- Ukwakhiwa kwesofthiwe kuhlanganisa konke kusukela ekuchazeni izidingo kuya ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, imodeli yedatha, kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo, futhi kuyisihluthulelo sokudala izinhlelo eziqinile nezinakekelwayo.
- Umjikelezo wokuphila wendabuko wempophoma uhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa, ukuklama, ukuhlela, ukuhlola, ukuthunyelwa, kanye nokugcinwa, yize namuhla kuhambisana nezindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ezijikelezayo, kanye nezindlela ze-Agile.
- Ukukhetha ukwakheka okuhle (izendlalelo, i-hexagonal, i-microservices, i-MVC, njll.) nokusebenzisa amaphethini okuklama, kanye nezimiso ezifana ne-KISS, DRY, YAGNI kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinkinga, kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi kanye nokuguquka kwesofthiwe.
- Amathuluzi esimanje kanye nezindlela ze-No-Code zivumela ukuklama nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo, kodwa kusadinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela isakhiwo, ukugeleza, kanye nemithetho yebhizinisi.
Ukuklama isofthiwe kungaphezu kokubhala imigqa embalwa yekhodi: kuwubuciko bokuguqula imibono yebhizinisi ibe izinhlelo ezithembekile, ezigcinekayo, nezisebenziseka kalula. Ngemuva kwesicelo ngasinye esisebenza njengewashi kunomsebenzi omningi wangaphambilini ohilela ukuhlaziywa, ukwakheka, ukuklama okuningiliziwe, kanye nesethi yemikhuba emihle kakhulu eyenza umehluko omkhulu phakathi komkhiqizo oqinile nowogcwele ama-patches.
Uma wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zilula futhi zizinzile kuyilapho ezinye ziphuka ngokushesha nje lapho uzisusa ekusetshenzisweni kwazo okuvamile, impendulo cishe njalo itholakala endleleni eziklanywe ngayo. Kusukela ekuchazeni izidingo kuya ekukhetheni ukwakheka, kufaka phakathi amaphethini okuklama, izimiso zobulula, kanye nezindlela zokuthuthukisa, konke kunezela (noma kunciphisa) ikhwalithi yomphumela wokugcina.
Kusho ukuthini ngempela ukuklama isofthiwe?
Uma sikhuluma ngokuklama isofthiwe, sibhekisela enkambisweni yokuhlela isakhiwo sangaphakathi sohlelo , ukuchaza indlela idatha ehlelwe ngayo, ukuthi izoba neziphi izingxenye, ukuthi zixhumana kanjani, nokuthi izidingo ezisebenzayo nezingasebenzi zihlangatshezwa kanjani. Empeleni, uhlelo lobuchwepheshe olunemininingwane oluzoqondisa uhlelo olulandelayo.
Lo mklamo awugcini nje ngezici zobuchwepheshe eziqinile: uhlanganisa nendlela umsebenzisi azosebenzisana ngayo nohlelo , indlela ulwazi oluzokwethulwa ngayo ku-interface, ukuthi yikuphi ukugeleza kokuzulazula okuzotholakala, kanye nokuthi hlobo luni lolwazi oluhlosiwe. Ngakho-ke, umklamo wesofthiwe uthinta ukwakheka, amamodeli wedatha, ama-algorithms, i-interface yomsebenzisi (i-UI), kanye nesipiliyoni somsebenzisi (i-UX).
Kumabhizinisi, ukuklama kubalulekile ngoba kuvumela ukuthi bakhe isofthiwe eyenziwe ngokwezifiso ehambisana nezidingo ezithile , into ebaluleke kakhulu ezweni ledijithali lapho imikhiqizo ejwayelekile ivame ukwehluleka khona. Ukweqa noma ukwenza lula lesi sigaba kuvame ukuholela ekukhuphukeni kwezindleko, ukubambezeleka, kanye nezici ezingafinyeleli okulindelwe.
Empeleni, lokhu kuhilela ukuguqula imibono esezingeni eliphezulu ibe yimiyalelo yobuchwepheshe ecacile nesebenzisekayo yamaqembu okuthuthukisa. Uma umklamo ungcono, kuzoba lula ukuhlela, ukuhlola, ukugcina, nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza.
Isigaba sokuqala: hlela iphrojekthi ngokwesimo ngaphambi kokuklama
Ngaphambi kokungena ngokugcwele emjikelezweni wokuthuthukiswa ojwayelekile, kubalulekile ukuzinikela isikhathi esigabeni sokuqala sokuchaza inkinga nezinhloso . Kulesi sigaba, uhlelo alukaklanywa ngokuningiliziwe, kodwa kucacisiwe ukuthi yini ehloselwe ukufezwa nokuthi kungani.
