Ukucushwa Kwenethiwekhi Ethuthukisiwe ye-IPv6: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Owusizo

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Ukuya ku-IPv6 kunethiwekhi ethuthukisiwe akuseyona into okufanele uyenze "kamuva": ukusebenza kude, amadivayisi amaningi, izinsizakalo zamafu, kanye nokuntuleka kwe-IPv4 kusho ukuthi kuyinguquko okuzodingeka uyibhekane nayo maduze noma kamuva. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi, ngokuhlela okufanele, ungayisebenzisa i-IPv6 kunethiwekhi yakho yasekhaya yenkampani noma ethuthukisiwe ngaphandle kokuhlanya futhi usebenzise izinzuzo zayo zangempela ekusebenzeni, ekuphepheni, nasekukhuleni.

Kulesi sihloko sizohlola imininingwane : ukuthi iyini i-IPv6, ukuthi ihambisana kanjani ne-IPv4 (i-dual stack, i-transition), ukuthi ungayilungiselela kanjani kuma-router ajwayelekile (i-ASUS, i-Omada, i-UniFi, i-FRITZ!Box, njll.), ukuthi ungayihlukanisa kanjani inkampani /48 ibe yi-VLAN, yiziphi izinketho ongazikhetha kumamenyu e-IPv6, ukuthi ungayilawula kanjani ukufinyelela ngama-ACL esikhundleni se-NAT, nokuthi yiziphi izilungiselelo ezikhethekile okufanele uzazi ezinhlelweni ezifana ne-Windows ukuze konke kusebenze njengoba kulindelekile.

Iyini i-IPv6 futhi kungani kufanele uyivule manje?

I-IPv6 inguqulo yesimanje yephrothokholi ye-IP , eyenzelwe ukuthatha indawo ye-IPv4 kancane kancane, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuxazulula ukukhathala kwamakheli e-IP omphakathi. Ngenkathi i-IPv4 isebenzisa amakheli angu-32-bit (cishe amakheli ayizigidigidi ezingu-4.294), i-IPv6 isebenzisa ama-bit angu-128, okuholela enanini elikhulu lamakheli, eliyizigidigidi ezingu-340.

Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ungabela ikheli le-IP lomphakathi elihlukile cishe kuwo wonke amadivayisi, umshini obonakalayo, isitsha, noma isevisi, ukuqeda inkinga enkulu yokuhlanganisa i-NAT, amachweba, kanye nokuhumusha okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-IPv6 ifaka phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kokulungiselelwa okuzenzakalelayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi, kanye nokusekelwa kwezinsizakalo ezithuthukisiwe.

Uma uxhuma kuwebhusayithi , igama lesizinda lifinyelela ekhelini le-IP (v4 noma v6) elikhomba indawo okuyo kunethiwekhi. Nge-IPv4, ujwayele ukubona amakheli afana no-192.168.1.1 noma u-10.0.0.1. Nge-IPv6, ifomethi iyi-hexadecimal futhi imelelwa ngamabhulokhi ahlukaniswe ngamakholoni, isibonelo, 2001:db8:abcd:1::1.

Namuhla, iningi labasebenzisi lisebenzisa i-IPv6 kwimodi ye-dual-stack, okusho ukuthi banikeza iklayenti amakheli e-IPv4 kanye ne-IPv6 ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uhlelo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zikhetha ukuthi iyiphi iphrothokholi okufanele isetshenziswe ngokusekelwe ezinqubweni zokukhetha, ngokuvamile zibeka phambili i-IPv6 uma itholakala futhi isebenza.

Izinhlobo zokuxhumeka kwe-IPv6 kanye nezindlela zokushintsha

Ngaphambi kokushintsha noma yiziphi izilungiselelo ku-router yakho , udinga ukwazi ukuthi hlobo luni loxhumano lwe-IPv6 olunikezwa yi-Internet Service Provider (ISP). Ngokuvamile kuzodingeka ukhethe lolu hlobo esigabeni se-WAN noma se-inthanethi se-router yakho. Uma ungazi, buza i-ISP yakho, njengoba lokhu kubalulekile ekucushweni kwe-IPv6 okufanele kunethiwekhi yakho.

Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-router asekhaya nawebhizinisi uzothola izinketho ezifana nalezi:

• INativo (ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa “Native” noma nje “IPv6”): umqhubi uthumela isiqalo se-IPv6 ngqo ku-router yakho, ngaphandle kwemigudu ekhethekile. Leli yicala elifanele futhi kulula kakhulu ukuliphatha.
• I-IPv6 eqinileI-ISP ikunikeza ibhulokhi elungisiwe (isibonelo, i-/48 noma i-/56) bese ulungisa ikheli kanye nesiqalo ngesandla ku-interface ye-WAN ye-router.
• NdlulaI-router isebenza "njengebhuloho" futhi ivumela idivayisi engemuva kwayo ukuthi ithole ngqo ukucushwa kwe-IPv6 (okuvamile kwezinye izimo nge-IP ezenzakalelayo ku-WAN).
• Imigudu engu-6 kuya ku-4, 6 ku-4 kanye no-6rdIzindlela zokuguqula ezihlanganisa amaphakethe e-IPv6 ngaphakathi kwe-IPv4 lapho umhlinzeki noma ingqalasizinda ephakathi ingakasekeli i-IPv6 yomdabu. Isibonelo, i-6rd iyi-version "esheshayo" engenasimo efana ne-6to4.
• Izinsizakalo ezithile ezifana ne-FLET's IPv6: isetshenziswa kabanzi eJapane, lapho abanye abahlinzeki besebenzisa izixazululo zabo ezidinga amathempulethi athile okucushwa ku-router.

Kunoma ikuphi, iphuzu elibalulekile ukuqala ngokumisa uxhumano lwe-IPv4 WAN (i-IP ezenzakalelayo, i-PPPoE, i-IP engaguquki, njll.) bese ukhetha uhlobo lwe-IPv6 oluhambisanayo. Ama-router amaningi aze agcwalise ngokuzenzakalelayo amanye amapharamitha e-IPv6 uma ebona kahle uhlobo loxhumano.

Ukulungiselela i-IPv6 ku-router ejwayelekile (isb., i-ASUS)

Ake sithathe i-router ye-ASUS njengesibonelo , ngoba amamenyu ayo amelela kahle lokho ozokubona kwamanye amabhrendi amaningi. Ukugeleza okuvamile kuvame ukufana kakhulu: finyelela isikhombikubona sewebhu, lungisa izilungiselelo ze-WAN, bese uya esigabeni esithile se-IPv6 ngaphakathi kwezilungiselelo ezithuthukisiwe.

Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zokusebenzisa i-IPv6 kulolu hlobo lwe-router kungaba:

1. Xhuma ikhompyutha ku-router ngekhebula noma i-WiFi bese ufinyelela isikhombikubona sewebhu, kungaba nge-LAN IP (isibonelo 192.168.1.1) noma i-URL ethile efana ne-http://www.asusrouter.com.
2. Ngena ngemvume kukhonsoli yokuphatha ngegama lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi yedivayisi. Uma usuzikhohliwe, okuwukuphela kwendlela ukubuyisela i-router kuzilungiselelo zasefekthri bese uyilungisa futhi.
3. Okokuqala, qinisekisa uhlobo loxhumano lwe-IPv4 WAN Esigabeni se-WAN > Uxhumano lwe-inthanethi, uzobona ukuthi usebenzisa i-PPPoE, i-IP ezenzakalelayo (i-DHCP), i-IP engaguquki, njll.
4. Faka imenyu ye-IPv6 ngaphakathi kwezilungiselelo ezithuthukisiwe bese ukhetha Uhlobo Lokuxhumeka lwe-IPv6 ngokusho okungenhla.

