- Izandla ezintsha ze-bionic ezisebenzisa i-AI zihlanganisa izinzwa zokusondela kanye nengcindezi namanethiwekhi ezinzwa ukuze zilungise ngokuzimela ukuma kanye namandla okubamba.
- Ukulawulwa komuntu nomshini okwabiwe kunciphisa umthwalo wokusebenza kwengqondo womsebenzisi futhi kuthuthukisa ukunemba emisebenzini yansuku zonke ebucayi.
- Imiklamo ye-hybrid, modular, kanye ne-gamified, kanye ne-neural interfaces, iyathuthukiswa ukuze kusondezwe ukulawula nomuzwa we-prosthesis eduze nowesandla sangempela.
Izandla ze-Bionic ezinobuhlakani bokwenziwa zithatha igxathu elikhulu phambili uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi zokufakelwa zendabuko: akuseyona nje into yokuhambisa iminwe ngomshini, kodwa mayelana nokubuyisela into efana kakhulu nekhono lemvelo lesandla somuntu, ngomzamo omncane wengqondo kanye nokuzethemba okwengeziwe empilweni yansuku zonke.
Okuyinguquko ngempela ngalesi sizukulwane esisha se-prostheses ukuthi sihlanganisa izinzwa ezithuthukisiwe, amamodeli e-AI , izakhiwo zerobhothi eziqinile nezithambile, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezihlanganyelwe zomuntu nomshini, ukuze isandla "sicabange" ingxenye yokunyakaza ngenkathi umsebenzisi eqhubeka nokunquma ukuthi ufuna ukwenzani nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Kusukela ku-prostheses yokuqala kuya ezandleni ezihlakaniphile ze-bionic
Umqondo wokufaka isitho esilahlekile esikhundleni saso unomlando omude : izingalo nezandla zokufakelwa zazikhona endulo, njenge-"Hand of Capua" edumile, esukela cishe ngo-300 BC, eyenziwe ngensimbi, ithusi, nokhuni. Kukholakala ukuthi yayingeyesosha laseRoma elaliyisebenzisela ukubamba isihlangu salo ngemva kokulahlekelwa yingxenye yengalo yalo.
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, izitho zokufakelwa zazimane nje ziyizinto zobuhle , izikhunta ezilula ezazilingisa ukuma kwesitho kodwa zingenamsebenzi wangempela. Inhloso yazo kwakuwukuhlobisa, “ukufihla” ukungabikho kwesitho ngaphandle kokunikeza noma yikuphi ukunyakaza okuwusizo.
Ngokuthuthuka kwezokwelapha kanye nokwemishini kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20 kwafika izitho zokufakelwa zokuqala ezihlanganisiwe, ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ukunyakaza okuyisisekelo ngenxa yezindlela ezilula. Kamuva, kwavela izitho zokufakelwa "eziyirobhothi" noma "eziyi-bionic", ezinezinjini, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezibambi, kanye nezinga elithile lokulawula kwemisipha noma kagesi.
Noma kunjalo, izandla ze-bionic ezithuthuke kakhulu ezitholakala kwezentengiselwano zisabhekene nomkhawulo obalulekile: ukulawula kwazo kuhlala kuyinkimbinkimbi, kungaqondakali, futhi kukhathaza ingqondo. Imisebenzi umuntu onezandla eziphelele ayenzayo cishe ngaphandle kokucabanga—ukuthatha indebe, ukubamba indebe yepulasitiki, ukubamba iphepha elincane—inselele enkulu kubasebenzisi abaningi bezitho zokufakelwa.
Umzamo wokuqonda uphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi cishe isigamu sabasebenzisi bagcina beshiya isandla sabo se-bionic, becaphuna ubunzima bokusebenzisa, izilawuli ezingezona ezemvelo, kanye nokucindezeleka kwengqondo okuqhubekayo. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi iningi lalawa madivayisi aliphindi kahle umuzwa wokuthinta noma ukuhlangana okuzenzakalelayo okwenziwa ubuchopho ngokungazi.
Indlela yeNyuvesi yase-Utah: ukulawulwa komuntu nomshini okwabiwe
Ithimba elivela kwi-NeuroRobotics Laboratory eNyuvesi yase-Utah , eliholwa abacwaningi abanjengoMarshall Trout noJacob A. George, lisungule uhlelo lokulawula oluhlanganyelwe olushintsha ngokuphelele isimo sendawo. Isiphakamiso sabo, esanyatheliswa ephephabhukwini i-Nature Communications, sisekelwe esandleni sokufakelwa esitholakala kwezentengiselwano (njenge-TASKA Hand) esihlonyiswe ngezinzwa kanye ne-AI eqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile.
