Umlando wekhompyutha: kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuze kube manje

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Umlando wekhompiyutha uwuhambo oluhehayo phakathi nesikhathi, ukusuka esiqalweni esiphansi kuya kokuqanjwa okumangalisayo kwezobuchwepheshe.

Kulolu hambo, sizothola ukuthi lesi seluleko sithuthuke kanjani nokuthi siziguqule kanjani izimpilo zethu ngezindlela esingazicabangeli. Kusukela kumishini yokubala eyimishini ukuya ama-supercomputer ashesha kakhulu, ake singene emhlabeni omangalisayo womlando wekhompyutha. Lungela ukumangala ngazo zonke izigaba zalolu hambo olumangalisayo!

Umlando wekhompyutha

Ngekhulu le-XNUMX

Ngekhulu le-17, umlando we-computing wathatha izinyathelo zawo zokuqala. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho kwavela khona imizamo yokuqala yokwakha imishini yokwenza izibalo zezibalo. Esinye seziqophamlando esiphawuleka kakhulu kwaba ukusungulwa kwe-abacus eyenziwe ngcono nge Blaise Pascal ngo-1642. Lo mshini, owaziwa ngokuthi "i-Pascaline", wawuvumela ukuhlanganisa nokukhipha okuzenzakalelayo.

Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka lapho intuthuko ephawulekayo yenziwa khona ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-telegraph optical ngusosayensi ongumFulentshi uClaude Chappe. Ngochungechunge lwemibhoshongo namasiginali abonakalayo anekhodi, lesi simiso savumela imilayezo ukuba idluliselwe amabanga amade ngesivinini esikhulu.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, kwavela enye into esunguliwe eNgilandi: injini yomehluko ehlongozwa yi UCharles Babbage. Nakuba ingakaze yakhiwe ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, yabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwamakhompiyutha kamuva.

Ikhulu le-17 labeka isisekelo sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo emlandweni wekhompyutha. Imibono nama-prototypes adalwe phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwavula indlela yenkathi entsha yezobuchwepheshe eyayizoshintsha kakhulu indlela esiphila ngayo kanye nokusebenza ngamakhompyutha esimanje esiwaziyo namuhla.

Ikhulu XVIII

Ikhulu le-18 kwakuyinkathi yentuthuko enkulu emlandweni wekhompyutha. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwavela izinto eziqanjiwe ezibalulekile kanye nokutholwayo okwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokubala yesimanje.

Okokuqala, sigqamisa imisebenzi yezibalo zaseJalimane UGottfried Leibniz, owaklama umshini okwazi ukusebenza imisebenzi ye-arithmetic. Isondo lakhe elithi "Pascal Wheel" livumele izinombolo ukuthi zengezwe, zikhishwe, ziphindaphindwe futhi zihlukaniswe kahle.

Embonini yezindwangu, uJoseph-Marie Jacquard, umsunguli ongumFulentshi, wazuza uguquko olusha ngokudala uhlaka oluzenzakalelayo olulawulwa amakhadi apuntshiwe. Lolu hlelo lwamaphayona lwasebenzisa amaphethini afakwe ikhodi emakhadini ukuze kwakhe imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokudinga ukungenelela komuntu okuqondile.

Ngokufanayo, ikhulu le-19 laphinde labona intuthuko ebalulekile emkhakheni we-cryptography. Elinye lamagama avelele kulo mkhakha isazi sezibalo esiyiNgisi uThomas Bayes, omnikelo wakhe emathubeni asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokubethela wabeka izisekelo zocwaningo lwangomuso kulo mkhakha.

Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje ezibonisa indlela ikhulu le-18 elabeka ngayo isisekelo sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo emlandweni wekhompyutha. Inhlanganisela yobuhlakani bomuntu kanye Ukuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe kwavula indlela maqondana nalokho esikwaziyo namuhla njengamakhompiyutha esimanjemanje!

