- Kwakuyisiphequluli sewebhu sokuqala esinezithombe esavumela ukuboniswa okukhulu kokuqukethwe kwe-multimedia ku-inthanethi.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwayo e-NCSA kwabeka izisekelo zobuchwepheshe zokudalwa kwe-Netscape kanye ne-Internet Explorer kamuva.
- Yandisa ukuthandwa kwe-World Wide Web ngenxa yokuhambisana kwayo namapulatifomu ahlukahlukene kanye nokusekelwa kwamaphrothokholi ahlukahlukene.
Uma sithatha kalula ukuthi ukuphequlula i-inthanethi kusho ukungena ezweni eligcwele imibala, amavidiyo, namathebhu, kungenxa yokuthi emashumini eminyaka edlule othile wayenomqondo omuhle wokukhipha i-web kuma-terminals ayisicefe. Nakuba sivame ukucabanga ukuthi konke kwaqala nge-Google Chrome noma i-Internet Explorer esikhohliwe manje, inhlansi yangempela eyabangela i-fuse kwakuyisofthiwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-Mosaic , eyasifundisa ngokuyisisekelo ukubona i-web njengoba siyazi.
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi sikuphi manje, sidinga ukubheka emuva sibone ukuthi ukuphequlula iwebhu kwakungavamile ukuba yinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphambi kokuba uMosaic abe yinkosi, kwakunemizamo eyisisekelo esekelwe embhalweni kuphela, okwenza isipiliyoni sifane nokufunda ifayela lesistimu kunokuvakashela iwebhusayithi yesimanje. Kwakuyi- connoissence yesithombe eyavumela noma yimuphi umsebenzisi, ngaphandle kokuba uchwepheshe wekhompyutha, ukuthi ahlole iwebhu.
Izisekelo ngaphambi kokuqhuma kukaMose
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba uMosaic avele enkundleni, iwebhu yayisivele iqala ukuthuthuka. Ngawo-80, izinhlelo ezazivumela ukweqa kwe-hypertext, njenge- HyperBBS kanye ne-HyperLAN , zase zikhona kakade, yize zaziyithuluzi eliyisisekelo kakhulu. Ingqophamlando ebalulekile yenzeka ngo-1987 nge-TransText, eyadalwa nguNeil Larson, eyabonisa ukuthi yini eyayizoba yiprosesa ye-hypertext yesimanje.
Uguquko lwangempela lwaqala ngo-1990 lapho uTim Berners-Lee , osebenza e-CERN, esungula i-World Wide Web futhi wakha iseva yokuqala yewebhu. Wakha nesiphequluli sokuqala, ekuqaleni esabizwa ngokuthi i-WorldWideWeb (futhi kamuva i-Nexus), okwakuyinto ethakazelisayo ukuthi yayingasetshenziswa kokubili ukuvakashela nokuhlela amawebhusayithi. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlelo lwalusebenza kumakhompyutha e-NEXT kuphela, lukhawulela kakhulu ukufinyelela kwalo. Ukuze kunqotshwe lokhu, kwavela i-Line Mode Browser , ithuluzi elihlanganisa yonke ipulatifomu elibhalwe ngo-C elalivumela ukuphequlula imodi yombhalo cishe kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-90, kwavela ezinye izindlela, njengeMidasWWW kanye neLynx edumile , eyakamuva esasebenza nanamuhla ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-GNU GPL. Kodwa igxathu elikhulu lafika ngo-1992, lapho abafundi baseNyuvesi yaseHelsinki bethula i -Erwise , isiphequluli sokuqala esine-interface yomsebenzisi enemifanekiso. Nakuba kwakuyinto ethakazelisayo, yayekwa ngo-1994, kwavula indlela yesiqhwaga esasizofika.
Ukuvela kwe-NCSA Mosaic: Impumelelo Yokuqala Enkulu
NgoJanuwari 1993, uMosaic wazalelwa eNational Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) eNyuvesi yase-Illinois. Lo msebenzi wawuholwa nguMarc Andreessen osemusha , owayephethe ukubhala amakhodi nokucubungula, kanye no- Eric Bina , ungqondongqondo ngemuva kohlelo. Inguqulo yayo yokuqala eqinile, i-1.0, yakhishwa ngo-Ephreli 22, 1993, yezinhlelo ze-Unix, kodwa impumelelo yayo yayimangalisa kangangokuthi ngo-Agasti walowo nyaka, izinguqulo ze- Microsoft Windows ne-Macintosh zase zitholakala kakade.
