Liyini ikheli le-MAC futhi lisetshenziselwa ini?: Umhlahlandlela ophelele

Informatec Digital » Hardware » Liyini ikheli le-MAC futhi lisetshenziselwa ini?: Umhlahlandlela ophelele

Wake wazibuza ukuthi liyini ngempela ikheli le-MAC nokuthi kungani livela ezimisweni eziningi kangaka zenethiwekhi? Ngokuvamile, uma uhlola amadivayisi axhunywe ku-Wi-Fi yakho noma uhlela i-router, uhlangabezana nezinombolo ezingajwayelekile namagama obuchwepheshe afana nekheli le-IP noma ikheli le-MAC. Ungakhathazeki uma konke lokhu kuzwakala njengokungasho lutho: lapha sichaza ngokucacile nangokulula konke okudingeka ukwazi ngamakheli e-MAC, inhloso yawo, ifomethi yawo, izinhlobo ezahlukene ezikhona, nokuthi ungawathola kanjani kumadivayisi akho.

Ake singene ezweni lokuxhumana ngokuhlonza indima eyisisekelo edlalwa amakheli e-MAC kumakhompyutha akho, omakhalekhukhwini, nanoma iyiphi idivayisi exhuma kunethiwekhi, kusukela ekuphepheni kuya ekuyimfihlo, kanye namathiphu asebenzayo nezincomo zokuvikela ulwazi lwakho. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzoba nokuqonda okuphelele nokuqondile kwalesi sihloko—okufanelekile ekugcineni ukuyeka ukubheka lezo zinombolo njengokungathi ziyimiyalezo yangaphandle!

Liyini ngempela ikheli le-MAC?

Ikheli le -MAC ( Media Access Control ) liyisihlonzi esiyingqayizivele abakhiqizi abasinika amakhadi enethiwekhi anoma iyiphi idivayisi ekwazi ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi yendawo, kungaba nge-Wi-Fi, i-Ethernet, noma ngisho ne-Bluetooth. Cabanga ngalo njenge-"ID" yesixhumi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi ngayinye, ngoba awusoze wathola ezimbili ezifana ncamashi, okungenani ngokombono. Leli kheli lisebenza ukuhlukanisa ngokunembile idivayisi ngayinye ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi futhi libalulekile ukuze ukuxhumana kwedatha kusebenze kahle.

Amakheli e-MAC aqukethe ama-bits angu-48 noma angu-64 abhalwe ngefomethi ye-hexadecimal, ngokuvamile aqoqwe ngamabhulokhi ezinombolo ezimbili ahlukaniswe ngamakholoni noma ama-hyphen (isibonelo: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E). Ifomethi evame kakhulu ama-bits angu-48 (MAC-48), yize amanye amadivayisi esimanje, ikakhulukazi lawo alungiselelwe i-IPv6 kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha, angasebenzisa ifomethi yama-bits angu-64 (EUI-64). Ezinhlelweni ezidinga inani elikhulu lezihlonzi ezihlukile, izinsiza ezifana nobuchwepheshe bolwazi zivame ukubhekiswa ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sihluka kanjani.

Lakhiwe kanjani ikheli le-MAC?

Ikheli le-MAC elingama-48-bit lihlukaniswe ngamabhulokhi ayisithupha anezinhlamvu ezimbili ze-hexadecimal ngalinye . Amabhulokhi amathathu okuqala (ama-24 bits) akhomba umenzi, njengenombolo yochungechunge yomkhiqizo owakhiqiza ikhadi lenethiwekhi: lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i- OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) . Amabhulokhi amathathu alandelayo ahlukile kudivayisi ngayinye ngaphakathi kwalowo menzi. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi wazi hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi ubani ongumnikazi wedivayisi, kodwa futhi nemodeli yayo kanye neyunithi ngaphakathi komugqa wokukhiqiza.

• Isibonelo: 00:1E:C2:9E:28:6B – lapho u-00:1E:C2 ekhombisa umkhiqizi (isb., i-Apple).

Kumakheli e -EUI-64 (64-bit) , uhlelo lufana, yize lusebenzisa amabhlogo ayisishiyagalombili ezinhlamvu ezimbili, ngaleyo ndlela lwandisa inani lamadivayisi ahlukile angatholakala . Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okujulile, ungabheka ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlelo zolwazi nokuthi lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa kanjani izihlonzi ezahlukene.