Amaqiniso ayi-10 athakazelisayo avela ku-Biography ka-Blaise Pascal

Ikhulu le-XIX

Ikhulu le-19 kwakuyinkathi yentuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wekhompyutha. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakhiwa ubuchwepheshe obuningi futhi imiqondo ebalulekile eyabeka isisekelo sezinhlelo zamakhompiyutha yesimanje.

Okokuqala nje, esinye sezigigaba ezinkulu zekhulu le-19 kwaba ukusungulwa kwenjini yokuhlaziya isazi sezibalo saseBrithani uCharles Babbage. Lo mshini, nakuba ungakaze wakhiwe ngokugcwele ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, wabeka izisekelo zethiyori zalokho esikwazi namuhla njengamakhompyutha edijithali.

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yaleli khulu leminyaka iqukethe i-innovation eyinhloko okuyi-telegraph kagesi. Lokhu kudalwa kwenziwa ngu USamuel Morse futhi wavumela imiyalezo ukuba ithunyelwe amabanga amade kusetshenziswa amasignali kagesi. Lokhu kuthuthuka kwavula indlela yokuxhumana ngogesi esikhathini esizayo kanye nentuthuko ehlobene eyalandela. ngamanethiwekhi ekhompyutha.

Ukwethulwa nokugcinwa kwedatha kusetshenziswa amakhadi apuntshiwe kumake ingqopha-mlando ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwekhompyutha. Lawa makhadi aba ithuluzi eliyisisekelo ekucutshungulweni kwezibalo nokubalwa kwabantu, okuvumela ulwazi ukuthi lugcinwe ngendlela efanele futhi enokwethenjelwa.

Ikhulu le-19 kwakuyinkathi yenguquko emlandweni wekhompiyutha, ebonakala ngokuthuthuka okuphawulekayo kwethiyori nokusebenza. Lezi zinqubo ezintsha zabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zekhompyutha zesimanje futhi zavula indlela yobuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo obungaba nomthelela omkhulu endleleni esiphila ngayo nesisebenza ngayo.

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili

Ikhulu lama-20 kwakuyinkathi yentuthuko engakaze ibonwe kwezobuchwepheshe emlandweni wekhompyutha. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe obuningi esisabusebenzisa namuhla bathuthukiswa futhi bacwengwa.

Ngawo-1970, kwavela ama-microprocessors okuqala, okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwe amakhompyutha womuntu siqu kuqala. Lawa madivayisi abemancane kakhulu futhi efinyeleleka kumphakathi jikelele.

Ngokufika kwekhulu lama-21, sibona ukuqhuma okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuvela kwe-inthanethi kuyishintshe ngokuphelele indlela esixhumana ngayo nokufinyelela olwazini. Inkundla yezokuxhumana yaba yingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yethu futhi saqala ukuthwala eyethu Amadivayisi eselula yonke indawo.

Kuyo yonke ikhulu lama-20 kwakukhona nentuthuko ebalulekile ezindaweni ezifana ukuhlakanipha okufakelwayo futhi i isitoreji sedijithali. Ama-Supercomputers aqala ukusetshenziswa ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi nokwenza izibalo zesayensi ezithuthukisiwe.

Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa ezivelele zendlela ikhompuyutha eyavela ngayo phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ishumi ngalinye leminyaka liletha izinto ezintsha ezitholakele kanye nezinto ezintsha ezibeka isisekelo salokho manje esikuthatha njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke: ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.

1970's

Iminyaka yawo-70 kwakuyinkathi ebalulekile emlandweni wekhompyutha. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwenziwa intuthuko ephawulekayo emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe owabeka isisekelo salokho esikwazi namuhla njengamakhompyutha esimanje.

Okokuqala, kwavela umqondo we-microprocessor, ngenxa yezinkampani ezifana ne-Intel ne-AMD. Lawa ma-chips amancane e-elekthronikhi enze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhulisa isivinini namandla okucubungula amakhompyutha.