Isibonelo, inhlanganisela ejwayelekile ivame ukuba:

• Uma i-IPv4 WAN ivuliwe I-PPPoEKhetha uhlobo lwe-IPv6 INativoI-router izosebenzisa iseshini ye-PPPoE ukuthola ulwazi lwe-IPv6 ku-opharetha.
• Uma i-IPv4 WAN I-Static IP, Ukukhetha I-IPv6 eqinile esigabeni se-IPv6 bese ugcwalisa ngesandla ikheli, isiqalo, isango kanye ne-DNS okunikezwe yi-ISP yakho.
• Uma i-IPv4 WAN ivuliwe I-IP ezenzakalelayo (i-DHCP)Iziqondiso eziningi zincoma ukusebenzisa Ndlula ukuze ukucushwa kwe-IPv6 kudluliselwe ngqo kudivayisi eyidingayo noma kuphathwe ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ngemva kokusebenzisa izinguquko , i-router ivame ukuqala kabusha isevisi yenethiwekhi kancane. Indlela esheshayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola amapharamitha e-IPv6 ukungena ngemvume futhi uhlole isigaba sokucushwa kwe-IPv6 LAN: uma ubona amakheli neziqalo ezinikeziwe, ingxenye ye-IPv6 WAN iyasebenza.

Ukuze uqinisekise ukuxhumana kwangempela , isivivinyo esinconywayo ukuvakashela ikhasi lokuhlola elifana ne-test-ipv6.com, elihlaziya ukuthi isiphequluli sakho kanye nomhlinzeki wakho bayayisekela yini iphrothokholi futhi bakutshele ukuthi usebenza ku-dual stack, uma kukhona amaphutha e-DNS, noma uma une-IPv4 kuphela.

Ukufakwa kwe-IPv6 kumanethiwekhi athuthukile anama-VLAN kanye neziqalo ze-/48

Ezindaweni ezingathi sína kakhulu , njengamahhovisi ane-VLAN eziningi kanye nemishini yohlobo lwe-UniFi noma i-Omada, i-ISP ivame ukuhlinzeka ngesiqalo esikhulu esingaguquki, isibonelo /48. Ukusuka lapho, umsebenzi wakho ukuhlukanisa lelo bhulokhi libe ama-subnet angu- /64 (noma amanye, uma ipulatifomu iyisekela) ozowabela i-VLAN ngayinye noma ingxenye enengqondo.

Ake sithi umhlinzeki wakho ukunika ikheli le-/48 elifana nelithi 2001:b33f:f33d::/48, futhi esibonakalayo se-WAN se-router yakho usebenzisa i-2001:b33f:f33d::2, kanti i-router ye-ISP yakho ingu-2001:b33f:f33d::1. Lokho kulungiselelwa kwe-WAN kumane kuyisixhumanisi esiphumayo. Into ebalulekile ukuthi usabalalisa kanjani lelo kheli le-/48 ohlangothini lwe-LAN.

Ku-IPv6, kuvame kakhulu ukusebenza nge-/64 kusixhumanisi ngasinye se-Layer 2 ngoba usayizi onconywayo ukuvumela ukucushwa okuzenzakalelayo (i-SLAAC) nezinye izici. Ukuqala nge-/48, une-2^(64-48) = 65.536 etholakalayo ye-/64 subnet; ngamanye amazwi, unokuningi okwanele ukwabela amabhlogo ngokunethezeka kunethiwekhi ngayinye ye-VLAN, i-Wi-Fi yezivakashi, i-DMZ, njll.

Kuzilungiselelo ze-LAN interface ye-router yakho (isibonelo, ku-UniFi noma i-Omada gateway), uzobona inkambu ethi "ikheli le-IPv6" noma "isiqalo se-IPv6" kanye nemenyu eyehlayo enobude bemaski ye-subnet phakathi kuka-/64 no-/127. Ngokuvamile kunconywa ukuyishiya ku-/64, ngaphandle kokuthi unesimo esithile.

