- I-Force iwukusebenzelana okushintsha ukunyakaza noma okuphazamisa izinto; iyunithi yayo yiNewton (N) futhi isebenza ngababili ngokomthetho wesithathu kaNewton.
- Amandla ahlukahlukene abusa impilo yansuku zonke: amandla adonsela phansi, ukungqubuzana, i-electromagnetism, amandla anwebekayo, ukungezwani kanye ne-torque, ngalinye linemiphumela ethile ekuhambeni nasekulinganiseni.
- Imishini elula (ama-levers, ama-pulleys, izindiza ezithambekele) ziphindaphindeka noma ziqondise kabusha amandla; ukuwaqonda kuthuthukisa umzamo, ukuphepha, futhi kukhuthaze ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo kwezobunjiniyela nezemfundo.
Amandla ayinsika eyisisekelo yefiziksi, ukubonakaliswa okukhona yonke indawo okulolonga futhi kuqondise ubuqiniso bezimpilo zethu zansuku zonke. Kusukela lapho sivula amehlo ethu futhi sisuka embhedeni, kuze kube yilapho sicisha ukukhanya futhi siphumule, ukusebenzisana kwethu nomhlaba kuchazwa amandla azo zonke izinhlobo: ezibonakalayo nezingabonakali, ezinkulu nezincane, zilula futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi. Nakuba la mandla evame ukunganakwa, ithonya lawo libalulekile ku- impilo yansuku zonke.
Lolu hambo olubanzi lwehlela emininingwaneni emincane kakhulu yokuthi amandla asebenza kanjani endaweni yansuku zonke, ehlanganisa izibonelo ezingokoqobo nezincazelo ezicacile ezihlanganisa kokubili ulwazi lwakudala kanye nezindlela zamanje nezezemfundo. Akuwona kuphela amandla asobala kakhulu okukhulunywa ngawo, kodwa nalawo asebenza ngawo imishini elula futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, izinto zasendlini, izinto zokuhamba, ngisho nokushukuma komzimba okuvamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhlanganisa okuqukethwe kwezemfundo okukhuthazayo ngokusekelwe kuzinsiza zemfundo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezisiza ukuqonda ukuthi i-physics iba ithuluzi, umdlalo, kanye nenselele yansuku zonke.
Yini amandla?
Ku-physics, i amandla Kucatshangwa njenge-a ukuxhumana phakathi kwemizimba noma izinhlayiya ekwazi ukuguqula isimo sokunyakaza kwento noma ukukhiqiza ukuguqulwa kuyo. Lokhu kusebenzisana kungahunyushwa kokuthi ukuqala, ukumisa, ukusheshisa, ukwehlisa, noma ukushintsha isiqondiso sento. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla azibonakalisa njengamapheya esenzo sokusabela, ngokusho kwabadumile Umthetho wesithathu kaNewton: kuwo wonke amandla asetshenziswa emzimbeni, iphendula ngamandla obukhulu obulinganayo futhi ibheke okuphambene.
La iyunithi yesilinganiso amandla ku-International System yi- I-Newton (N)Ngokwencazelo, i-Newton eyodwa ingamandla adingekayo ukuze kusheshiswe isisindo sekhilogremu eyodwa ngenani lemitha elilodwa ngomzuzwana wesikwele:
1 N = 1 kg m/s2
Nokho, amandla awabonwa kuphela ezimweni eziguquguqukayo. Umphumela waso uvame gcina izinto zilingana, izakhiwo zokusekela noma ngisho nokushintsha ukuma kwempahla (deformation).
Izinhlobo zamandla kanye nendima yazo empilweni yangempela
Emkhathini wethu, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto kulawulwa yi izinhlobo ezahlukene zamandla, ngasinye sinobubanzi obuthile kanye nemiphumela. Ngezansi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo eziyinhloko zamandla ezikhona ekuphileni kwansuku zonke:
- Amandla adonsela phansi: La amandla adonsela phansi Kungamandla okukhanga phakathi koquqaba. Emhlabeni, unesibopho sokusigcina sinamathele phansi kanye nazo zonke izinto eziwela kuwo lapho zikhululwa. Inesibopho semizimba ewayo, ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi, nokuzinza ngokomzimba kwendawo yethu ezungezile.
- friction force (noma ukungqubuzana): I-Friction iphikisana nokushelela okuhlobene kwezindawo ezimbili ezixhumene. Ngaphandle kwakho, ukuhamba bekungeke kwenzeke ngoba bekungeke kube khona ukubamba okwanele, kodwa kuphinde kubangele ukuguga kwezindlela futhi kwenza ukunyakaza okuthile kube nzima.