Ama-70s amaka iphuzu elibalulekile ku ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje, njengoba lokhu yilapho amasistimu akwazi ukusebenzisana nezinhlelo eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa eqala ukwakhiwa. Lokhu kuqanjwa kabusha kunikeza indlela yesoftware yokwenza izinto eziningi, inzuzo ebalulekile kukhompyutha yesimanje.

Esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile kwaba ukwethula kusuka ku-hard drive yokuqala ithengiswa yi-IBM ngo-1971. Lo mshini wokuguqula wenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukugcina amanani amakhulu ulwazi lwedijithali futhi kwavula indlela yekusasa intuthuko ekugcinweni kwenqwaba.

Ekugcineni, phakathi nalesi sikhathi amanethiwekhi okuqala ekhompyutha axhumene nawo avela. I-ARPANET, isandulela se-Inthanethi njengoba siyazi namuhla, yaqala ukwanda futhi yaxhumanisa izikhungo ezihlukahlukene zezemfundo nezikahulumeni.

Iminyaka yawo-70 kwakuyiminyaka eyishumi egcwele izinto ezintsha ezibalulekile ezishiye uphawu olungenakucimeka emlandweni wekhompyutha kuze kube namuhla.

Ikhulu lama-XXI

Ikhulu lama-21 liye labona intuthuko engakaze ibonwe emkhakheni wekhompyutha. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, ubuchwepheshe bube nokukhula okuphawulekayo, okuguqule ngendlela emangalisayo indlela yethu yokuphila. Inkathi yedijithali isihlanganiswe ngokujulile ebukhoneni bethu, futhi amakhompyutha asephenduke ithuluzi eliyisisekelo cishe kuyo yonke imboni.

Enye yezimpumelelo eziphawuleka kakhulu zekhulunyaka lama-21 kube ukuvela kwe-inthanethi njengenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke exhumanisa abantu emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuye kwavula umhlaba omusha wolwazi olufinyelelekayo, okusivumela ukuthi sifinyelele inani elikhulu ledatha ngokuchofoza okumbalwa nje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-hardware nesofthiwe kuye kwaholela ekudalweni kwamadivayisi anamandla futhi asebenza kahle.

Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bubone intuthuko enkulu kuleli khulu leminyaka, ngezicelo ezisukela kubasizi ababonakalayo kuye ezimotweni ezizimele. Ikhono lale mishini lokufunda nokuzivumelanisa nezimo liye layivumela ukuthi ifinyelele izinga elihlala likhula lobuchwephesha kanye nokuzimela.

Ifu lifakazele ukuthi liyisiqephu Isihluthulelo sokuphatha inani elikhulu lolwazi, njengoba kuvumela izinkampani ukuthi zikwazi ukufinyelela izinsiza zekhompiyutha ngaphandle kokutshala imali kuhardware ebonakalayo.

Ikhulu lama-21 lisilethele intuthuko emangalisayo emlandweni wekhompyutha. Kusukela ku-inthanethi kuya kubuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nefu, siye sabona amandla okuguqula lesi simiso esinawo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke - futhi lesi yisiqalo nje!

Ingemuva lekhompyutha

Umlando wekhompiyutha ubuyela emuva eminyakeni eminingi, ngokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokuqala eyayifuna ukwenza lula ukubalwa nokucubungula ulwazi. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwamakhompiyutha njengoba siwazi namuhla, bekunenqwaba yezandulela ezabeka isisekelo sokudalwa kwawo.

Okunye kwalokhu okwandulela umshini wokuhlaziya ohlongozwa ngu UCharles Babbage ekhulwini le-19. Lo mshini womqondo wawuklanyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi yezibalo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ugcine imiphumela emakhadini apuntshiwe. Nakuba lingakaze lakhiwe ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, labeka izisekelo zethiyori zentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo.

Esinye isandulela esibalulekile ukusungulwa kwe-telegraph nguSamuel Morse ngo-1836. Lo mshini wawuvumela ukuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo ngokushesha nangempumelelo ebangeni kusetshenziswa i-Morse code. Nakuba kwakungeyona ikhompuyutha ngayinye, yabonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungasetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kudluliselwe ulwazi.