Lithini ikheli le-MAC ngempela?

Ikheli le-MAC alikho nje lapho "uma kwenzeka." Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo . Lisebenza kungqimba yokuxhumanisa idatha yemodeli ye-OSI (ingqimba 2 edumile), okusho ukuthi liqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ifinyelela kudivayisi efanele ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi ngokuxhumana ngqo nekhadi lenethiwekhi ledivayisi oya kuyo. Yingakho, njalo uma uxhuma ifoni yakho ephathekayo, i-laptop, iphrinta, noma ithelevishini ku-Wi-Fi yakho, bonke bathumela ikheli labo le-MAC ku-router.

Lesi sihlonzi sibalulekile emisebenzini eminingi yokuphatha inethiwekhi kanye nokuphepha . Isibonelo, ungalungiselela izihlungi zokufinyelela ku-router yakho, uvumele amadivayisi athile kuphela ( ukuhlunga i-MAC ), ukuqapha ukuthi ubani oxhunyiwe, noma ngisho nokunikeza izinto eziza kuqala noma ukhawulele umkhawulokudonsa ngokusekelwe ekhelini le-MAC . Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ekutholeni abangeneleli noma amadivayisi angagunyaziwe kunethiwekhi. Ukuze ufunde ukuthi ungaziphatha kanjani lezi zihlungi, kungaba usizo ukuqonda ukuthi ungahlela kanjani ifayela le-hosts kumadivayisi akho ukuze ulawule ukuthi yimaphi amagama esizinda axazululiwe noma avinjelwe kunethiwekhi yakho.

Umehluko phakathi kwekheli le-MAC nekheli le-IP

Ikheli le-MAC kanye nekheli le-IP azifani futhi zifeza izinjongo ezihlukene kakhulu. Ikheli le-MAC lihlala njalo futhi lifakwe ikhodi eqinile kwihadiwe ; akufanele lishintshe (yize sizobona kamuva ukuthi lokhu kungashintshwa ezimweni ezithile). Ikheli le-IP , ngakolunye uhlangothi, liyisihlonzi esinengqondo esingashintsha kuye ngenethiwekhi nesikhathi. Ngenkathi ikheli le-MAC livumela ukuhlonza amadivayisi kunethiwekhi yendawo, ikheli le-IP livumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ahlukene , okuvumela ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ku-inthanethi. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi izinhlelo ezahlukene zolwazi zilawula kanjani le datha, kuyasiza ukuqonda kahle le mibono.

• I-MAC ihlukile, ingokoqobo, futhi isebenza kuphela kunethiwekhi yendawo (ayihambi yonkana kunethiwekhi ngale komzila).
• Ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi linengqondo futhi lingashintshashintsha (DHCP) noma lilungiswe, futhi livumela idatha ukuthi ifinyelele idivayisi yakho isuka noma yikuphi emhlabeni.

Izinhlobo zamakheli e-MAC

Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamakheli e-MAC kuye ngomsebenzi wawo kunethiwekhi:

• I-Unicast: Ihlonza ngokuhlukile idivayisi eyodwa ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi.
• Sakaza: Isetshenziselwa ukuthumela idatha kuwo wonke amadivayisi kusukela kunethiwekhi ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngefomethi ye-48-bit, lokhu kuzoba FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.
• I-Multicast: Ikuvumela ukuthi uthumele ulwazi eqenjini elithile lamadivayisi, iwusizo kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-multimedia nezinkomfa.

Lolu hlelo lokukhuluma luvumela ukuxhumana komuntu ngamunye, komuntu ngamunye, kanye nomuntu ngamunye , kuye ngezidingo zenethiwekhi ngayinye.

Izici ezibalulekile zekheli le-MAC

• Ukuhluka: Akufanele kube namadivayisi amabili emhlabeni anekheli elifanayo le-MAC..
• Ubude obulungisiwe: 48 bits (6 bytes) Kuyindinganiso, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile okungu-64-bit.
• Ukuhlonza Umkhiqizi: Eyokuqala 24 bits Baveza ukuthi iyiphi inkampani edale ikhadi lenethiwekhi.
• Ukungaguquki: Ngokombono, ikheli le-MAC alishintshi ngesikhathi sokusebenziseka kwedivayisi, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile. Uma ungathanda ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokuphatha lezi zinguquko, sincoma ukuthi uvakashele isigaba sethu kokuthi .
• Okungalungiseki: Isebenza kuphela kunethiwekhi yendawo. Amarutha awasakazi ikheli le-MAC ngaphandle kwe-LAN; yilokho ikheli le-IP elingelayo.
• Ifomethi ye-hexadecimal: Ukusetshenziswa kwamadijithi e-hexadecimal kwenza kube lula ukuwabuka nokuwasebenzisa ezinhlelweni zamakhompyutha.