- amandla kazibuthe: Isebenza phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezishajiwe futhi inesibopho sikagesi kanye ne-magnetism. kanye nezinto eziningi ezibonakalayo (njengokuqina). Kuyisizathu ozibuthe bahehe noma baxoshe nokuthi kungani izinto zikagesi zansuku zonke zisebenza.
- Amandla enuzi (eqinile futhi engenamandla): Agcina ama-proton nama-neutron eboshelwe ndawonye ku-nucleus ye-athomu. Ziyisisekelo esakhiweni sezinto, nakuba zingabonakali kangako ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, umthelela wazo ungaphezu kwemvelo yokuba khona kwama-athomu.
- Amandla e-elastic: Zenzeka ezintweni ezikwazi ukubuyisela isimo sazo sokuqala ngemva kokukhubazeka (njengesiphethu noma ibhande elinwebekayo).
- Amandla okucindezela: Akhiwa lapho intambo, intambo, noma intambo yeluliwe. Banomthwalo wemfanelo wobuqotho bamabhuloho amisiwe, izintambo zokugqoka, kanye nemishini eminingi yansuku zonke.
- I-Buoyancy kanye ne-thrust forces: Zisebenza emizimbeni ngoketshezi, njengokunyakaza okutholwa isikebhe emanzini noma ukunyakaza okuvumela amabhaluni ukuba antante emoyeni. I-buoyancy ibalulekile ekhonweni lethu lokubhukuda noma ukugcina izinto zingacwili. viscosity ekuphileni kwansuku zonke Kuphinde kube nomthelela ekungangeni koketshezi.
- Amandla acindezelayo futhi aqinile: Ukucindezelwa kuphushela into ngaphakathi (njengokukhama isipontshi) futhi ukudonsa kuyidonsela ngaphakathi (njengokudonsa intambo yokugxuma).
- Amandla avamile: Kungamandla asetshenziswa indawo engaphezulu entweni exhumene nayo, incike ekusekelweni (njengamandla akubambayo lapho uhlezi esihlalweni).
- I-torque noma umzuzu wamandla: Kuhlobene nokujikeleza, isibonelo, uma usebenzisa i-screwdriver noma uvula umnyango. Kuya ngamandla kanye nebanga ukusuka endaweni ye-pivot.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemishini elula namandla ezitsheni zansuku zonke
Isici esingabhekwanga kangako kodwa esibalulekile ekuqondeni amandla empilweni yansuku zonke imishini elula y amathuluzi asendliniIzinto eziningi esizisebenzisa njalo (kusuka kukhezo kuye ebhayisikilini noma esikuludweni) zisebenza njengemishini elula ephindaphindayo noma eqondisa amandla. Lezi zindlela zisivumela ukuthi senze imisebenzi nge umzamo omncane kanye nokusebenza kahle okukhulu, ukusebenzisa izimiso zomzimba ezifana ne-lever, indiza ethambekele noma i-pulley.
Imiphumela yamandla: ukunyakaza, ukuphumula kanye nokuguqulwa
Ukusebenzisa amandla entweni kungaveza imiphumela emithathu eyinhloko:
- Shintsha isimo sokunyakaza yento: isheshise, yehlise ijubane, noma yenze ishintshe lapho ibheke khona.
- Khiqiza ukuphumula: ukubangela ukuthi into ehambayo ime.
- Khubaza into: shintsha okwesikhashana noma unomphela umumo wayo.
Ubukhulu bomphumela buncike kukho kokubili amandla asetshenzisiwe kanye nezici ezibonakalayo zento eyenziwa phezu kwayo (ubunzima, ukuqina, ukuthungwa, njll.) kanye inertia wento.