Ngo 1936, U-Alan Turing ithuthukise lokho esikwazi namuhla ngokuthi "umshini wendawo yonke." Lo mbono omusha uhlongoze isistimu ekwazi ukuxazulula noma iyiphi inkinga yezibalo uma ihlinzekwa nge-algorithm efanelekile. Umsebenzi wakhe wabeka izisekelo zethiyori zokuthuthukiswa kwamakhompiyutha kagesi ahlelekayo.

Lesi sizinda sangemuva siphawule ukuqala kohambo oluhehayo oluya kulokho manje esikubheka njengekhompyutha yesimanje. Ezigabeni ezilandelayo sizohlola isizukulwane ngasinye size sifike ezinsukwini zethu lapho sihlala khona sizungezwe yile mishini emangalisayo eguqule impilo yethu.

izizukulwane zamakhompyutha

Isizukulwane sokuqala (kusukela ngo-1940 kuya ku-1952)

Isikhathi esiphakathi kuka-1940 no-1952 saphawula ukuqala kwenkathi yamakhompiyutha, nesizukulwane sokuqala samakhompyutha aguqula umkhakha wezobuchwepheshe. Ngalesi sikhathi, ososayensi baqala ukuhlola amandla emishini kagesi ukucubungula ulwazi.

Lawa makhompyutha akuqala ayeyimidondoshiya yeqiniso, ethatha izikhala ezinkulu futhi esebenzisa amashubhu e-vacuum ukuze enze izibalo zezibalo futhi agcine idatha emakhadini ashaywayo. Nakuba ijubane labo lalihamba kancane uma liqhathaniswa namakhompyutha anamuhla, lalimelela intuthuko ebalulekile emlandweni wobuchwepheshe.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwadalwa imishini ethile ephawulekayo, njenge-ENIAC (I-Electronic Numerical Integrator ne-Computer), eyasetshenziswa i-US Army phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ukwenza izibalo ezinembile kakhulu ze-ballistic. Lo mshini oyiphayona wabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwezizukulwane ezizayo zamakhompyutha.

Ngaphezu kwe-ENIAC, kwavela amanye amakhompyutha njenge-EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) kanye ne-UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer). Lezi zinhlelo zabeka isisekelo izisekelo zentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yesikhathi esizayo futhi kwavula indlela yenkathi entsha yedijithali.

Isizukulwane sokuqala samakhompiyutha sasiyisiqalo nje sokuziphendukela kwemvelo okude okuye kwaholela emishinini enamandla esiyisebenzisayo namuhla. Sizoqhubeka nokuhlola isizukulwane ngasinye esilandelayo ukuze siqonde kangcono ukuthi sifike kanjani eqophelweni lamanje emlandweni wekhompyutha.

Isizukulwane sesibili (kusukela ngo-1956 kuya ku-1964)

Phakathi nesizukulwane sesibili somlando wekhompyutha, okwenzeka phakathi kuka-1956 no-1964, kwenziwa intuthuko ebalulekile emkhakheni wamakhompyutha. Kulesi sigaba, amakhompiyutha aqala ukusebenzisa ama-transistors esikhundleni se-valve kagesi, okwavumela ukwanda okukhulu kwesivinini sabo nokucubungula amandla.

Ngalesi sikhathi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ayizange ibonakale kuphela ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi kodwa futhi nokusetshenziswa kwezilimi zokuhlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu kwenza imisebenzi yokuhlela kanye ne-automation yaba lula kakhulu kubasebenzisi, kwavula umhlaba wamathuba.

Esinye ingqopha-mlando kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokuqala lwangempela lokusebenza: IBM OS/360. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza luvumele izinhlelo eziningi ukuthi zisebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi ukuphatha kahle izinsiza kuyatholakala.