Kulesi sigaba, imininingwane yokuqala yesofthiwe ibhaliwe , ihlukanisa phakathi kwezimfuneko zokusebenza (lokho uhlelo okumele lukwenze) kanye nezimfuneko ezingezona ezokusebenza (ukusebenza, ukuphepha, ukusebenziseka kalula, imikhawulo yezobuchwepheshe, njll., okungezona ezokuzikhethela, kodwa ezibekwa phambili ngendlela ehlukile).
Ithuluzi elivamile ukuhlukaniswa kwe-MoSCoW, okubiza isici ngasinye ngokuthi Okumele Ube Naso, Okumele Ube Naso, Okungenzeka Ube Naso, noma Okungeke Ube Naso . Lokhu kusiza ukuvumelanisa okulindelwe neklayenti, ukuxoxisana ngobubanzi, nokugwema uhlu olungapheli lwezinto "okumelwe ube nazo" ezizomisa iphrojekthi kamuva.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isofthiwe ihlelwe ngokwesimo: ukuthi iyiphi inkinga eyixazululayo, yiziphi izinzuzo ezizoyiletha , obani abasebenzisi abayinhloko abazoba yibo, yiziphi ezinye izinhlelo ezozihlanganisa nazo, kanye nokuthi yimiphi imikhawulo yemvelo noma yebhizinisi ethinta iphrojekthi (imithethonqubo, izinsuku zokugcina, isabelomali, ingqalasizinda etholakalayo, njll.).
Izigaba zomjikelezo wokuphila kwesofthiwe kumodeli yokuwa kwamanzi
Enye yamamodeli okuthuthukiswa akudala yimodeli ye-waterfall , eveza izigaba zomjikelezo wokuphila ngokulandelana okuqondile. Nakuba manje sisebenzisa izindlela eziphindaphindayo, lesi sakhiwo sisasebenza kakhulu ekuqondeni inqubo ephelele yokudala isofthiwe.
1. Ukuhlaziywa kwezidingo
Isigaba sokuhlaziya siqukethe ukuqoqa ngokucophelela, ukucacisa, nokubhala phansi izidingo okumele uhlelo lokusebenza luhlangabezane nazo. Lesi sigaba sichaza isizinda sesicelo (umongo lapho isofthiwe izosebenza khona), inhloso yesistimu, ububanzi bayo, kanye nokusebenzisana kwayo nemvelo.
Imisebenzi ezokwenziwa uhlelo ichazwe kabanzi , kanye nezinhlobo zabasebenzisi abazoyisebenzisa, imikhawulo yobuchwepheshe noma yezomthetho, ukuncika kwezinye izinhlelo, izidingo zokusebenza (izikhathi zokuphendula, umthamo wabasebenzisi abahambisanayo, ivolumu yedatha) kanye nemithetho yebhizinisi ebalulekile.
Izincazelo zesikhombimsebenzisi somsebenzisi nazo ziyasungulwa , okungenani ezingeni lokuziphatha: ukuthi yiziphi izikrini noma imibono ezotholakala, ukuthi yikuphi ukugeleza komsebenzisi okuyisisekelo okuzolandelwa, nokuthi idatha ifakwa futhi iboniswe kanjani. Ezingeni lokuphikelela, izidingo zesizindalwazi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwangaphandle kuyachazwa.
Iphutha kuleli qophelo lingaholela ekulungisweni kabusha okubizayo kakhulu ezigabeni zakamuva , kokubili ngesikhathi nangemali. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ngemininingwane, uqinisekise njalo neklayenti, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi konke kubhalwe phansi futhi kuvunyelwene ngakho.
2. Umklamo: kusukela ezidingweni kuya ekudwebeni kobuchwepheshe
Njengoba izidingo sezimisiwe, isigaba sokuklama siyaqala, lapho kuchazwa khona ukwakheka okuphelele kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sohlelo . Lokhu kuhilela ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezizofakwa, ukuthi zizohlelwa kanjani, ukuthi zizoxhumana kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi ubuchwepheshe obuzosetshenziswa.
Umklamo uhlanganisa izakhiwo zedatha, ama-algorithms, kanye nokuziphatha okudingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo, kucatshangelwa imingcele ekhonjwe ekuhlaziyweni. Uphinde ubeke isisekelo sokusetshenziswa ngokukhiqiza amadokhumenti acacile anemiyalelo yokusebenza yabathuthukisi.
Lesi sigaba sihilela ukuchaza ukwakheka kwesistimu: ukuthi yimaphi amamojula esofthiwe azoba khona, yiziphi izixhumi ezizohlinzeka ngazo , ukuthi yibuphi ubudlelwano obuzoba khona phakathi kwawo, nokuthi yimiphi imithwalo yemfanelo ngayinye ethathayo. Ukusuka lapho, kukhethwa amaphethini okuklama, izitayela zokwakha, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthile (uhlaka, izizindalwazi, izindawo zokusebenza, njll.).