Izibonelo ezingu-20 ezinemininingwane zamandla ekuphileni kwansuku zonke
- Ukuphakamisa izinto
Uma uphakamisa isikhwama sokuthenga, ibhokisi, noma ubhaka, usebenzisa amandla emisipha anqoba amandla adonsela phansi. Ekuqaleni, kufanele unqobe amandla adonsela phansi. inertia, njengoba wonke umzimba uvame ukumelana nezinguquko esimweni sawo sokunyakaza. - Hamba ugijime
Uhambisa umzimba wakho phambili ngokusebenzisa amandla ngezinyawo zakho phansi. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezicathulo zakho nomhlabathi kuvimbela ukushelela. Ukugijima kuhlanganisa amandla amakhulu, okusho ukusetshenziswa kwezindleko ezinkulu kanye nesivinini. - Ukuvula nokuvala iminyango
Uma uphusha noma udonsa isicabha, usebenza ku-lever ejikelezayo (amahinge ayi-fulcrum). Ukusebenzisa amandla kude namahinge kudinga umzamo omncane, ngenxa yomgomo we-lever. - Ebhala ngepensela
Amandla asetshenziswayo anquma ikhwalithi ye-stroke kanye nokubhala kalula. Ukulawula okuhle kuvimbela ukuphula ithiphu noma ukulimaza iphepha. - Khama isipontshi
Kusetshenziswa amandla acindezelayo, abangela ukuba amanzi abaleke, anqobe ukungezwani kwendawo. Lapho ukucindezela sekukhululiwe, ukunwebeka kuzobuyela esimweni sawo. - Ukuhlafuna nokugwinya ukudla
Imisipha yomhlathi ikhiqiza amandla amakhulu; ngemva kokugaya ukudla, imisipha yolimi nomphimbo isebenzisa amandla ahlangene ukuze igwinye. - Ukusebenzisa i-stapler
I-lever isetshenziselwa ukuphindaphinda amandla asetshenzisiwe futhi ibhoboze iphepha ngokuyisisekelo. - Phakamisa inkomishi
Amandla esiwasebenzisayo ancike esisindweni nasekusatshalalisweni kwawo. Isibambo se-ergonomic sisiza ukulinganisela amandla adingekayo ukuze ubambe futhi uphakamise. - Isaladi
Ukugxuma kuhlanganisa amandla emisipha, amandla anqwabelene anqwabelene kanye nokusabela komhlabathi. - Ukusunduza inqola yokuthenga
Kudinga ukusebenzisa amandla ukuze kunqobe inertia nokugedla kwamasondo, angasebenzi kahle ezitezi ezibushelelezi noma ezinqoleni ezinakekelwa kahle. - Phonsa ibhola
Ingalo isebenza njenge-lever. I-trajectory inqunywa amandla asetshenzisiwe, i-engeli, nokumelana komoya. - Ukudonsana ngempi (Tug-of-war)
Kuhilela ukuncintisana okuqondile phakathi kwamabutho aphikisayo. Iqembu elikhiqiza amandla amakhulu kunawo wonke liyawina. - Shanyela phansi
Kuyisibonelo samandla angqubuzanayo asetshenziswa ezinhlayiyeni, ashintshwe i-engeli nokucindezela okusetshenziswe esibambisweni. - Khama ithubhu lokuxubha amazinyo
Amandla okucindezela asetshenziswa, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha okuqukethwe kuncike ekucindezelweni kwangaphakathi kanye ne-viscosity yokunamathisela. Ukuze uthole ukusebenza okuphezulu kweshubhu, likhame ukusuka ekugcineni ukuya emlonyeni. - Hlala esihlalweni
Isisindo somzimba senza amandla esihlalweni (amandla adonsela phansi), aphendula ngamandla avamile ngokuphambene. Ukungqubuzana kusiza ukugcina ukuzinza. - Ukukhuphuka izitebhisi
Kuhilela ukunqoba amandla adonsela phansi kanye nokuguqula umzamo wemisipha ube amandla anamandla adonsela phansi. - UNadar
Ukunyakaza kuhambisa umzimba ngokududulela amanzi emuva; ubuoyancy kanye ukumelana kunquma ukusebenza kahle. - Dlala insimbi yomculo
Iminwe, izingalo, noma umoya usebenzisa amandla athile adala ukudlidliza (umsindo) osuka kuzintambo, ulwelwesi, amashubhu, njll. - Sebenzisa i-screwdriver
Uguqula amandla abe yi-a itorque okukuvumela ukuthi uphendule futhi ufake noma ususe izikulufu. - Vula imbiza
Idinga i-torque ukunqoba ukungqubuzana kwentambo futhi kwesinye isikhathi ingcindezi yangaphakathi ngenxa yokuvaleka.
Izibonelo ezengeziwe: izitsha, imishini elula, nokunyakaza kwansuku zonke
- Ukulayisha inqwaba kwibhala: Ukusetshenziswa kwebhala (umshini olula wohlobo lwe-lever onesondo ne-asili) kunciphisa amandla adingekayo ukuze kuthuthwe isisindo.
- Izimoto zokushayela: Ikuvumela ukuthi uhlole ukuthi amandla ezimoto nawokushayisana asebenzisana kanjani ukuze uhambise futhi ubhuleke izimoto, amabhayisikili noma izithuthuthu.