Iphuzu eliyinhloko lalo msebenzi ukubambisana okuqhubekayo phakathi komuntu kanye nokufakelwa : umsebenzisi ubonisa inhloso evamile yesenzo (bamba, khulula, sondeza, bamba…), kuyilapho imodeli yobuhlakani bokwenziwa iphethe ukulungisa ngokuzimela indawo yeminwe kanye namandla okubamba ngobunono okunzima kakhulu ukukufeza ngokulawula okuqondile komuntu kuphela.
Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, ososayensi bangeze izinzwa zokusondela kanye nengcindezi ezinyaweni zesandla se-bionic. Lezi zinzwa zokubona ziyakwazi ngisho "ukuyibona" into ngaphambi kokuyithinta, zilinganisele ibanga layo, futhi zithole ukushintshashintsha okuncane kokuthintana kanye nengcindezi uma isibambo siqala.
Lonke lolu lwazi lufakwa ohlelweni oluqeqeshwe ngezindawo zokubamba eziyizinkulungwane. Imodeli ye-AI "ifunda" ukuthi iyiphi inhlanganisela yokusabalala kweminwe namandla efaneleka kakhulu kuhlobo ngalunye lwento, ukuze lapho isandla sisondela enkomishini, eqandeni, noma ephepheni, silungise ngokuzenzakalelayo iminwe ibe sesimweni esifanele.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-prosthesis ithola izimpawu zomuntu ezivela emzimbeni , njengokusebenza kukagesi kwemisipha yengalo noma isikhumba, okubonisa ukunyakaza okuhlosiwe. Uhlelo luhlanganisa izimpawu zomsebenzisi kanye nezinqumo ze-AI ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kukhiqizwe ukulawula okuhlanganisiwe: umshini awulawuli konke, futhi umuntu akudingeki alawule umunwe ngamunye ngendlela encane.
Izinzwa zokuthinta ezincane kanye nokusondela: zibheke "umuzwa wesithupha" wokufakelwa
Enye yentuthuko enkulu yalesi sandla se-bionic esisebenza nge-AI isezintweni zaso zokwenziwa , ezenzelwe ukulingisa ukuthinta okuncane komuntu. Azigcini nje ngokulinganisa ingcindezi esetshenziswa ebusweni bento, kodwa futhi zihlanganisa nezinzwa zokusondelana ezibonakalayo ezikwazi ukubona izinto ngaphambi kokuthintana ngokomzimba.
Ngenxa yalezi zinzwa, iminwe ingakwazi ukubona ngisho nebhola likakotini elingenasisindo njengoba liwela phezu kwazo, into engacabangeki ngezinhlobo eziningi zokufakelwa ezithengiswayo zamanje. Lokhu kuvumela ukulinganisa ubukhulu, umthamo, kanye nobuhle bento, ngakho-ke, ukulungisa amandla okubamba ngokunemba okunembe kakhulu.
Umunwe ngamunye unenzwa yawo yokusondela evumela ukuthi "ubone" phambi kwawo , okusho ukuthi yonke iminwe isebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze ibambe kahle. Esikhundleni sokuba umsebenzisi acabange, "Manje sengivala umunwe wami wokukhomba kancane, manje sengikhulula isithupha sami," i-AI ibala indawo eqondile edingekayo ukuze isandla sonke sibambe into ngaphandle kokuyichoboza noma ukuyilahla.
Idatha yokusondela kanye nengcindezi iqhubeka nokungena kunethiwekhi yezinzwa , elungisa ukunyakaza kweminwe ngesikhathi sangempela. Uma into iqala ukushelela, izinzwa ziyayibona bese uhlelo lukhulisa ingcindezi kancane; uma lubona ukuthi into iyashintshashintsha (isibonelo, indebe yepulasitiki), inciphisa amandla ukuze igweme ukuyiphula.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa kwenza isandla se-bionic sibe uhlelo oluzimele kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngokulawula ukubamba, okusiza ubuchopho bomsebenzisi engxenyeni ebalulekile yomsebenzi wokuqapha njalo okwakudingeka awenze ngamabomu ngaphambilini.
Umthwalo wokuqonda: kungani izandla ze-bionic zikhathaza ubuchopho kangaka
Empilweni yethu yansuku zonke, ukuhambisa isandla sethu cishe kuyazenzakalela : asibali ngamabomu indawo yomunwe ngamunye noma amandla esiwasebenzisayo. Ubuchopho buthembele kumamodeli angaphakathi kanye nomuzwa wokuthinta ukuze kulungiswe ukubamba kwethu, futhi kwenza lokho ngesivinini esikhulu nangokungazi.