Ukuze kumelelwe futhi kucatshangelwe ngomklamo , izilimi ezisemthethweni kanye nemidwebo zingasetshenziswa, njengemidwebo yekilasi le-UML, imidwebo yomsebenzi, amashadi okugeleza kohlobo lwe-Gantt, izilimi ezivimbelayo njenge-OCL, noma ngisho namamodeli akhethekile kakhulu (amanethi e-Petri, isibonelo) lapho kudingeka ukwenza imodeli yokugeleza okuhambisanayo noma okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi, ngokungafani nokuhlaziywa kwezimfuneko, ukwakheka kuncike kakhulu kubuchwepheshe obukhethiwe . Isinqumo sokusebenzisa ukwakheka okunezinhlangothi eziyisithupha, ama-microservices, noma indlela eyodwa, isibonelo, sithinta ngqo indlela ikhodi ehlelwe ngayo kanye nendlela imithwalo yemfanelo ehlelwa ngayo.
3. Ukuhlela noma ukusebenzisa
Uma izinhlelo seziqediwe, sekuyisikhathi sokubhala ikhodi. Ukuhlela kuhilela ukuhumusha umklamo ube ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo , ukuhlonipha izinqumo zokwakha, amaphethini okuvunyelwene ngawo, kanye nezindlela zesitayela zeqembu.
Lesi sigaba ngokuvamile sisebenzisa izindawo zokuthuthukiswa ezihlanganisiwe (ama-IDE) njenge- Visual Studio Code, i-IntelliJ, noma efanayo , ehlanganisa umhleli, i-compiler, amathuluzi okwakha, kanye ne-debugger. Lezi zindawo zenza kube lula ukubona amaphutha e-syntax kusenesikhathi, ikhodi ephindaphindwayo, noma iziguquguquko ezingasetshenziswanga, okuthuthukisa umkhiqizo kanye nekhwalithi.
Ngesikhathi uhlela izinhlelo, kuwumkhuba omuhle ukwenza ukulungisa amaphutha okuqala ayisisekelo , ukulungisa amaphutha asobala nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amayunithi ekhodi (izindlela, amakilasi, amamojula) enza lokho okufanele akwenze. Ukubhala phansi kahle izinqumo zobuchwepheshe kanye nokusebenza kwengxenye ngayinye kubalulekile ukuze abanye abathuthukisi bakwazi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi kamuva.
Noma ngabe izigaba zokuhlaziya nokuklama bezingenaphutha kangakanani, ikhodi noma ikhodi esetshenziswe kabi enamaphutha anengqondo ingalimaza yonke iphrojekthi. Ngakho-ke isidingo sokuhambisana nokuhlela ngemikhuba yekhwalithi enhle, ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nokubuyekezwa kwekhodi yontanga .
4. Ukuhlola nokuqinisekisa
Njengoba ikhodi isiqalisiwe, sekuyisikhathi sokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo luziphatha ngendlela elindelekile. Isigaba sokuhlola sigxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuhambisana kwesofthiwe nezimfuneko ezichazwe ekuqaleni: hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi "ayiphumi," kodwa nokuthi yenza lokho kanye eyakuthembisa.
Lesi sigaba sithola ngokuyinhloko amaphutha anengqondo noma omqondo , alula kakhulu kunamaphutha ajwayelekile okuhlanganisa. Ukuhlolwa kweyunithi, ukuhlanganiswa, uhlelo, kanye nokusebenza kuklanywa futhi kwenziwa, futhi, uma kufaneleka, ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwenziwa neklayenti noma abasebenzisi bokugcina.
Noma yikuphi ukuziphatha okungalindelekile noma ukungafani ngezincazelo kubikwe kubathuthukisi, okumele bathole futhi balungise imbangela. Lo mjikelezo wokuhlola , ukuthola, ukulungisa, nokuphinda uhlolwe uyaphindwa kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa izinga elifanele lekhwalithi yokufaka isofthiwe ekukhiqizweni.
5. Ukuqaliswa kokuthunyelwa noma ukuqaliswa kokukhiqiza
Uma uhlelo seluphumelele izivivinyo ezidingekayo, isofthiwe iyafakwa bese iqala impilo yayo yokusebenza yangempela . Ukufakwa kungasho izinto ezahlukene kuye ngohlobo lohlelo lokusebenza.
Uma sikhuluma ngomkhiqizo wezohwebo ozothengiswa noma osatshalaliswe ngokukhululeka, ukuthunyelwa kuvame ukuhambisana nokwethulwa kwemakethe okusemthethweni . Endabeni yokuthuthukiswa ngokwezifiso kwenkampani, kufana nokufakwa ezindaweni zeklayenti kanye nokuhlolwa kokugcina ngaphansi kwalezo zimo zangempela.
6. Ukugcinwa kanye nokuvela kwemvelo
Uma isikhiqizwa, isofthiwe ingena esigabeni somjikelezo wokuphila oqhubekayo lapho kuba yinto ebalulekile ukulungisa izinkinga, ukuvuselela nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza ukuze iqhubeke nokunikeza inani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukugcinwa kwempahla ngokuvamile kuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukulungiswa noma ukulungiswa okuvamile , okusebenza ngokulungisa amaphutha angatholakalanga ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa noma avela lapho kusetshenziswa uhlelo ezimweni ezingalindelekile; kanye nokugcinwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo , okwethula amakhono amasha noma okuvumelanisa isofthiwe nezinguquko ebhizinisini.