Umqondo ufana nalokhu :

• I-VLAN 10 (inethiwekhi yenkampani): 2001:b33f:f33d:10::/64
• I-VLAN 20 (izivakashi): 2001:b33f:f33d:20::/64
• I-VLAN 30 (amaseva): 2001:b33f:f33d:30::/64
• I-VLAN 40 (ilebhu/i-IoT): 2001:b33f:f33d:40::/64

Ku-VLAN ngayinye, i-router izoba nekheli elivumelekile ngaphakathi kwesiqalo se-/64, esizosebenza njengesango lamakhasimende; isibonelo, i-2001:b33f:f33d:10::1 ye-VLAN 10, i-2001:b33f:f33d:20::1 ye-VLAN 20, njalo njalo. Inkambu amadivayisi amaningi ayibiza ngokuthi “I-Gateway IP/Subnet” ibhekisela ngqo kulelo kheli le-router kanye nobude besiqalo (/64).

Ngokuphathelene namakhasimende , ngokuvamile azothola ikheli elilodwa le-IPv6 lomhlaba wonke ngaphakathi kwe-subnet eyabelwe /64, kungaba nge-SLAAC, i-DHCPv6, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili (i-SLAAC yekheli le-IP kanye ne-DHCPv6 yamapharamitha engeziwe njenge-DNS). Ama-subnet aphelele awavamile ukudluliselwa kumadivayisi ngamanye ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile (isibonelo, ama-router angaphakathi asabalalisa iziqalo kusetshenziswa i-DHCPv6-PD).

Uma uhlukanisa isikhala sekheli phakathi kwama-VLAN amaningana , kunokuba ukhathazeke ngokusetshenziswa (uneziqalo eziningi), unesifiso sokwenza uhlelo luhleleke futhi lube lula ukuliqonda: sebenzisa izinombolo ze-VLAN kumabhithi angu-16 okugcina esiqalo, gcina amabanga alandelanayo ezinsizakalo zangaphakathi, izivakashi ezihlukene, i-IoT kanye nokukhiqiza ngamabhulokhi ahlukaniswe kahle, njll.

Ukulungiselelwa okuzenzakalelayo, i-DAD, kanye namapharamitha e-IPv6 athuthukisiwe kuzixhumi ezibonakalayo

Uma uvula i-IPv6 ku-interface (i-LAN, i-VLAN, umhubhe, njll.), izinhlelo eziningi zikuvumela ukuthi ulungise amapharamitha athuthukile alungiswe kahle ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngokuvamile kungcono ukungawathinti ngaphandle kokuthi unesidingo esithile kunethiwekhi yakho.

Enye yalezi zinhlaka "umkhawulo we-hop ," olingana ne-TTL ku-IPv4: inani eliphezulu lama-hop e-router iphakethe elingawathatha ngaphambi kokuba alahlwe. Inani elijwayelekile elizenzakalelayo lingu-64, okuvame ukuba ngaphezu kokwanele ngisho nasemanethiwekhi amakhulu.

Esinye isethingi esivamile yinani lokudluliselwa kwe-DAD (Ukutholwa Kwekheli Eliphindwe Kabili). I-IPv6 isebenzisa inqubo yokuhlola ukuthi ikheli aliphindwe kabili yini kunethiwekhi ngaphambi kokulisebenzisa. Inani elijwayelekile lingu-1, okunciphisa isikhathi sokucushwa ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhlolwa okuncane. Ukulibeka ku-0 kuvimbela ukutholwa kwekheli eliphindwe kabili, okungavunyelwe ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwezimo ezilawulwa kakhulu.

Kuma-controller amaningi nama-router, uzothola lawa mapharamitha ngaphakathi kwethebhu ye-IPv6 ezinikele lapho uhlela isikhombimsebenzisi. Idokhumenti ivame ukweluleka ukuthi ushiye amanani azenzakalelayo ngaphandle kokuthi wazi kahle ukuthi ushintshani nokuthi kungani.

Ukulawulwa kokufinyelela nokuphepha ku-IPv6: ama-ACL esikhundleni se-NAT

Umehluko oyinhloko ku-IPv4 ukuthi i-IPv6 ayisebenzisi i-NAT ngendlela efanayo. Idivayisi ngayinye ingaba namakheli angasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ngqo kusuka ku-inthanethi, ngakho-ke umugqa wokuqala wokuphepha uba yi-firewall/ACL yesango esikhundleni somphumela ongemuhle we-NAT uqobo.