Kuma-prostheses ajwayelekile e-robotic, lokhu kuzenzakalela kuyanyamalala cishe . Umsebenzisi kufanele acabange ngokucophelela ngokuthi yisiphi isenzo okufanele asenze, ukuthi kufanele asebenzise amandla angakanani, ukuthi kufanele avule nini nokuthi kufanele avale nini, futhi ngokuvamile wenza kanjalo ngaphandle kolwazi oluthintayo oluzomqondisa.
Umphumela uba ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwengqondo : izilawuli ezingaqondakali, isidingo sokuzijwayeza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukushukuma komzimba okulula, kanye nomuzwa wokuthi noma yikuphi ukungazinzisi kahle kungabangela ingilazi ephukile noma into phansi. Lesi simo sichaza ukuthi kungani abasebenzisi abaningi kangaka begcina beyishiyile le prosthesis naphezu kobuchwepheshe bayo obuthuthukisiwe.
Uhlelo oluphakanyiswe yithimba lase-Utah luhlose ukunciphisa ngqo lo mthwalo wokuqonda . Ngokunikeza ukulungiswa kahle kwe-grip ku-AI nokusebenzisa izinzwa ezilingisa ukuthinta, umsebenzisi angagxila enhlosweni iyonke yokunyakaza (ukubamba, ukubamba, ukukhulula) esikhundleni sokulawula yonke imininingwane emincane.
Abalobi balolu cwaningo bagcizelela ukuthi abafuni ukuthi umuntu "alwe" nomshini ukuze alawule isandla sakhe. Umgomo uwukuba i-AI isebenze njengokuqinisa ukulawula kwemvelo komsebenzisi, hhayi njengomshayeli ozenzakalelayo othatha izintambo ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngale ndlela, izifiso zesiguli ziyahlonishwa ngenkathi zisikhulula komunye umthwalo wengqondo.
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwangempela: ukunemba okukhulu, umzamo omncane
Uhlelo lwezandla oluhlakaniphile lwe-bionic luhlolwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zabasebenzisi : abantu abayisishiyagalolunye abangenayo i-amputation (ukuqinisekisa ukulawula kanye ne-interface) kanye nabantu abane abanqunyiwe abanezitho zomzimba ezilahlekile phakathi kwendololwane nesihlakala, okungukuthi, abanezitho zokufakelwa zengalo.
Lezi zivivinyo zazihilela imisebenzi evamile kodwa ebucayi , njengokubamba iqanda ngaphandle kokuliphula, ukuthatha iphepha ngaphandle kokulidabula, ukuphuza enkomishini, ukuphatha izinto ezincane, noma ukuphakamisa indebe ngesibambo sayo. Lezi yizibonelo lapho amandla okubamba kanye nesimo somzimba kufanele kube okunembile kakhulu.
Abahlanganyeli babonise ukuthuthuka okucacile ekuphepheni nasekuqondeni kokubamba lapho besebenzisa uhlelo olusebenzisa i-AI uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokulawula ezivamile, zabantu kuphela, noma ezenzakalelayo kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi balinganise ukwehla okukhulu komthwalo wokuqonda obonwayo ngesikhathi semisebenzi.
Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi eziningi zalezi zinyathelo zenziwa ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okujulile kwangaphambilini . Ngamanye amazwi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa kanye nenethiwekhi yezinzwa kuvumela umsebenzisi ukuthi asebenzise izitayela ezahlukene zokubamba ngokwemvelo kusukela esigabeni sokuqala kakhulu, ngaphandle kokukhumbula amaphethini okusebenza kwemisipha ayinkimbinkimbi.
Ezigulini ezinqunyiwe, kubonakale ukuthuthuka kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukulawula kahle kwemisipha ," ikhono lokwenza ukunyakaza okunembile nokuhlelekile ngemisipha emincane yesandla neminwe, okubalulekile emisebenzini efana nokubhala, ukuphatha izitsha, ukubopha izingubo, noma ukuphatha izinto ezibuthakathaka.
Ingabe isandla se-bionic esine-AI "sinengqondo yaso"?
Isitatimende sabezindaba seNyuvesi yase-Utah sikhulume ngokunikeza isandla "ingqondo yaso ," inkulumo ehlaba umxhwele eye yadala impikiswano ethile yefilosofi nabezindaba. Umqondo awukhona ukuthi i-prosthesis iyazi, kodwa kunalokho inamandla okuzimela okwanele okuphatha ingxenye yokunyakaza kwayo yodwa.