Ungathola kanjani ukuthi liyini ikheli le-MAC ledivayisi yakho?

Ukuthola ikheli le-MAC kulula kakhulu futhi kuyehluka kuye ngesistimu yokusebenza. Nazi izinyathelo zamasistimu avame kakhulu:

Windows

1. Cindezela ukhiye weWindows + R ukuvula u-'Run'.
2. Bhala cmd bese ucindezela u-Enter ukuze uvule ikhonsoli yomyalo.
3. Efasiteleni, faka ipconfig / konke bese ushaya u-Enter.
4. Bheka umugqa othi “Ikheli Lendawo”; lelo ikheli lakho le-MAC.

macOS

1. Vula ifayela le- Izintandokazi zesistimu.
2. Iya ku Red bese ukhetha uxhumano lwakho olusebenzayo.
3. Qhafaza Kuthuthukile bese ufaka ithebhu Hardware ukumgcina.

Linux

1. Vula itheminali.
2. Bhala ifconfig o ip link.
3. Bheka umugqa oqukethe "i-ether"; ikheli lakho le-MAC lizovela lapho.

Android

1. Ngena ngaphakathi Isethaphu.
2. Iya ku Mayelana nefoni bese ku Isimo.
3. Lapha uzobona Ikheli le-Wi-Fi MAC (yize kumamodeli akamuva lokhu kungokwangasese).

iOS

1. Vula Izilungiselelo bese uya ku General.
2. Ngena ngaphakathi Ulwazi bese uskrolela phansi kokuthi “Ikheli le-Wi-Fi.”

Ingabe ikheli le-MAC lingashintshwa?

Empeleni, ikheli le-MAC lifakwe ikhodi eqinile kwihadiwe futhi akufanele liguqulwe . Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje zikuvumela ukuthi ulishintshe okwesikhashana usebenzisa amasu okukhwabanisa i-MAC . Lokhu kungaba usizo ekuhlolweni kwenethiwekhi, ekuvikeleni ubumfihlo, noma ezimweni eziphuthumayo uma ikheli lakho lokuqala le-MAC livinjiwe kunethiwekhi.

Shintsha i-MAC ku-Windows

1. Finyelela ifayela le- Umlawuli wedivayisi.
2. En Ama-adaptha wenethiwekhi, chofoza kwesokudla ku-adaptha yakho bese uya ku Ama-propiedades.
3. Kuthebhu Kuthuthukile, funa inketho Ikheli lenethiwekhi noma okufanayo.
4. Faka ifayela le- ikheli elisha ngefomethi ye-hexadecimal ngaphandle kwezihlukanisi.

Ku-macOS ne-Linux

1. Vula i-Terminal bese usebenzisa imiyalo ethize njenge sudo ifconfig en0 ether 00:11:22:33:44:55 (shintsha isixhumi esibonakalayo kanye nekheli njengoba kufanele).
2. Ku-Linux, ungasebenzisa ifconfig o ip link ukwenza ushintsho okwesikhashana.

Kumadivayisi e-Android noma e-iOS, ukuguqulwa ngesandla kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi, ezimweni eziningi, kungenzeka kuphela ngemva kokumisa noma ukuvala uhlelo, kanye nezingozi ezihambisana nalokhu. Kusukela ku-Android 10 kanye nezinguqulo zakamuva ze-iOS, ikheli le-MAC lihlelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kunethiwekhi ngayinye entsha ye-Wi-Fi oxhuma kuyo, ngaleyo ndlela kusize ekuvikeleni ubumfihlo bakho.