Kumasango ohlobo lwe-Omada , ukusebenza kohlu lokulawula ukufinyelela lwe-IPv6 (ACL) kubalulekile. Kuvumela umphathi ukuthi achaze imithetho ehlunga ithrafikhi ngokusekelwe ekhelini lomthombo, ikheli lendawo oya kuyo, amachweba, noma amaphrothokholi, bese enquma ukuthi uyayivumela noma uyayenqaba yini uhlobo ngalunye lwethrafikhi.

Ngokuzenzakalelayo, amasango amaningi e-Omada asevele evimba ukufinyelela kusuka kumanethiwekhi angaphandle kuya kumanethiwekhi angaphakathi uma kukhulunywa ngethrafikhi ye-IPv6, ngoba nje ayikho i-NAT "yokufihla" amakheli angaphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, ukufinyelela kusuka ku-inthanethi kuya ku-LAN yakho kuvinjelwe ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokuthi udale izikhala ngokusobala.

Ezimweni zokulawula ukufinyelela ze-IPv6 ezijwayelekile , unamaphethini amaningana okucushwa:

• Vimbela ukufinyelela kusuka ku-inthanethi kuya kunethiwekhi yangaphakathiNgokuvamile ivinjelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa ungabuyekeza noma uqinise inqubomgomo ngama-ACL engeziwe ku-IPv6.
• Vumela ukufinyelela kuseva yangaphakathi (isibonelo, iseva yewebhu kuseva i-VLAN): iqembu lamakheli le-IPv6 langaphakathi (iseva_yami) kanye neqembu leklayenti langaphandle noma iqembu lobubanzi (iklayenti_yami) liyachazwa, futhi umthetho we-WAN-IN wohlobo lwe-ACL uyadalwa ukuvumela leyo thrafikhi.
• Vimbela ukufinyelela i-inthanethi kumadivayisi athile (isibonelo, amakhompyutha ezingane noma amadivayisi e-IoT): iqembu le-IPv6 liyadalwa ngalawo maklayenti (i-children_pc) kanye nelinye elimele i-inthanethi, bese kufakwa umthetho we-LAN->WAN ACL kumodi ye-Deny yalelo qembu.

Ukuhamba komsebenzi ku-Omada kungafingqwa kanje: lungiselela kahle uxhumano lwe-IPv6 WAN, vumela futhi usethe imodi ye-IPv6 kuma-LAN/VLAN, chaza amaqembu e-IPv6 ngamakheli noma amabanga onentshisekelo kuwo, bese ekugcineni udala imithetho yesango le-ACL lapho ukhetha khona isiqondiso sethrafikhi (IN, OUT, LAN->WAN), inqubomgomo (Allow/Deny), amaphrothokholi, kanye namabili omthombo/indawo okuyo ngokusekelwe kulawo maqembu.

Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i -firmware yesango isesikhathini, ngoba izici zokulawula ukufinyelela ze-IPv6 zanamuhla kakhulu zingadinga izinguqulo zakamuva zesofthiwe yesistimu.

Ukusebenzisa i-IPv6 ezindaweni zasekhaya kanye nehhovisi elincane

Ekhaya noma ehhovisi elincane , inqubo yokusebenzisa i-IPv6 ivame ukuba yinto encane kakhulu kunendlela ebonakala ngayo. Isihluthulelo ukuthi i-ISP yakho isivele inikeza ukwesekwa kwe-IPv6 kumugqa wakho nokuthi i-router yakho iyayibona kahle.

Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zizoba :

1. Qinisekisa nomhlinzeki wakho Qinisekisa ukuthi uxhumano lwakho lusekela i-IPv6 nokuthi kuyiphi imodi (i-dual stack, i-IPv6 kuphela ene-NAT64, njll.). Buza futhi ukuthi udinga ukushintsha imishini yakho noma i-firmware.
2. Qinisekisa ukuthi i-router isekela i-IPv6Lokhu kuvamile emishinini yesimanje efana ne-FRITZ!Box, ama-router e-ASUS, i-TP-Link Archer (C, AX, njll.), i-Omada, i-UniFi, njll.
3. Finyelela isikhombikubona sewebhu se-router (192.168.1.1, 192.168.0.1 noma okunye, kuye ngomkhiqizi) bese ubheka isigaba se-IPv6 kuzinketho ezithuthukisiwe noma kumenyu yenethiwekhi.
4. Nika amandla i-IPv6 bese ukhetha uhlobo lokuxhumeka okuboniswe yi-ISP: i-DHCPv6, i-PPPoE ene-IPv6 yomdabu, i-IP engaguquki, umhubhe wesi-6, njll.
5. Sebenzisa izinguquko bese uqala kabusha uma kudingekaOkulandelayo, hlola iwebhusayithi efana ne-test-ipv6.com ukuthi uxhumano lwakho lwe-inthanethi seluvele lusebenzisa i-IPv6.

Ezinhlelweni eziningi zokusebenza zesimanje (i-Windows 10/11, i-macOS, i-Linux, i-Android, i-iOS), i-IPv6 inikwe amandla ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ku-Windows, isibonelo, mane uye kuzakhiwo ze-adaptha yenethiwekhi bese uqinisekisa ukuthi ibhokisi elithi "I-Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6)" likhethiwe.

Uma i-router isikhangise kahle isiqalo futhi amaklayenti esenikwe amandla yi-IPv6, idivayisi ngayinye izothola ngokuzenzakalelayo ikheli layo lomhlaba wonke nelendawo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthinta noma yini kudivayisi ngokwayo.

Umbono weWindows: Ukukhetha kwe-IPv4/IPv6 kanye nokuvala ukusebenza okuyingxenye

Ezindaweni ezilawulwa yiWindows , kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi uhlelo lusebenzisa indlela yokukhetha amakheli echazwe ku-RFC 3484, lugcina ithebula leziqalo ezinquma ukuthi yiliphi ikheli okufanele lisetshenziswe lapho umshini ofanayo unama-IP amaningana (i-IPv4 ne-IPv6) ahlobene negama le-DNS.

Ngokuzenzakalelayo, iWindows ivame ukusebenzisa i-IPv6 noma nini lapho ikheli le-unicast lomhlaba wonke litholakala futhi ukuxhumana kulungile, yize isakwazi ngokuphelele ukusebenza ne-IPv4 ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Abanye abaphathi bakhetha ukukhubaza noma ukukhawulela i-IPv6 ukuze baxilonge izinkinga zenethiwekhi, ikakhulukazi uma kusolwa izinkinga ezihlobene nokulungiswa kwamagama noma ukulungiselelwa okungaphelele kwe-IPv6. I-Microsoft inikeza indlela ehlanganisiwe yokuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwe-IPv6 ngokubhalisa kwesistimu.

Ukhiye wokubhalisa ofanele ngu:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip6\Parameters\DisabledComponents

Leli inani le-REG_DWORD elingasukela ku-0x00 (ukuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo, i-IPv6 inikwe amandla ngokugcwele) kuya ku-0xFF (okukhubaza ngempumelelo i-IPv6 kuzixhumi eziningi, yize uhlelo lusayisebenzisa ngaphakathi emisebenzini yalo).