Ukungenelela ngakunye kwalolu hlobo kungadinga izigaba ezincane ezintsha zokuhlaziya, ukuklama, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nokuhlola . Kumamodeli aqinile kakhulu, ukubuyela emuva emjikelezweni kunzima futhi kuyabiza, okwenza amaphrojekthi abhekane nokubambezeleka kanye nokuphambuka ezinsukwini zokugcina okuvunyelwene ngazo.
Amanye amamodeli okuthuthukiswa: ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, okujikelezayo, kanye nokushesha
Imodeli ye-waterfall akuyona yodwa indlela yokuhlela inqubo. Kunezindlela ezibeka phambili ukuphindaphinda, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuqhubekayo , kanye nokubambisana neklayenti ukunciphisa izingozi kanye nokunciphisa imijikelezo yempendulo.
Imodeli yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye ne-prototyping
Imodeli yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yethula umqondo weprototype njengenguqulo elula yesistimu ethunyelwa kusenesikhathi kuklayenti ukuze kutholakale impendulo esheshayo. Akudingeki ukuthi isebenze ngokugcwele; idinga nje ukuvumela ukubonakala kwesixhumi esibonakalayo noma imisebenzi ethile ebalulekile.
Umjikelezo ojwayelekile uhlanganisa ukwakha iphrothokholi, ukuyiletha, ukuqoqa impendulo , kanye nokufaka izinguquko ezidingekayo. Lokhu kuyaphindwa kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa ezingeni elanele lokuvuthwa ukuze kufezwe ukusetshenziswa kokugcina.
I-prototype ingaba lula njengomfanekiso wezikrini onganyakazi, kodwa isasebenza ekuqinisekiseni izidingo zokusebenza kanye nokuklama ngaphambi kokubhala umugqa owodwa wekhodi yokukhiqiza. Okungathuthuki ngokuqondile ikhwalithi yohlelo, oluzoqhubeka luncike emikhubeni emihle yeqembu.
Imodeli ye-Spiral
Imodeli ejikelezayo iveza intuthuko njengomjikelezo ophindaphindwayo wezigaba (ukuhlela, ukuhlaziya, ukuklama, ukusebenzisa, ukuhlola) ezenziwa emizuliswaneni eminingana, ngayinye inezinga eliphakeme lemininingwane kanye nokusebenza kuneyangaphambilini.
Isici sayo esivelele kakhulu ukuhlolwa kwengozi okucacile kukho konke ukuphindaphinda . Ngaphambi kokuqhubekela phambili, izingozi zobuchwepheshe, zebhizinisi, kanye nokuhlela ziyahlonzwa futhi zihlaziywe, bese kwenziwa izinqumo zokunciphisa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa "njengemodeli ye-meta" lapho ezinye izindlela zingafakwa khona.
Izindlela Zokusebenza Ezisheshayo
Ifilosofi ye-Agile, ngaphezu kwemodeli ethile, iyiqoqo lezimiso nemikhuba ehlose ukuletha inani kancane kancane , ukuzivumelanisa noshintsho, nokugcina ukubambisana okuqhubekayo nekhasimende.
Esimweni esisheshayo, isofthiwe ithuthukiswa ngezikhathi ezimfushane (ama-sprint) lapho kuklanywa khona umkhiqizo omncane, osebenzayo, oklanywayo, ovivinywayo, futhi olethwayo. Iklayenti libona imiphumela yokuqala, lingakwazi ukubeka phambili futhi liqondise kabusha umsebenzi ngokwezidingo zalo zangempela, futhi ithimba lokuthuthukisa lijabulela ukuzimela okukhulu.
Nakuba umklamo usalokhu ubalulekile, kukhona ukuthambekela endleleni yokuklama yokuziphendukela kwemvelo : ukwakheka kokuqala kuchazwa okuqinile ngokwanele ukuqala ngakho, futhi kuyacutshungulwa futhi kwandiswe njengoba kuvela izidingo ezintsha noma imibono yokusetshenziswa iqinisekiswa.
Ukwakhiwa kwesofthiwe: uhlaka lwesistimu
Ukwakhiwa kwesofthiwe kungaqondwa njengesakhiwo sezinga eliphezulu sesistimu : izakhi ezinkulu ezakhayo, ukuxhumana kwazo komphakathi, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwazo. Ngokulandela izincazelo ezifana nezeSoftware Engineering Institute, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kuchaza izakhiwo zesistimu, izakhi ezizakhayo, izakhiwo zazo ezibonakalayo, kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwazo.