Ngokuqondene nezicelo ezingokoqobo, ngalesi sigaba zazisetshenziselwa kakhulu izibalo zesayensi eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezicelo zezempi. Nokho, njengoba zanda izinkampani ezithanda ukusizakala ngezinzuzo zayo, ngokushesha kwavela izicelo ezintsha zezentengiselwano.

Isizukulwane sesibili sabeka isisekelo sentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yesikhathi esizayo emkhakheni wekhompyutha. Nge ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo Kokubili ezingeni lehadiwe nesoftware, le mishini yaqala ukufinyeleleka kubabukeli abaningi. Umlando uqhubekile uthuthukela ezindaweni ezintsha!

Isizukulwane sesithathu (kusukela ngo-1965 kuya ku-1971)

Phakathi nesizukulwane sesithathu somlando wekhompiyutha, owaqala ngo-1965 kuya ku-1971, kwenzeka intuthuko enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe. Esinye seziqophamlando eziphawuleka kakhulu kwaba ukuthuthukiswa kwesekethe ehlanganisiwe, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-chip. Lokhu kusungulwa kwavumela izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezibalulekile ukuthi zibekwe kudivayisi eyodwa, okuholele ekwehleni okukhulu kosayizi nezindleko zamakhompyutha.

I-Los izinhlelo zokusebenza zakamuva nabathuthukile baqala ukubonakala ngalesi sikhathi. Lezi zinkundla zithuthukise ukuphathwa kwekhompyutha, okuvumela umsebenzisi ukuthi enze imisebenzi eminingana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo eziningi kwaba nokwenzeka, okwavula umnyango wokuthi izicelo eziningi zisebenze ngaphandle kokungqubuzana ngezinsiza ezabiwe.

Intuthuko ebalulekile emlandweni wekhompuyutha kwaba ukudalwa kwezilimi zokuhlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Lezi zilimi ziguqule indlela abahleli bezinhlelo abasebenza ngayo, njengoba zazinembile futhi ziseduze nolimi lwabantu. Lokhu kwenze kwaba lula kakhulu inqubo yokuhlela futhi kwavumela abathuthukisi ukuthi bakhe isofthiwe eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwaba nentuthuko enkulu ekwakhiweni kwezinkampani ezizinikele ekukhiqizeni amakhompyutha ezentengiselwano. Lokhu kube nomthelela omkhulu ekutholakaleni kwamakhompiyutha, njengoba ayeka ukuba yizinjongo zesayensi noma zempi kuphela futhi aba ithuluzi elifinyeleleka inani elikhulu labantu nezikhungo. Lokhu kwavula amathuba amasha okuba amakhompiyutha asetshenziswe ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kwezemfundo kuye kwezimboni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwenzeka ingqopha-mlando emkhakheni wezinhlelo zokusebenza: i ukusungulwa kwe-UNIX ngo-1969 nguKen Thompson noDennis Ritchie. UNIX kwaba uhlelo lokusebenza lwenguquko, eyaziwa ngokusebenza kahle kwayo, ubulula nokuvumelana nezimo, izici ezabeka isisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi zokusebenza zesikhathi esizayo.

Isizukulwane sesithathu siphawule iphuzu elibalulekile ekuguqukeni komlando kwamakhompyutha, sabeka isisekelo sentuthuko ethokozisayo yezobuchwepheshe ezayo.

Isizukulwane sesine (kusukela ngo-1972 kuya ku-1980)

Isizukulwane sesine samakhompyutha, esakhiwa phakathi kuka-1972 no-1980, siphawule intuthuko enkulu emlandweni wekhompyutha. Ngalesi sikhathi, uguquko olukhulu lwenzeka mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamasekhethi ahlanganisiwe esikhundleni samavalvu kagesi. Lokhu okusha kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunciphisa kakhulu usayizi wemishini futhi kwandise umthamo wayo wokucubungula.

Isizukulwane sama-70s siphinde sakhunjulwa ngokufika kwe-Intel 4004 microprocessor Lokhu ubuchwepheshe buguqule umhlaba wamakhompyutha omuntu lapho yethulwa ngo-1971, yaba iphrosesa yokuqala yezohwebo ephumelelayo.