- Ukusebenzisa ummese (wedge):Uma usika ukudla ngommese, amandla asetshenziswa esibambo agxila onqenqemeni, ahlukanise izinto.
- Amapulangwe kanye nezintambo zokugqoka: Ukulenga izingubo noma ukuphakamisa imithwalo nge-pulley kubonisa ukuguqulwa kanye nokwenza lula kwamandla asetshenzisiwe.
- Indiza egobile (amarampu noma amakhadibhodi): Ikuvumela ukuthi uphakamise izinto ezisindayo ngomzamo omncane, usabalalise amandla ebangeni elikhulu.
- Ingakwazi ukuvula (lathe): Isibonelo esicacile sokuthi ukuguqula i-shaft (sibonga amandla ku-crank) kwenza kube lula ukuvula amathini, kuphindaphinda umphumela wamandla asetshenzisiwe.
- Ukusebenzisa isikeloIzikele ziyi-double lever. Ngokucindezela izibambo, amandla adluliselwa futhi aphindaphindwe kuma-blades, ukusika impahla.
- Ukuphusha noma ukudonsa imithwaloUkuhambisa ifenisha noma ukudonsa ibhokisi kuhilela kokubili amandla emisipha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasu (njengokusebenzisa ama-roller) ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana nokwenza ukunyakaza kube lula.
- umkhuba wezemidlaloIsiyalo ngasinye siwukubonakaliswa kwamandla: ebholeni likanobhutshuzwayo, ukushaywa kwebhola; ekugibeleni ibhayisikili, ukusetshenziswa kwamagiya namasondo; kwezokusubatha, ukuguqulwa kwamandla abe yijubane noma ukweqa.
Imishini elula: amandla aguqulwa kanjani abe umsebenzi owusizo
Ukufunda kanye nempilo yansuku zonke kuthuthukiswa ngokubona ukuthi amathuluzi amaningi asendlini nezinto zobuciko, ngokwazo, imishini elula: isibonelo samandla empilweni yansuku zonke njenge-lever, indiza ethambekele noma i-pulley.
- I-Lever: Amathuluzi anjengama-spatula, izivula zeminyango, noma amaseha enkundla yokudlala aphindaphinda noma aqondise kabusha amandla ukuze enze umsebenzi ube lula.
- Indiza etshekile: Amarampu okuphakamisa ifenisha noma ama-trolleys akuvumela ukuthi usabalalise umsebenzi kude kakhulu, unciphisa umzamo osheshayo.
- UmcengeziImimese, izimbazo, namashizolo kugxilisa amandla onqenqemeni lokusika noma ukuhlukanisa izinto.
- Isondo ne-ekseliAmasondo amasondo, amabhayisikili, izibambo zezicabha, nezivulayo zonke ziyazuza ekubambisaneni okuncishisiwe ukuze kube lula ukunyakaza.
- IsikulufuKusukela kumabhodwe ayisikulufu kuya kumathuluzi okuhlanganisa ifenisha, anweba amandla emigqa abe amandla ajikelezayo.
- I-pulley: Isetshenziswe emigqeni yezingubo, izinhlelo zokuphakamisa emagaraji, noma ukuphakamisa imithwalo ezindaweni zokwakha, zivumela ukuthi isiqondiso sishintshwe futhi amandla asetshenzisiwe asatshalaliswe.
Imisebenzi yezemfundo nemidlalo emayelana namandla
Indlela esebenzayo yokufunda mayelana namandla iwukusebenza ngezandla kanye nemidlalo yokubuka. Ngokwesibonelo:
- UHezekeli Uyabuza umdlalo: Kuqukethe ukuqagela imishini elula esekelwe kuzinkomba, ekhuthaza ukuhlonzwa kwezindlela ezisebenza ngokubonga amandla (ama-levers, ama-pulleys, izikulufu, ama-wedge, njll.).
- Hlukanisa phakathi kwemishini namathuluzi: Bheka izithombe noma indawo yasekhaya ukuze uthole ukuthi akuwona kuphela imishini enenjini. Izikele, amarempu, izintambo zezingubo, izibambo zezicabha, nezivula zamakani nakho kuyimishini, njengoba ziguqula noma zenza kube lula ukusebenza kwabantu ngezimiso eziyisisekelo zomzimba.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwamaphuzu okusetshenziswa kwamandla: Thola ethuluzini ngalinye noma emshinini lapho amandla asetshenziswa khona, ukuthi asakazwa kanjani nokuthi iveza muphi umphumela (ukuvula, ukusika, ukuphakamisa, ukuqinisa, njll.).