Lo mbono wokwakha ufeza izinjongo eziningana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uvumela abathuthukisi ukuthi baqonde ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye ingena kanjani kuyo yonke (amamojula, izixhumi, izindlela zokuxhumana, ukuncika). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, usebenza njengereferensi evamile yokuxhumanisa izinqumo zobuchwepheshe nezokuklama kuyo yonke inkathi yokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka okuhle kuqondisa uhlelo ezimpahleni zekhwalithi ezifiselekayo : ukuphepha, ukukhulisa, ukusebenza , ukugcinwa kalula, njll. Ukwenza izinqumo zokwakha ngaphandle kokucabangela lezi zici kuvame ukuphumela ezinhlelweni okunzima ukuzishintsha futhi ezibuthakathaka lapho zibhekene noshintsho.
Umehluko phakathi kokwakhiwa kwesofthiwe nokuklama
Nakuba la magama ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa ngokushintshana, ukwakheka kwesofthiwe kanye nomklamo kusebenza emazingeni ahlukene. Ukwakhiwa kusebenza ngendlela engaqondakali , kuchaza isakhiwo sonke sohlelo, izingxenye zalo eziyinhloko, imithwalo yemfanelo yazo, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwazo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakheka kwesofthiwe kugxila emininingwaneni yobuchwepheshe edingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe ingxenye ngayinye : ama-algorithms athile, izakhiwo zedatha yangaphakathi, ukuhleleka kwekilasi, ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwamamojula, ukuphathwa kwamaphutha, njll.
Isifaniso esihle singokwakha isakhiwo: ukwakheka kwezakhiwo kuchaza ukuhlelwa kwezitezi, izinsika, izinto zokwakha, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamile kwezikhala; ukwakheka okuningiliziwe kusebenzelana nokufakwa, ukuqeda, ifenisha, kanye nemininingwane ethile yegumbi ngalinye. Zombili zibalulekile ekufinyeleleni umphumela wokugcina, kodwa zisebenza ngezikali nezikhathi ezahlukene.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokwakhiwa kwesofthiwe
Kuye ngohlobo lwephrojekthi, ubukhulu bethimba, kanye nezidingo zebhizinisi, izitayela ezahlukene zokwakha zingasetshenziswa . Ngayinye inikeza izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi okufanele kuqondwe ukuze kugwenywe ukuphoqelela izixazululo ezingafanele.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-"Spaghetti"
Izinhlelo lapho isethulo, ibhizinisi, kanye ne-data logic kuhlanganiswa khona ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa okucacile zaziwa ngokwesiko ngokuthi ukwakheka kwe-"spaghetti" . Lolu hlobo lokwakhiwa luvame ukutholakala ezinhlelweni ezindala noma kumaphrojekthi akhule ngaphandle kokuhlela okungathi sína kwezakhiwo.
Umphumela uba ukudideka kwekhodi okuxubile, okugcwele ukuncika okuhlukahlukene, lapho ngisho nezinguquko ezincane zihilela ukuguqula izindawo eziningi , okwenza ukulungiswa kube yiphupho elibi. Kuyisibonelo esiphelele salokho izakhiwo zesimanje ezinezingqimba noma ezisekelwe kusizinda ezihlose ukukuvimbela.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo okunezingqimba
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinezingqimba kwavela ngokunembile ukuze kulwiwe nalesi siphithiphithi. Kuhlukanisa uhlelo lube yizingqimba ezichazwe kahle , ngayinye inesibopho sohlobo oluthile lomsebenzi: isethulo (isikhombimsebenzisi somsebenzisi), i-logic yebhizinisi, ukufinyelela idatha, njll.
Ngokuhlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo, izinguquko kungqimba eyodwa azinawo umthelela omkhulu kwezinye . Isibonelo, ungashintsha indlela ulwazi oluvezwa ngayo ngaphandle kokuthinta i-logic yebhizinisi, noma ushintshe injini yedatha ngenkathi ugcina ungqimba lwebhizinisi lungaphazamisekile.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo okunezinhlangothi eziyisithupha
Ukwakheka kwe-hexagonal (okwaziwa nangokuthi amaPorts nama-Adapter) kuhlose ukuhlukanisa ngokuphelele i-logic yebhizinisi kwezinye izingqalasizinda . I-domain core inikeza amaports (ama-interface), kanye nama-adapters ezizindalwazi, ama-API angaphandle, ama-interface abasebenzisi, njll., axhunyiwe nxazonke.