Phakathi nesizukulwane sesine, ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwejubane namandla okugcina nakho kwabonakala. Ezintsha izinhlelo zolwazi Bangakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngesikhathi esincane futhi baphathe imiqulu emikhulu yolwazi ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuvela kwesoftware nakho kube yingqophamlando ebalulekile ngalesi sikhathi. Bathuthukile izilimi ezifana ne-C++, i-Pascal ne-Python, eyenza ukuhlela kwaba lula futhi yandisa amathuba okudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithuthuke kakhulu.

Isizukulwane sesine simele ukugxumela phambili okubalulekile kokubili ngokobuchwepheshe kanye nokusebenziseka. I amakhompyutha ayeshesha, ihlangene futhi inekhono kunangaphambili. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwavula indlela yokuqanjwa okusha okuzophawula izigaba zomlando ezilandelayo ngaphakathi kwe umhlaba wedijithali.

Isizukulwane sesihlanu (kusukela ngo-1983 kuya ku-2019)

Isizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompiyutha, asuka ku-1983 kuya ku-2019, asilethele uguquko emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwenziwa inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nezilimi zokuhlela eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zalesi sizukulwane kwaba ukwethulwa komqondo we "Amasistimu ochwepheshe", okwakuyizinhlelo ezikwazi ukulingisa ulwazi lomuntu nokuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekucutshungulweni okufanayo nasekusatshalalisweni, okuvumela imisebenzi emikhulu ukuthi yenziwe ngendlela ephumelelayo.

Esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwaba ukudalwa kwe-supercomputer yokuqala yaseJapane ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Fujitsu VP-2000", ebhekwa njengenye enamandla kakhulu futhi eshesha kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Kuphinde kwaba nokunye ukwenziwa kancane kanye nentuthuko kumadivayisi aphathekayo njengamalaptop kanye umakhalekhukhwini.

Isizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompyutha sabona ukuvela kwe-inthanethi, into eguqule kakhulu indlela esixhumana ngayo kanye nokufinyelela olwazini. Ukuxhumana komhlaba wonke kube yinto yansuku zonke, okuvumela abantu emhlabeni wonke ukuthi baxhumane futhi babelane ngolwazi ngokushesha.

Lesi sizukulwane siphinde saphawula inguquko emlandweni wekhompiyutha, njengoba siqhubekisele phambili intuthuko enkulu kukho kokubili ihadiwe nesofthiwe. Le ntuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yabeka isisekelo sezinto ezintsha ezizayo ezizoqhubeka nokuthuthuka emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, ukubumba indawo yezobuchwepheshe yanamuhla futhi kwavula amathuba amasha okudala, ukusebenzisana kanye nenqubekelaphambili.

Isizukulwane sesithupha (kusukela ngo-2019 kuya esikhathini esizayo esiseduze)

Umlando wekhompyutha usuhambe ibanga elide kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo ngekhulu le-17 kuze kube namuhla. Isizukulwane ngasinye samakhompiyutha silethe intuthuko enkulu emandleni namandla, siguqula izimpilo zethu futhi siguqule ngokuphelele indlela esixhumana ngayo, esisebenza ngayo nesizijabulisa ngayo.

Isizukulwane sesithupha, esithuthuke ngokugcwele kusukela ngo-2019 futhi sibheke esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, sithembisa ukuyisa ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha emazingeni angalindelekile. Lesi sikhathi esisha kulindeleke ukuthi simakwe ngentuthuko efana ne-Advanced Artificial Intelligence, quantum Computing kanye amanethiwekhi we-neural wokufakelwa.

Ukusungulwa kwekhompiyutha kuzokwenza ukuthi idatha enkulu icutshungulwe ngokushesha nangempumelelo, kuvule amathuba amasha emikhakheni efana nokuxilongwa okunembile kwezokwelapha, ukushayela ukuzimela kanye nokuhlola indawo. Le ntuthuko yezobuchwepheshe inamandla okuguqula indlela esiphila ngayo nesisebenza ngayo.