- ukuhlola ngezinto zokwakha: Qhathanisa ukuthi inani lamandla adingekayo lihluka kanjani lapho usika isinkwa ngokumelene nokhuni, noma lapho uphusha inqola engenalutho ngokumelene nelayishiwe.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nezibonelo zamandla empilweni yansuku zonke
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesisindo nesisindo?
Masa Inani lento entweni, engaguquki kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi. Isisindo Ingamandla amandla adonsela phansi asebenza kuleyo sisindo, futhi ayahlukahluka kuye ngenkundla yamandla adonsela phansi.
Kuyini ukungqubuzana futhi kuthinta kanjani ukunyakaza?
La ukungqubuzana Kungamandla aphikisana nokususwa okuhlobene kwezindawo ezimbili. Ibalulekile ekuhambeni ngaphandle kokushelela kanye nasekusebenzeni kwamathuluzi nezindlela, nakuba futhi kubangela ukuguga.
Amandla emisipha asivumela kanjani ukuba senze imisebenzi yomzimba?
Lapho imisipha yethu ifinyela, ikhiqiza amandla Kudluliselwa emathanjeni nasemalungeni, okuvumela ukuphakamisa, ukusunduza, ukugxuma, ukugijima, neminye imisebenzi eminingi yomzimba. Ukuqeqeshwa kanye ne-biomechanics kunquma inani lamandla atholakalayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwawo.
Amandla asebenzisana kanjani lapho sibhukuda?
Ukubhukuda kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa amandla ashukumisayo ukuze uye phambili futhi unqobe ukumelana kwamanzi (ukungqubuzana nokudonsa). Umzimba uyantanta ngenxa yokunyakaza kwamanzi, okwenza ukunyakaza kube lula uma kugcinwa indawo ye-hydrodynamic.
Iyini i-torque futhi ihlobana kanjani namandla?
El itorque, noma umzuzu wamandla, ukala ukusebenza kwamandla ekukhiqizeni ukuzungezisa mayelana ne-eksisi. Ibalwa njengomkhiqizo wamandla kanye nebanga ukusuka ku-eksisi.
Amandla okuqonda angasisiza kanjani ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke?
Amandla okuqonda akuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise ukukhandleka komzimba, usebenzise kahle amathuluzi nemishini, uvimbele ukulimala, futhi ukhuthaze izixazululo eziphumelelayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kusukela kwezemidlalo kuye emisebenzini yasendlini.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Transcendental kanye nevelu ye-didactic yamandla
La amandla Akugcini nje ngokusiza ukuchaza imvelo, kodwa futhi kuyisisekelo sokudala ubuchwepheshe, imishini, nezixazululo ezenza ukuphila komuntu kube lula. Ukuyiqonda kubalulekile kulabo abaklama, balungise, noma bathuthukise amathuluzi nezinhlelo, kusukela kubunjiniyela kuye kwisayensi esetshenziswayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokuhlonza, ukuhlola, kanye nokuxhaphaza amandla kusukela ebuntwaneni isiza ekuthuthukiseni ukucabanga kokuhlaziya nokudala.
Igqugquzelwe izibalo zomlando ezifana IHypatia yase-Alexandria, owanqoba izithiyo ekuphishekeleni ulwazi, uqinisekisa umlayezo: ukusebenza ngokuphikelela nangomzamo kusivumela ukuba sisebenzise amandla ethu ukuze sifinyelele imigomo emikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqaphela amandla ezinto zansuku zonke kanye nemishini kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqonda nokuguqula umhlaba, hhayi nje ngethiyori kodwa nangokuzijwayeza nokusungula izinto zansuku zonke.
I-physics yamandla iguqula impilo yansuku zonke ibe ukufunda, ubuhlakani, kanye nentuthuko. Ngokubuka, ukuhlaziya, kanye nokuhlola amandla emisebenzini elula kakhulu kanye nokusebenza kwamathuluzi nemishini elula neyinkimbinkimbi, siqinisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi indawo yethu ezungezile isebenza kanjani nokuthi singasebenzisana kanjani nayo ngempumelelo nangokuphepha. Ukwabelana ngalolu lwazi kwandisa imingcele yalokho okungase kwenzeke ekuphileni kwansuku zonke nasemsebenzini, kukhuthaze isiko lokuzikhandla, ilukuluku, nokubekezela.