Ezinye izilungiselelo eziwusizo yilezi :

• Ngithanda i-IPv4 kune-IPv6: inani elingu-0x20 (32 ngedesimali). Igcina i-IPv6 isebenza kodwa iguqula izinqubomgomo zesiqalo ukuze i-IPv4 ikhethwe uma itholakala. Lokhu kubhekwa njengokungcono kunokukhubaza i-IPv6 ngokuphelele.
• Khubaza i-IPv6 kuzixhumi ezingezona imigudu: inani elingu-0x10 (idesimali engu-16), elithinta izixhumi zomdabu.
• Khubaza i-IPv6 kuzixhumi ze-tunnel: inani elingu-0x01 (idesimali eli-1), liwusizo uma ubuchwepheshe bokushintsha obufana no-6to4, i-ISATAP noma i-Teredo bungafuneki.
• Cima cishe yonke indawo: 0xFF (255 decimal), ekhubaza i-IPv6 kokubili kuma-tunnel kanye nama-interfaces endabuko, ngaphandle kokuthi uhlelo lusagcina i-::1 yokusetshenziswa kwe-loopback kanye nokwangaphakathi.

Ukuze ushintshe leli nani kusuka ku-console yokuphatha, ungasebenzisa umyalo onjengalona:

reg add "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip6\Parameters" /v DisabledComponents /t REG_DWORD /d <valor> /f

I-Windows isebenzisa i-bitmask kule nsimu ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezikhutshaziwe: imigudu, i-6to4, i-ISATAP, i-Teredo, i-native interfaces, i-IPv4 preference, njll. I-bit ngayinye ihunyushwa njengeyiqiniso (1) noma amanga (0) emisebenzini ehlukene, futhi inhlanganisela ethile efana ne-0x20, 0x10, 0x01, noma i-0x11 ihambelana nezimo ezivamile ezibhalwe yi-Microsoft.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi le nkinobho ayishintshi isimo sebhokisi lokuhlola elithi "Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6)" ezimpahleni zesixhumi esibonakalayo; okungukuthi, ungabona ibhokisi lokuhlola lihloliwe noma ngabe une-IPv6 ekhawulelwe noma ekhutshaziwe ezingeni lokubhalisa. Lokhu ukuziphatha okulindelekile.

Uma ufuna ukuhlukanisa i-IPv6 kusuka ku-interface ethile, unga:

• Susa ibhokisi lokuhlola le-IPv6 ezimpahleni zenethiwekhi ze-adaptha.
• Sebenzisa i-PowerShell ngomyalo onjengokuthi:
  Disable-NetAdapterBinding -Name "NombreDeMiAdaptador" -ComponentID ms_tcpip6

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Windows ivumela ngokuzenzakalelayo ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-6to4 uma ikhompyutha inamakheli e-IPv4 omphakathi. Uma ungafuni ukuthi lawa ma-tunnel interface adalwe noma amakheli e-IPv6 abhaliswe ngokuzenzakalelayo ku-DNS, ungawakhubaza ngokusetha i-DisabledComponents ku-0x01 noma usebenzisa izilungiselelo ze-Group Policy ezikhubaza i-6to4, i-ISATAP, kanye ne-Teredo.

Amamodeli e-router kanye nokusekelwa kwe-IPv6

Usekelo lwe-IPv6 luye lwanda kancane kancane lwafinyelela cishe kuzo zonke izitimela zasekhaya namabhizinisi amancane ezisezingeni eliphakathi kanye nezisezingeni eliphezulu. Imikhiqizo efana ne-ASUS, i-AVM FRITZ!Box, i-TP-Link (uchungechunge lwe-Archer kanye ne-Omada), kanye nezinye izixazululo ze-SD-WAN ngokuvamile zifaka ukwesekwa okugcwele kwe-IPv6 kuzibuyekezo zabo zakamuva ze-firmware.

Isibonelo, ohlelweni lwe-TP-Link Archer, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezihloselwe izimo ezahlukene (AX57, C1200, C5400, AX55, C4, C5200, AX53, C5, AX10, C2, AX51, AX96, A2200, TL-WR1043N V5, C80, AXE95, C8, AX10000, C3150, C9, AX50, C6, C7, AX90, AX6000, C5400X, C25, C24, A20, A64, C60, C2600, A1200, C21, C20, C64, AX1800, AX206, C59, C58, AX4200, C3200, C900, A2, I-AX75, AX4400, C3000, AX73, C50, A10, A54, AX4800, C1900, C55, C54, A2300, TL-WR841N V14.20, AXE75, A6, A7, AX72, AXE2, AX50, AX50, AX50, AX50, AX50, AX50, AX50 GX90, A8, A9, AX68, C2300, AX5300, C1210, AX23, AX20, C4000, AX21, AX3000V, A3000, C2700, AXE300, AX1500, AX300, AX30, AX100, AX100, AX300, AX100