Le ndlela ivumela izinguquko kubuchwepheshe bangaphandle (umhlinzeki wokukhokha, uhlelo lokuthumela imiyalezo, isikhombimsebenzisi sewebhu) ukuthi zenziwe ngaphandle kokudinga ukubhalwa kabusha okuphelele kwengqikithi yohlelo lokusebenza . Ama-adaptha angashintshwa noma aguqulwe ngaphandle kokuthinta isizinda, okwandisa kokubili ukuhlolwa kwesistimu kanye nobude besikhathi.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-MVC (Model-View-Controller)
Iphethini yokwakha ye-MVC ihlukanisa uhlelo lokusebenza lube yizingxenye ezintathu: Imodeli, Ukubuka, kanye noMlawuli . Imodeli iphatha idatha kanye nemithetho yebhizinisi, Ukubuka kuphatha isethulo, kanti Umlawuli usebenza njengomlamuleli, ethola izicelo zomsebenzisi, ehlela imisebenzi, futhi enquma ukuthi yikuphi Ukubuka okufanele kuboniswe.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuvumela isikhombimsebenzisi ukuthi siguquke ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwe-logic yebhizinisi. Isibonelo, imibono ehlukene (iwebhu, iselula, ideskithophu) ingadalwa ngenkathi kusetshenziswa kabusha iModeli efanayo kanye ne-logic eningi ku-Controller.
Microservices architecture
Kusakhiwo se-microservices, uhlelo lokusebenza oluyinkimbinkimbi luhlukaniswe lwaba izinsizakalo ezincane, ezizimele, nezingasetshenziswa ngokwehlukana . I-microservice ngayinye inesibopho somsebenzi othile webhizinisi futhi idalula ama-API (HTTP/REST, imiyalezo eqhutshwa yimicimbi, njll.) ukuze ixhumane nabanye.
Le ndlela ithanda amaqembu azimele angathuthukisa , asebenzise, futhi akhulise isevisi ngayinye esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile uma efisa. Kodwa-ke, iletha ubunzima ekuphathweni kwezokuxhumana, ukubonwa, kanye nokuvumelana kwedatha, ngakho akuyona inkinga enkulu kuyo yonke iphrojekthi encane.
Izakhiwo ze-Monolithic
Ngendlela ye-monolithic, lonke uhlelo lokusebenza (isikhombikubona, i-logic yebhizinisi, ukufinyelela idatha) lupakishwa futhi lusetshenziswa njengeyunithi eyodwa . Luyimodeli yendabuko, okulula ukuyiqonda futhi esheshayo ukuyisebenzisa kumaphrojekthi amancane noma asesigabeni sokuqala.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uma uhlelo lukhula kakhulu, ukwakheka kwe-monolithic kungaba nzima ukulugcina, njengoba noma yiluphi ushintsho ludinga ukuthunyelwa kohlelo lonke , futhi ukwehluleka okukodwa kungathinta uhlelo lonke. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile kugcinelwe amaphrojekthi anezidingo ezilinganiselwe noma njengesinyathelo sokuqala ngaphambi kokushintsha ukuya ezakhiweni ze-modular ezengeziwe.
Amaphethini okuklama isofthiwe avame kakhulu
Ngaphezu kwezinga lokwakha, ukwakheka kwesofthiwe kuncike kumaphethini okuklama angasetshenziswa kabusha ahlinzeka ngezixazululo eziqinisekisiwe zezinkinga eziphindaphindayo ekwakhiweni kwezigaba nezinto. Umgomo wabo ukuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka, ukunwebeka, kanye nokucaca kwekhodi.
Amaphethini okudala
Amaphethini okudala agxila endleleni izinto ezidalwe ngayo , ehlanganisa i-instantiation logic ukuze ihlukanise nezinye izinhlelo. Izibonelo zakudala zifaka phakathi i-Singleton (eqinisekisa instance eyodwa yomhlaba wonke) kanye ne-Factory Method (echaza isikhombimsebenzisi sokudala izinto, ishiyele eziklasini ezincane ukuze inqume ukuthi yiliphi ikilasi eliqondile okufanele liqaliswe).
Izakhiwo ze-Patrones
Amaphethini esakhiwo abhekana nendlela amakilasi nezinto ezakhiwa ngayo ukuze zakhe izakhiwo ezinkulu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zihlanganiswa kahle. Isibonelo, i-Adapter ivumela amakilasi anezixhumi ezingahambisani ukuthi asebenzisane; i-Decorator inezela ngamandla imithwalo yemfanelo entweni ngaphandle kokushintsha ikhodi yayo yokuqala.
Amaphethini wokuziphatha
Amaphethini okuziphatha aqondiswe ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezinto kanye nokwabiwa kwemithwalo yemfanelo . I-Observer ichaza ukuncika ukuze lapho into ishintsha, abaqaphi bayo babuyekezwe ngokuzenzakalelayo; Isu lihlanganisa ama-algorithms angashintshashintshayo, ukuze iklayenti likwazi ukushintsha ukuziphatha ngaphandle kokushintsha ikhodi yalo.
Idizayini elula yesofthiwe eqinile: izimiso ezibalulekile
Uhlelo oluqinile aluveli ngengozi: luvame ukusekelwe kumklamo olula, ohambisanayo, nowakhiwe kahle . Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, kunezinhlu zezimiso nemithetho ezisiza ukugcina ikhodi ihlanzekile, kulula ukuyiqonda, futhi imelana namaphutha.
