- Ukusebenzisa ama-voltage aqinile (+3.3V, +5V, +12V) kanye namandla aphezulu kagesi we-PC.
- Ukuqaliswa komlawuli we-LM317 ukuthola ukuphuma kwe-voltage eguquguqukayo.
- Ukubaluleka kokuphatha i-feedback loop kanye nokuhlunga kwe-LC ezimpahleni zamandla zemodi eshintshiwe.
- Kudingeka ukubopha ucingo oluhlaza phansi ukuze kusebenze ukuthungela kohlelo.
Uma une-PC endala ekhona, ungayilahli ebhodleleni lokusebenzisa kabusha okwamanje. Ukuguqula i- ATX ibe yi-lab power supply kungenye yalezo zinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi zakudala ezingongela imali eningi, njengoba izinketho zezentengiselwano zivame ukubiza kakhulu futhi zisezingeni eliphansi.
Umqondo uwukusizakala ngokuthi lezi zinsiza zikagesi sezivele zenzelwe ukuletha ama-voltage amaningi azinzile kanye namandla amakhulu, ziwaguqule abe ithuluzi elisebenziseka kalula lokunika amandla ama-prototype, ama-motor, noma noma iyiphi isekethe owakhayo ebhentshini lakho lokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, akukhona nje ukusika izintambo; udinga ukwazi ukuthi wenzani ukuze ugweme ukulimaza noma yini enkambisweni.
Izinto kanye namathuluzi adingekayo
Ukuze ugweme iphrojekthi yesikole futhi uqinisekise ukuthi umkhiqizo oqediwe ungasetshenziswa ngempela, uzodinga ikhithi yamathuluzi eyisisekelo: i-multimeter, insimbi yokunamathisela, i-solder , izicucu zezintambo, izikulufo, kanye ne-drill enezingcezu zokubhoboza insimbi eshidi. Ukuze kuqedwe, iphepha lokusanta, upende omnyama wokufutha, kanye ne-thinner kuzosiza.
Ngokuphathelene nezingxenye ezithile zokuhlanganisa, zilungiselele ngalokhu okulandelayo:
- Izixhumi zebhanana ezibomvu ezi-6 kokukhipha i-voltage kanye nezintambo ezimbili ezimnyama zomhlabathi (i-GND).
- Iswishi yamandla kanye ne-LED ebomvu engu-5mm ene-resistor yayo engu-330 Ohm ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ikhona yini i-current.
- Ngokwengxenye ye- i-voltage eguquguqukayoIsilawuli se-LM317, i-potentiometer engu-5K Ohms, i-diode engu-1N4007, kanye nenhlanganisela yama-capacitor (220uF, 100uF, kanye ne-10uF ku-25V noma ngaphezulu) kubalulekile.
- Isivikelo esingu-120 Ohm kanye nepayipi lokunciphisa ukushisa (i-thermofit) ukuvimbela izintambo ukuthi zingafinyeleli kalula.
Inqubo yokuguqula isinyathelo ngesinyathelo
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuvula ugesi ngokucophelela. Qaphela lapha: ama-capacitor amakhulu angagcina ukushaja ngisho noma enqanyuliwe, ngakho-ke wakhiphe ngokunqamula ama-terminals nge-screwdriver evalekile ukuze ugweme noma yikuphi ukumangala.
Uma usuvuliwe, susa i-internal circuit, ifeni, kanye neswishi yokuqala. Ngincoma ukuhlanza lonke uthuli ngomoya ocindezelwe bese upenda i-casing ukuze ibukeke njengochwepheshe. Ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa kabusha, bhoboza imigodi esembozweni esiphezulu ukuze uvumelane ne-potentiometer, i-LED, kanye nama-banana plugs.
Ukuze ugesi uqale, kukhona icebo elibalulekile: intambo eluhlaza (PS-ON) kumele ixhunywe phansi (GND). Yilapho sibeka khona iswishi yokuvula nokuvala idivayisi. Ukuze uthole isibani sesikhombisi, ungahlanganisa i-LED kanye ne-resistor yayo nentambo empunga, evame ukunikeza isignali ye-Power Good.