Kwabaningi balaba modeli , ukwesekwa kwe-IPv6 noma izici ezithile (isb., i-DHCPv6-PD, i-tunneling, izilawuli zabazali ze-IPv6, ama-ACL athuthukile, njll.) kuthuthukisiwe ngezibuyekezo ze-firmware. Kungumqondo omuhle ukuhlola isikhungo sokulanda somkhiqizi, uqinisekise inguqulo yehadiwe yedivayisi yakho, bese ufunda ishidi ledatha noma amanothi okukhululwa ukuze ubone ukuthi yini engeziwe muva nje.

Khumbula futhi ukuthi ukutholakala kwemikhiqizo nezici ezithile kuyahlukahluka ngokwesifunda, ngakho-ke imodeli ethile enamakhono athile e-IPv6 ingase ingatholakali ezweni lakini noma ingase ingabi nezici ezifanayo nezenye indawo.

Usekelo, i-firmware, kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza

Uma usebenza ne-IPv6, kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina i-firmware yemishini yakho ibuyekeziwe: amaphutha ekusebenzeni kwe-DHCPv6, ukwehluleka ku-RA (Izikhangiso ze-Router), izinkinga ngemigudu ye-6rd/6to4, noma ukungahambisani nama-ACL kungenza impilo yakho ibe nzima kakhulu.

Abakhiqizi bavame ukufaka phakathi ukulandwa kwabashayeli, i-firmware, izinsiza, kanye nezincwadi ezikhungweni zabo zokusekela (isibonelo, i-ASUS Download Center noma i-FRITZ!Box support portal). Ukuhlola njalo amanothi okukhululwa kuzokunikeza izinkomba mayelana nokuthuthuka okuhlobene ne-IPv6, ukuphepha, kanye nokusebenza.

Ngemva kwanoma yiluphi ushintsho olukhulu lokucushwa (ukuvumela i-IPv6, ukuguqula iziqalo, ukulungisa ama-ACL, ukushintsha okuthandwayo kwe-IPv4/IPv6 kumaklayenti e-Windows, njll.) kuyalulekwa ukwenza ibhethri elincane lokuhlola:

• Zulazulela kumasayithi agxile ku-IPv6 kuphela noma abeka phambili i-IPv6.
• Sebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge-test-ipv6.com ukuhlola ukuxhumana, i-DNS, ukuvuza, kanye nokuguquka.
• Hlola ama-ping kanye nemizila yokulandelela kokubili amakheli e-IPv6 angaphakathi nangaphandle.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ye-firewall/ACL isebenza njengoba kulindelekile kuthrafikhi ye-IPv6.

Uma kukhona okungasebenzi , uhlelo olujwayelekile lokuxilonga luhlanganisa ukuhlola uhlobo loxhumano oluhleliwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iziqalo ze-LAN zilungile, ukuhlola ukuthi amaklayenti athola amakheli avumelekile, ukubuyekeza i-firmware, bese ekugcineni usetha kabusha i-router kuzilungiselelo zasefekthri ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphazamiseka kokucushwa kwefakthri.

Uma sibheka lesi simo, i-IPv6 ayibe "yinqaba" futhi iba yithuluzi nje elisebhokisini lakho lezinsizakusebenza zenethiwekhi: ilungiselelwe kahle, ikunikeza uhlelo lokuxhumana oluhlanzekile kakhulu, yenza kube lula ezinye izimo zokushicilela isevisi, futhi, ivikelwe kahle ngama-ACL nama-firewall, ayibeki ingozi eyengeziwe uma iqhathaniswa ne-IPv4, kodwa kunalokho ibangela okuphambene nomklamo wayo wesimanje.