatha egciniwe.
Izincomo zokuklanywa kolwazi olujwayelekile
Sengiphetha, amafomu ajwayelekile kusizindalwazi ayindlela ebalulekile yokuklama ngendlela efanele nephumelelayo yezinhlelo zokuphatha ulwazi. Ngokusebenzisa ngokucophelela namasu amafomu avamile, singakha izakhiwo ezinengqondo eziqinisekisa ubuqotho nokuvumelana kudatha yethu.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ifomu ngalinye elivamile linesethi yalo ethile yemithetho kanye nezidingo. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sicabangele ngokucophelela izidingo zethu eziqondile ngaphambi kokukhetha ukuthi yiliphi ifomu esizolisebenzisa.
Lapho uklama isizindalwazi esijwayelekile, sincoma ukuthi ulandele lawa macebiso:
1. Ziqonde ngokugcwele izidingo zesistimu.
2. Khomba konke okuncike ekusebenzeni kanye nokhiye abayinhloko.
3. Faka kancane kancane ifomu ngalinye ngendlela efanele.
4. Yenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi yonke imisebenzi isebenza kahle.
5. Cabangela ukulinganisa kwesikhathi esizayo kwesistimu lapho wenza izinqumo eziyimodeli.
Ngokulandela lezi zinhlobo zedatha egciniwe amafomu nezincomo ezijwayelekile, singaqinisekisa idizayini efanele yesizindalwazi sethu esijwayelekile, esisivumela ukuthi sisebenzise ngokugcwele amandla ayo esikhathi eside ngokuzethemba nokuzethemba emiphumeleni yawo yokugcina.