Okwenza iMosaic yaphumelela kangaka kwakuyikhono layo lokwenza izithombe eceleni kombhalo efasiteleni elifanayo, into eyayibonakala njengomlingo ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yayingagcini nje ngephrothokholi ye-HTTP (enguqulweni yayo yokuqala engu-0.9), kodwa futhi yayivumela ukufinyelela ku-Gopher, i-Usenet News nge-NNTP, kanye nokudluliswa kwamafayela nge -FTP . Empeleni, kwakuyisitsha se-Swiss Army se-inthanethi esafufusa.
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zalo, lolu hlelo lwaluneziphambeko zalo. Isibonelo, kunguqulo 1.0, wawungeke uthayiphe i-URL ngqo kubha yekheli; kwakufanele uye kumenyu yefayela bese ukhetha inketho ethi "Vula i-URL". Ukugqwayiza kwayo okuphawulekayo koMhlaba ngamasathelayithi ajikelezayo ngenkathi ikhasi lilayishiwe nakho kushiye uphawu lwawo—umqondo obonakalayo iziphequluli eziningi zanamuhla eziwuzuze ngendlela ethile.
I-Mosaic yayingeyona nje uhlelo; yayiyimbewu yakho konke okwalandela. UMarc Andreessen, ebona amandla ebhizinisi, wasungula i-Mosaic Communications ngo-1994. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwezinkinga zomthetho ne-University of Illinois mayelana negama, inkampani yashintsha igama layo yaba yi -Netscape . Ngakho-ke, i-Netscape Navigator yazalwa, yazuza ukuthandwa kwe-Mosaic futhi yaqhubeka nokubusa u-90% wemakethe ngawo-90, yethula izinto ezintsha ezifana namakhukhi ne-JavaScript.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithonya likaMosaic lafinyelela kuMicrosoft. Ngenkampani iSpyglass, eyayisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuvela ku-NCSA, iMicrosoft yanikeza isofthiwe ilayisense yokwakha isisekelo se- Internet Explorer 2.0 , eyafakwa kusengaphambili ku-Windows 95. Lokhu kwaholela empini yokuqala enkulu yesiphequluli, lapho i-Internet Explorer yagcina iphumelele khona ngenxa yokufakwa kwayo kusengaphambili cishe kuwo wonke ama-PC emhlabeni.
Indaba ayigcinanga lapho. Ikhodi yomthombo yeNetscape yakhishwa ngo-1998, okuvumela iphrojekthi yeMozilla ukuthi idale iFirefox ngo-2002, okuletha ukuncintisana kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha embonini ngokuphequlula okunamathebhu kanye nokunamathela kakhulu ezindinganisweni ze-W3C. Ekugcineni, ngo-2008, i-Google yangena empini ne -Chrome , okuthi, ngenxa yamandla enjini yayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo nenjini yokusesha, kube yithuluzi elivelele namuhla.
Ingabe i-mosaic ingasetshenziswa namuhla?
Kulabo abazizwa bekhumbula izinto zakudala noma abanelukuluku nje, i-Mosaic ayikanyamalala ngokuphelele. Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa okusemthethweni kwaphela ngoJanuwari 1997 ukuze kuvuleke indlela ye-Netscape, amaphrojekthi ayaqhubeka nokugcina isofthiwe iphila. Isibonelo, ekusakazweni kwe-GNU/Linux njenge-Ubuntu , kungenzeka ukuyifaka usebenzisa amaphakheji e-Snap ngokusebenzisa umyalo olula ku-terminal.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iyithuluzi elidala kakhulu. Ngokusekelwe ku -HTML2 kanye nokuntuleka kokusekelwa kwamafomethi esimanje njenge-PNG (yize isekela i-JPEG ne-GIF), iningi lamawebhusayithi amanje lizohluleka ukulayisha noma libonakale liphambene ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kokusekelwa kwe-HTTPS kwenza ukuphequlula iwebhu yesimanje kube nzima kakhulu, okwenza kube yinto ehlanganisayo kakhulu kunesiphequluli esisebenzayo.
Kusukela ekujuleni kokuqala kwe-hypertext ku-ARPANET kuya ekubuseni kwe-Chrome ne-Safari kumaselula ethu, indlela yokuphequlula iwebhu ibilokhu idida. I-NCSA Mosaic yayiyibhuloho eliyisisekelo elaguqula inethiwekhi yombhalo wezemfundo yaba yinto ebonakalayo neyokuxhumana esinayo namuhla, ibeka isisekelo sokuvela kwezikhondlakhondla ezifana neMozilla, iMicrosoft, ne-Google.