Ukwengeza, ukukhula okuphawulekayo kokucubungula idatha kulindeleke, okuholela ekusebenzisaneni okukhulu phakathi kwabantu nemishini. Amadivayisi azoba ngendlela enembile ngenxa yamathuluzi afana nokubonwa kobuso noma ukulawula ukuthinta komzimba, okuvumela ukuxhumana okukhudlwana nolwazi olungokwemvelo.

Siphila esikhathini esijabulisayo emlandweni wekhompyutha, ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eyenzekayo ngesivinini esididayo. Ukuvela kwekhompyutha kuyashesha futhi kuhlala njalo, futhi singacabanga nje izimanga ezisilindile emashumini eminyaka azayo. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ikusasa lobuchwepheshe liyathembisa futhi ligcwele amathuba.

Ngamafuphi, "Umlando Wekhompyutha" uyi-akhawunti ethakazelisayo yobuhlakani bomuntu ekunqobeni izithiyo zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuyisa ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezintsha. Isizukulwane ngasinye samakhompyutha sisinike amathuluzi amasha okwandisa amakhono ethu okucubungula, okuxhumana nawokuzijabulisa. Isizukulwane sesithupha sithembisa ukuthi sizophazamisa kakhulu okwamanje, ngentuthuko yoguquko kwezobuhlakani bokwenziwa, i-quantum computing kanye namanethiwekhi e-neural okwenziwa. Lezi zinguquko zivula izwe lamathuba esikhathi esizayo esiseduze.

Isiphetho

Umlando wekhompiyutha uwuhambo oluhehayo phakathi nesikhathi oselushintshe kakhulu izimpilo zethu. Kusukela emishinini yokuqala kuya ekuthuthukisweni kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nekhompuyutha ye-quantum, isizukulwane ngasinye samakhompyutha siphawule ingqopha-mlando ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe. Le ntuthuko inike amandla isivinini esikhulu namandla okucubungula, kanye nokudalwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha namathuluzi aguqule indlela esisebenza ngayo, ukuxhumana nokuzijabulisa thina.

Umlando wekhompiyutha uwubufakazi bobuhlakani bomuntu kanye nesifiso esiqhubekayo sokunqoba izithiyo zobuchwepheshe, futhi usishiya namathemba ajabulisayo ekusasa lesizukulwane sesithupha nangale kwalokho. Siphila enkathini eqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe bamakhompiyutha, futhi simiselwe ukumangala ngesigaba esisha ngasinye salolu hambo olumangalisayo.