Empeleni, isandla se-bionic sithola ulwazi oluvela endaweni ezungezile, silucubungule, futhi sisebenze ngaphandle kokuba umsebenzisi aqaphe yonke i-micro-adjustment. Ngaphandle, singase sibonakale "sinquma" sodwa, kodwa empeleni esikwenzayo ukwenza imiyalo ejwayelekile yomsebenzisi ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, sithembele kulokho esikufundile ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kwenethiwekhi yezinzwa.
Abanye ochwepheshe be-cognitive neuroscience, njengoTamar Makin , bakhombisile ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kobuchopho nama-prostheses buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Izifundo zabo ze-neuroimaging zisikisela ukuthi ama-prostheses awavezwa ebuchosheni njengezandla noma amathuluzi, kodwa kunalokho akhiqiza isignature yawo ye-neural, uhlobo "lwesigaba esisha."
Abanye abacwaningi, njengoDani Clode eNyuvesi yaseCambridge , bahlola izitho zokufakelwa ezingagcini nje ngokuthatha indawo kodwa futhi zandisa amakhono—ngokwesibonelo, ngokungeza isithupha sesibili—besebenzisa ukwakheka kobuchopho ukuze bahlanganise izakhi ezengeziwe ku-schema yomzimba ngaphandle kokudinga ukulingisa ngokuphelele i-anatomy yokuqala.
Konke lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo ethakazelisayo mayelana nendlela esihlanganisa ngayo ukuqonda kanye negunya lokuzikhethela nemishini namadivayisi. Njengamanje, asinayo indlela yokufakazela ukuthi i-AI iyaqaphela, futhi endabeni ye-prosthetics, sikhuluma kakhulu ngezinhlelo zokulawula izinzwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokukhuluma “ngengqondo” ngomqondo oqinile.
Eminye imigqa yokusungula izinto ezintsha: izandla ezixubile, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemidlalo
Isandla esihlakaniphile sase-Utah akusona sodwa intuthuko enamandla kule nsimu . Amanye amaqembu ocwaningo, njengalelo laseJohns Hopkins University, asebenza ngezandla zamarobhothi ezixubile ezihlanganisa izakhiwo eziqinile nezithambile ukuze zilingise kangcono ukwakheka komuntu futhi zilawule izinto ezibucayi nezisindayo.
Lezi zandla ezixubile zivame ukufaka isakhiwo sangaphakathi esiphrintiwe nge-3D esenziwe ngama-polymers afana nerabha kanye namajoyinti aguquguqukayo. Lokhu kuvumela i-prosthesis ukuthi ivumelane kangcono nezimo ezingavamile, ukuthungwa okuhlukile, kanye nokucindezela okuhlukahlukene, okunikeza ukubamba okuguquguqukayo kakhulu.
Ziphinde zifake izingqimba eziningana zezinzwa zokuthinta eziphefumulelwe yisikhumba somuntu , ezikwazi ukubona ukuthintana, izinguquko ekucindezelweni, kanye nokushelela. Lesi "sikhumba se-elekthronikhi" sivumela isandla ukuzwa ukuthi into iqala ukushelela yini futhi sikhulise ngokuzenzakalelayo amandla asetshenziswayo ukuze siyivimbele ukuthi ingawa.
Konke lokhu kuhambisana nezinhlelo zokulawula ezisekelwe ezimpawini zemisipha , lapho imisipha yengalo ithumela khona imiyalo eminweni yokwenziwa, kanti ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye ne-algorithms yokufunda komshini kuhumusha lezo zimpawu zibe ukunyakaza kwemvelo. "Ubuchopho" be-prosthesis buchaza ukuthi kukhona into eqinile noma ethambile, eshisayo noma ebandayo, ezinzile noma esezoshelela.
Ekuhlolweni kwezinto zansuku zonke—izilwane ezigcwele, iziponji, amabhodlela, ama-pinecone, noma izinkomishi zepulasitiki —ezinye zalezi zandla ziye zafinyelela amazinga empumelelo acishe abe yi-100% ekuziphatheni ngaphandle kokuziguqula noma ukuziphula. Olunye ucwaningo olubonisa kakhulu lwaluhilela ukuphakamisa indebe encane yepulasitiki egcwele amanzi kusetshenziswa iminwe emithathu kuphela, ukulungisa ingcindezi ngokunemba okuphawulekayo.
Okwamanje, izinkampani ezifana ne-Open Bionics zigxile ezixazululweni eziqondiswe kubasebenzisi , njenge-Hero Arm line, enikeza izandla ze-bionic ezingenantambo ngokuphelele, ezingangeni manzi futhi ezingenziwa ngezifiso, ezenzelwe ukuhlanganiswa empilweni yansuku zonke yezingane, intsha kanye nabantu abadala ngokunethezeka okukhulu.