Umthetho we-KISS: Gcina Kulula Kakhulu
Isimiso se-KISS sisikhumbuza ukuthi isikhathi esiningi, izinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenza kahle kakhulu uma zigcinwa zilula futhi zingenazo izinto ezingadingekile. Okuncane kukhulu: uma ungakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga ngesisombululo esicacile nesiqondile, ungayenzi ibe nzima indlela yokuklama ngezendlalelo kanye nokuhlanganiswa okungekho muntu okucelile.
Ukufeza lokho kulula kudinga ikhono: sijwayele kakhulu ukubhekana nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokungeza ubunzima obengeziwe, esikhundleni sokuzihlukanisa zibe izingxenye ezincane, ezilawulekayo . Isu "lokuhlukanisa nokunqoba" elisetshenziswa kukhodi lisivumela ukuthi sihlukanise izinkinga ezincane futhi sithole izixazululo ezihlanzekile.
Umthetho OWOMILE: Ungaziphindi
I-DRY ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi ngalunye lunokumelwa okukodwa kuphela ohlelweni . Uma umqondo ofanayo webhizinisi ukopishwa ezindaweni eziningi, ushintsho ngalunye luba ugibe: ngokushesha noma kamuva luyashintshwa endaweni eyodwa bese lukhohlakala kwenye, okudala ukungahambisani okunzima ukukulandelela.
Ukusebenzisa i-DRY kuhilela ukuhlonza amabhlogo ekhodi enza into efanayo bese uwakhipha ezindleleni noma ezingxenyeni ezingasetshenziswa kabusha . Le ndlela igcwalisa umqondo "wephuzu elilodwa leqiniso," elibaluleke kakhulu emithethweni yebhizinisi kanye namamodeli edatha abiwe.
Umthetho we-YAGNI: Ngeke Uwudinge
I-YAGNI isixwayisa ngesilingo sokubona kusengaphambili izici ezingakaze zicelwe muntu . Kuvamile kakhulu ukuklama izinhlelo ngokweqile, ukuletha into efana nerokhethi lapho iklayenti lidinga ibhayisikili kuphela, okuholela ezindleleni zokuthuthukisa ezingadingekile, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nokugcinwa.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokulwa nalokhu ukugxila ezidingweni zangempela zephrojekthi okwamanje , ukuthembela emikhubeni efana ne-Test-Driven Development (TDD) ukuchaza kuphela okudingekayo, nokususa ikhodi efile noma engaphawuliwe engasetshenziswa. Uma kudingeka okunye esikhathini esizayo, kungakhiwa njalo esisekelweni esihlanzekile.
Umthetho kaDemeter: Isimiso solwazi oluncane
UMthetho weDemeter weluleka ukuthi into kufanele ixhumane kuphela nabalingani bayo abaqondile , hhayi "nomndeni owandisiwe" wezinto engazifinyelela ngokuhlanganisa izingcingo (into evamile.getA().getB().getC()). Lezi zingxoxo zemiyalezo zenza ukulungiswa kube nzima futhi uhlelo lube buthakathaka ezinguqukweni zangaphakathi.
Isixazululo sihilela ukufihla abameleli nokuveza izindlela zokufinyelela ezicacile emakilasini aphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe inani lemininingwane into ngayinye okudingeka iyazi ngezinye. Ngale ndlela, uma isakhiwo sangaphakathi sabahlanganyeli sishintsha, umthelela kuyo yonke ikhodi uyancishiswa.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezinkinga
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinkinga kusikisela ukuthi imojuli ngayinye, ikilasi, noma ingxenye kufanele igxile kusethi yemithwalo yemfanelo echazwe kahle . Ezingeni lokwakha, lokhu kuhumusha ekuhlukaniseni izizinda ezisebenzayo, kusetshenziswa iphethini ye-MVC (ukuhlukanisa imodeli, ukubuka, kanye nomlawuli), noma ukusebenzisa izakhiwo ezifana nezinsizakalo ezinezinhlangothi eziyisithupha noma ezincane.
Ezingeni lekhodi, le filosofi ibonakala kumasu anjengokuhlukanisa izindlela phakathi kokuthi "lokho" into ethile ekwenzayo nokuthi "kanjani" kwenziwa , ukuhambisa izindlela ziye ekilasini lapho i-logic yazo ifanele khona ngempela (ukwandisa ukuhlangana), noma ukufaka ukuncika ngokusebenzisa injection yokuxhomekeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhlanganiswa.
Uhlelo Oluqondiswe Kuma-Aspect luthatha lo mbono luwuqhubekisele phambili ngezintshisekelo ezihlanganisa yonke indawo (ukuloba, ukuphepha, ukuhlola, njll.), okuvumela ukwengezwa kwemikhuba evamile ngaphandle kokungcolisa ikhodi yebhizinisi ngemininingwane ephindaphindwayo.