Imibuzo ebuzwa njalo

1. Uqale nini umlando wekhompyutha?Umlando wekhompuyutha uhlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-17, ngokusungulwa kwemishini eyimishini yokwenza izibalo zezibalo. Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala yiPascaline, eyaklanywa uBlaise Pascal.
2. Ubani osungule i-abacus ethuthukisiwe eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Pascaline"? UBlaise Pascal wasungula i-"Pascaline" ngo-1642. Lo mshini wokubala womshini uthuthukise i-abacus yendabuko ngokuvumela ukuhlanganisa nokukhipha okuzenzakalelayo, ukusiza ukusebenza kwe-arithmetic eYurophu.
3. Yikuphi okusha okuphawulekayo okwavela ngekhulu le-17 eNgilandi? Ngekhulu le-17, uCharles Babbage eNgilandi uhlongoze umbono wenjini yomehluko, into entsha eyabeka izisekelo zethiyori zokuthuthukiswa kwakamuva kwamakhompyutha anamuhla.
4. Isiphi isenzakalo esibalulekile esenzeka ekhulwini le-18 eJalimane? Ngekhulu le-18, isazi sezibalo saseJalimane u-Gottfried Leibniz saphelelisa i-"Pascal Wheel" ngokuklama umshini okwazi ukwenza hhayi nje ukwengeza nokukhipha, kodwa nokuphindaphinda nokuhlukanisa.
5. Ubani owaguqula imboni yezindwangu ngekhulu le-18? UJoseph-Marie Jacquard washintsha imboni yendwangu ngokusungula kwakhe i-othomathikhi yokuluka impahla ngo-1804, eyasebenzisa amakhadi abhoboziwe ukuze ilawule iphethini yokuluka, ilindele izimiso zokuhlela ezisetshenziswa kukhompyutha.
6. Ubani owenza iminikelo ebalulekile ekubhalweni kwemfihlo ngekhulu le-18? Nakuba uThomas Bayes aziwa kakhulu nge-theorem yakhe yamathuba, iminikelo ebalulekile emkhakheni we-cryptography wekhulu le-18 empeleni yenziwa ezinye izazi zezibalo ezifana noFriedrich Kasiski waseJalimane.
7. Avela nini ama-microprocessors okuqala? Ama-microprocessors okuqala, afana ne-Intel 4004, avela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 Le mishini yahlanganisa imisebenzi yekhompyutha ku-chip eyodwa, yenza kube lula ukwakhiwa kwamakhompyutha omuntu.
8. Iyiphi intuthuko yoguquko eyenzeka ekhulwini lama-21? Ekhulwini lama-21, ukwanda nokuvela kwe-inthanethi kuye kwaba nezinguquko, akuguquli nje kuphela indlela esixhumana ngayo kodwa nendlela esisebenzisana ngayo nobuchwepheshe ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke.
9. Yiziphi izinto eziwusizo ezavela phakathi nekhulu lama-20? Phakathi nekhulu lama-20, ukuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ukugcinwa kwedijithali namakhompiyutha amakhulu kunikeze amandla intuthuko ekubikezelweni kwesimo sezulu, ukulingisa okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuhlaziywa kwedatha enkulu.
10. Yayiyini intuthuko ebalulekile yawo-70? Ngawo-70 kwazalwa i-microprocessor, ukwethulwa kwesoftware yokwenza izinto eziningi, kanye nokwethulwa kwe-hard drive yokuqala yokuhweba, eyathuthukisa ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu kanye nokugcinwa kwedatha.
11. Iyiphi ingqopha-mlando eyaphawulwa isizukulwane sesithathu samakhompyutha? Isizukulwane sesithathu samakhompiyutha siphawulwe ngokusetshenziswa kwamasekethe ahlanganisiwe, okuvumela ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle nokunciphisa usayizi wamakhompiyutha, kanye nokwethulwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi.
12. Iyiphi intuthuko eyagqama esizukulwaneni sesine samakhompyutha? Esizukulwaneni sesine samakhompiyutha, ukwethulwa kwe-microprocessor kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezilimi zokuhlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezifana ne-C ne-Java kwavela, kusiza ukudalwa kwesofthiwe eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eguquguqukayo.
13. Yiziphi intuthuko ephawuleka kakhulu yesizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompyutha? Isizukulwane sesihlanu samakhompiyutha siphawuleka ngentuthuko kwezobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula obuhambisanayo nokusabalalisa, okwenze ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle nezinamandla.
14. Yini ephawula isizukulwane sesithupha samakhompyutha? Isizukulwane sesithupha samakhompiyutha kulindeleke ukuthi sibuswe ukuthuthuka kwezobuhlakani bokwenziwa okuthuthukile kanye nekhompuyutha ye-quantum, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungenzeka emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengokuxilongwa kwezokwelapha kanye nokuhlola indawo.

15. Uyini umthelela womlando wokusebenzisa ikhompuyutha ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke? I-Computing iguqule izici eziningi zempilo yesimanje, kusukela ekuxhumaneni komhlaba wonke kanye nokufinyelela okusheshayo olwazini kuya entuthukweni ebalulekile emikhakheni efana nezokwelapha, isayensi kanye nezemfundo.