Ikheli le-MAC kanye Nokuphepha Kwenethiwekhi

Ukuhlunga amakheli e-MAC kuyithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuqinisa ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi yendawo. Isibonelo, ungakhawulela ukufinyelela kulawo madivayisi kuphela amakheli e-MAC owagunyazile, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu kubaphangi. Kodwa qaphela: Ukuphepha okusekelwe ku-MAC akulona iqiniso , ngoba, njengoba sibonile, amakheli e-MAC angaphanjwa. Umhlaseli onolwazi angakwazi "ukuhlanganisa" ikheli le-MAC ledivayisi egunyaziwe futhi angene kunethiwekhi. Ngakho-ke, yize ukuhlunga kwe-MAC kuwusizo njengesendlalelo esengeziwe sokuphepha, akufanele kube ukuphela kokuzivikela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi amakheli e-MAC angasetshenziswa ukuqapha nokulandelela amadivayisi , ngisho nokudala amaphrofayili okuziphatha ngokusekelwe kumaphethini okuxhumana. Ngakho-ke, kuyalulekwa ukukhubaza i-Wi-Fi uma ingasetshenziswa noma unike amandla ukuhlelwa kwekheli le-MAC kumadivayisi eselula noma nini lapho kungenzeka.

Ubumfihlo kanye nezingozi zokuveza ikheli lakho le-MAC

Ukubonisa ikheli lakho le-MAC obala kungakubeka engcupheni yokulandelelwa kanye nokwebiwa kobunikazi kumanethiwekhi omphakathi e-Wi-Fi. Izigebengu ze-inthanethi zingasebenzisa isofthiwe ukuze zikopishe ikheli lakho le-MAC, zifinyelele izinsiza ezinqunyelwe, noma zivimbele ukuxhumana kwakho uma zikwazile ukungena kunethiwekhi. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwakho, sincoma ukuhlola i-ICT nokugcina amadivayisi akho evuselelwe.

Ukuze uzivikele, landela lawa macebiso ayisisekelo:

• Vala i-Wi-Fi uma ingadingeki ukuze uvimbele i-MAC yakho ukuthi ibonakale kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi aseduze.
• Sebenzisa amanethiwekhi avikelekile nathembekile; qaphela kumanethiwekhi omphakathi.
• Hlala uvumela isici se-MAC esingahleliwe noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi kumaselula esimanje.
• Uma ungumlawuli wenethiwekhi, khumbula ukuthi ukuhlunga kwe-MAC kufanele kuhambisane nezinye izinyathelo zokuphepha, njengamaphasiwedi aqinile kanye nokubethela kwe-WPA2/WPA3.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Yini i-Router?

Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo namafomethi amakheli e-MAC

Amakheli e-MAC angatholakala kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunywe kunethiwekhi: amakhompyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, amaphrinta, izipikha ezihlakaniphile, ngisho nezimoto ezixhunyiwe noma izinto zasekhaya ezihlakaniphile. Ikhadi lakho ngalinye lenethiwekhi lizoba nekheli le-MAC elihlukile, ngakho idivayisi eyodwa ingaba neziningana (isibonelo, eyodwa ye-Wi-Fi kanye nenye ye-Ethernet). Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi la madivayisi aphatha kanjani izihlonzi zawo, kungaba usizo ukubuyekeza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlelo zolwazi.

• Ifomethi ye-48-bit: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E
• Ifomethi ye-64-bit: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E:6F:7G
• Sakaza (48 bits): FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Ukusakaza okuningi (48 bits): 01:00:5E:12:34:56

Lolu hlelo lusiza ukuxhumana okusebenzayo nokuphephile ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yendawo, kodwa khumbula ukuthi i-MAC ngeke ithathe indawo ye-IP njengendlela yokuthumela idatha ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya noma yebhizinisi.

Ukuqonda kahle ukuthi amakheli e-MAC asebenza kanjani kukusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono ukuthi amadivayisi ethu ahlonza futhi axhumane kanjani, kungani ubumfihlo noma izinkinga zokulandelela zingase ziphakame, nokuthi ungakuthuthukisa kanjani ukuphathwa nokuvikeleka kwenethiwekhi yakho, kokubili ekhaya nasemsebenzini. Ukwengeza, ukuqonda le mibono kuzokwenza kube lula ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuxhuma, ukulawula ukuthi ubani ofinyelela i-Wi-Fi yakho, nokuvikela amadivayisi akho emehlweni okubuka.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ubuchwepheshe Bolwazi Nokuxhumana (i-ICT): Lokho abayikho kanye nokuthi buthinta kanjani ikhompuyutha