Ukuhlangana okuphezulu nokuhlangana okuphansi
Umklamo wekhwalithi ufuna amamojula anokuhlangana okuphezulu (izakhi zawo zihlobene kakhulu) kanye nokuhlangana okuphansi (ukuxhomekeka okumbalwa okuqinile phakathi kwamamojula). Uma ukuhlangana kuphansi futhi ukuhlangana kuphezulu, ushintsho ngalunye luba yingozi, futhi kuba nzima ukuqonda umsebenzi wengxenye ngayinye yesistimu.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe kule ndawo, amasu okulungisa kabusha njenge- Move Method, i-Encapsulate Field, noma i-Extract Class avame ukusetshenziswa . Lawa masu aphinde ahlukanise imisebenzi lapho enza khona umqondo omkhulu futhi aphoqelele ukusetshenziswa kwezixhumi ezichazwe kahle zokuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye. Lokhu, kanye nezimiso ze-SOLID, ngokuvamile kuphawula iphuzu lokuguquka ekugcinweni kwekhodi.
Amathuluzi nezindlela zokuklama isofthiwe namuhla
Ukwakhiwa kwesofthiwe kuncike ohlelweni lwamathuluzi akhethekile alula konke kusukela esigabeni somqondo kuya ekuhleleni. Ukukhetha ithuluzi elifanele kuvumela ukuhamba komsebenzi okubonakalayo, okusebenzisanayo, nokusheshayo.
Emkhakheni wokusetshenziswa komsebenzisi, izixazululo ezifana ne -Figma noma i-Adobe XD zivumela ukudalwa kwama-prototypes asebenzisanayo kanye nama-mockup esikrini asebenza ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza kokuzulazula, ukwakheka kwezakhi kanye nolwazi lomsebenzisi ngaphambi kokudlulela kukhodi.
Ukuze kuboniswe izinqubo, izakhiwo, noma izizindalwazi, amathuluzi afana ne -Lucidchart asiza ekudaleni amashadi okugeleza, imidwebo ye-UML, amamephu esistimu, nanoma yikuphi okunye ukumelwa okubonakalayo okudingekayo ukuqonda konke. Le midwebo iba uhlobo lwemibhalo ephilayo eqondisa izinqumo zobuchwepheshe.
Ngasohlangothini lokuqaliswa, abahleli kanye nezindawo ezifana ne -Visual Studio Code bathole ukuthandwa okukhulu ngenxa yokusekela kwabo izilimi eziningi, izandiso zokuhlaziya ezimile, ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokulawula izinguqulo, kanye namakhono okulungisa amaphutha athuthukile. Konke lokhu kunegalelo ekugcineni ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthuthukisa.
Ukuklama nokuthuthukiswa ngendlela ye-No-Code
Eminyakeni yamuva nje , amapulatifomu e-No-Code kanye ne-Low-Code avele njengamathuluzi anamandla avumela abasebenzisi ukwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu noma zeselula ngaphandle kokubhala inani elikhulu lekhodi yendabuko. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuhlanganisa nje izingxenye ezibonakalayo, ukuchaza ukugeleza, kanye nokulungiselela ukuhlanganiswa kwanele ukuthola izixazululo ezisebenzayo.
Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu ekwenzeni ama-prototyping ngokushesha, amathuluzi angaphakathi, noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi ezinezidingo ezicacile nezichazwe kahle. Ikhono lokushintsha ngokushesha nokwenza izinguquko ngokushesha kwenza kube lula ukulungisa umkhiqizo ukuze uvumelane nalokho abasebenzisi abakudingayo ngempela.
Nakuba la mapulatifomu evame ukuhlotshaniswa nabantu abangenalo ulwazi lobuchwepheshe, amaqembu okuthuthukisa ochwepheshe nawo ayawasebenzisa ukusheshisa amaphrojekthi, ukuqinisekisa imibono, noma ukuxhuma izinhlelo ngaphandle kokwakha konke kusukela ekuqaleni. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ezilula, ama-ERP amancane, amadeshibhodi okukhiqiza, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinsizakalo kuyizibonelo ezivamile.
Kodwa-ke, ukuthi nje ipulatifomu ayiyona iKhodi akusho ukuthi ukwakheka kuyayeka ukuba yinto ebalulekile: kusabalulekile ukucabangela ngokucophelela ukwakheka okunengqondo, ukugeleza komsebenzisi, isakhiwo sedatha, kanye nemithetho yebhizinisi ukuze kugwenywe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibuthakathaka okungenakwenzeka ukuzigcina njengoba zikhula.
Yonke le mibono—umjikelezo wokuphila, amamodeli okuthuthukiswa, izakhiwo, amaphethini okuklama, izimiso zobulula, namathuluzi esimanje, kufaka phakathi i-No-Code—ahlangana emgomweni ofanayo: ukudala isofthiwe exazulula izinkinga zangempela ngempumelelo, ngokuzinzile, nangokuqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi , kokubili kulabo abayisebenzisayo kanye nalabo okumele bayilondoloze futhi bayithuthukise.