Lezi zitho zokufakelwa zilawulwa ama-electrode e-EMG angenantambo (ama-MyoPod) abekwe esithweni noma engalweni eseleyo, athola ukusebenza kwemisipha futhi aguqule kube ukunyakaza kweminwe ye-bionic. Njengoba zingenantambo, zivumela isandla ukuba sihlukaniswe ngokomzimba nomzimba futhi sixhunywe kabusha, futhi zifake ngisho nezinsiza zemidlalo zisebenzisa uhlelo olufanayo lokunamathisela olujwayelekile.
Ingxenye engokomzwelo neshukumisayo nayo ibalulekile . Amanye ama-startup athuthukise izandla eziguquguqukayo nezingabizi kakhulu, ezenzelwe izingane ngokuyinhloko, ezikhula nazo: izingcezu zingashintshwa ngezinkulu njengoba umzimba wengane ushintsha, okunciphisa izindleko zokushintsha izitho zokufakelwa eziphelele njalo eminyakeni embalwa.
Ukuze ukufunda ukusebenzisa i-prosthesis kungabi umsebenzi onzima , kudalwa izindawo ezingokoqobo ezifana ne-VREHAB, lapho izingane zizijwayeza khona ukunyakaza ngezandla zazo ze-bionic ngemidlalo efana "nokukhuphuka izakhiwo njengeqhawe." Njengoba zithuthuka, zithola amaphuzu, futhi abelaphi bangaqapha intuthuko yazo bekude.
Ubuhle obungenziwa ngokwezifiso buphinde busize umsebenzisi ukuthi azizwe enelungelo lobunikazi ngale prosthesis : ngenxa yokunyathelisa kwe-3D, imiklamo ephefumulelwe amaqhawe, izitayela zesikhathi esizayo, noma ukuqedwa okufana nemfashini yentsha kuyatholakala. Lokhu kuguqula isandla se-bionic sibe okungaphezu nje kwedivayisi yezokwelapha, okwenza kube yinto yobunikazi futhi.
Ukulawula imicabango bese uthinta "emuva" ebuchosheni
Ebheke esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, amaqembu ocwaningo aholayo ahlela ukuhlanganisa lezi zandla ezihlakaniphile nezixhumi zemizwa ezifakiwe, ukuze i-prosthesis ilawulwe ngqo ngumsebenzi wobuchopho kunokuthembela kuphela ezimpawini zemisipha engaphezulu.
Umgomo uwukuthi isandla se-bionic siphendule cishe ngokushesha nangokwemvelo njengesandla se-biological, okunciphisa umthwalo wokuqonda. Uma umsebenzisi ecabanga ngokuvala isandla sakhe, i-prosthesis kufanele iqalise ukunyakaza ngaphandle kokumdinga ukuthi afinyeze imisipha ngamabomu noma enze amaphethini afundiwe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka wokubuyisela ukuxhumana ohlelweni lwezinzwa lomsebenzisi: izinzwa zokucindezela kanye nokusondela kwe-prosthesis zingathumela izimpawu ezibhalwe ngekhodi ezihumusha zibe imizwa yokuxhumana, ukuthungwa noma amandla abonakala ebuchosheni, zisondela empendulweni yangempela yezinzwa.
Abacwaningi abanjengoJacob A. George bagcizelela ukuthi lolu chungechunge locwaningo luyingxenye yombono obanzi wokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kwabantu abanqunyiwe ngokuhlanganisa izitho zokufakelwa ezihlakaniphile, izinzwa, kanye nezinhlelo zezinzwa ezithuthukile ohlelweni oluhambisanayo lwemvelo.
Nakuba kuseneminyaka eminingi yentuthuko kanye nezivivinyo zezokwelapha ezizayo , imiphumela yamanje ikhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka kakade ukuthi imisebenzi elula njengokuphuza enkomishini yepulasitiki iyeke ukuba yinselele ekhathazayo futhi kancane kancane izwakale ingokwemvelo njengoba yayinjalo ngaphambi kokunqunywa.
Konke kukhomba ukuthi izandla ze-bionic ezinobuhlakani bokwenziwa azisekho njengesayensi eqanjiwe futhi zibe amathuluzi awusizo anciphisa umzamo wengqondo, abuyisele amakhono okunyakaza okuhle futhi andise amathuba okuxhumana nendawo ezungezile, kusukela ekubambeni indebe noma iqanda ngokuphephile kuya ekugoneni umuntu ngaphandle kokwesaba ukumlimaza.