Ukucushwa kokukhipha kanye ne-voltage eguquguqukayo
Izinsiza zikagesi ze-ATX zinikeza amazinga kagesi aqinile awusizo kakhulu. Ngokusekelwe emibala yezintambo, uzoba no- +3.3V (owolintshi), +5V (obomvu), -5V (omhlophe), +12V (ophuzi), kanye no-12V (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) . Le migqa isekela amaza aphezulu impela, afanelekela kakhulu ukukhanyisa ama-motor.
Uma ufuna ukuqhubeka, ungakha isekethe nge-LM317 usebenzisa ibhodi elinezimbobo. Lo mlawuli uzokuvumela ukuthi uthole ukuphuma okuguquguqukayo kusuka ku-1.2V kuya cishe ku-12V . Mane nje unike amandla i-LM317 kusuka kulayini we-12V womthombo wamandla bese uxhuma i-potentiometer ku-capacitor ukuze ulungise i-voltage njengoba ufisa.
Ukucabangela okuthuthukisiwe kobunjiniyela nokulawula
Ngokombono wobuchwepheshe, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi sibhekene nokunikezwa kwamandla kwemodi eshintshiwe (i-SMPS) , hhayi okuqondile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukulawulwa kufezwa kusetshenziswa i-pulse-width modulation (i-PWM). Iphutha elivamile ukuzama ukwengeza ama-capacitor amaningi ku-output, ucabanga ukuthi kuzonciphisa umsindo; empeleni, lokhu kungaphazamisa i-feedback loop futhi kube kubi kakhulu impendulo yesikhashana.
Kulabo abafuna ukunemba kobungcweti, ukuhlaziya i-control loop kubalulekile. Uma udinga ukukhawulela ugesi ukuze uvikele amasekethe akho, ungasebenzisa i -resistor ye-shunt engu-0.01 Ohm ukuze ulinganise ukwehla kwe-voltage bese usebenzisa i-operational amplifier (njenge-LM358, engamelana nama-voltage aseduze ne-0V) ukuze unikeze iphinikhodi yempendulo yesilawuli se-TL494.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunconywa ukwenza ngcono isihlungi sokukhipha. Ukuze uvimbele i-inductor core ukuthi ingagcwali ngaphansi kwamaza aphezulu, ungayigoqa kuma-core amabili e-toroidal . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufaka esikhundleni se-capacitor enkulu ngamancane amaningana ngesikhathi esifanayo kunciphisa ukumelana kochungechunge olulinganayo (ESR), kwehlisa izinga lokushisa futhi kuthuthukise ukuhlunga.
Imiqondo ebalulekile kagesi: Amandla kanye ne-Power Factor
Kubalulekile ukungadidanisi amandla asebenzayo (W) namandla abonakalayo (VA). Ku-current alternating, i- reactive impedance yama-inductor nama-capacitor idala ukushintsha kwesigaba phakathi kwe-voltage kanye ne-current. I-power factor (cos φ) ikhombisa ukuthi umthwalo usebenza kahle kangakanani; uma usondele ku-1, umthwalo uyaphikiswa kakhulu. Amadivayisi okulungisa amandla (PFC) avame ukutholakala kulezi zinto zamandla ukuze kuthuthukiswe leli nani futhi kuvinjelwe ukuphazamiseka kwegridi kagesi.
Uma sekuqediwe ukuhlanganiswa, umphumela uba ithuluzi elinamandla elihlanganisa okukhiphayo kwamandla aphezulu okuqinile nenketho elungisekayo, okukuvumela ukuthi usebenze ngokuphepha okuphelele inqobo nje uma uhlonipha imikhawulo yengxenye ngayinye futhi ugcine ifeni isebenza ukuze uvimbele ukushisa ngokweqile.
