- I-E-waste ikhula ngenxa yokuguga ngokushesha kanye nomklamo oyinkimbinkimbi; iqukethe izinto ezibalulekile nezinobuthi.
- I-WEEE idinga ukuphathwa okugunyaziwe: izikhungo zokugaywa kabusha, amabhizinisi anesibopho namanethiwekhi womkhiqizi.
- Umnotho oyindilinga (3R) ubuyisa izinsiza, unciphisa amandla futhi unqande ukungcoliswa.
- "I-Digital Waste" nayo ibalulekile: ukuphathwa kwedatha nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kubalulekile.
Esikhathini esifushane kakhulu, ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha busuka kokusha baba yinto evamile, futhi ngakho, inani lamadivayisi esiwathengayo, esiwasebenzisayo, nesiwalahlayo liye landa kakhulu . Leli jubane elisheshayo lokuvuselela libhebhethekisa intaba yemfucuza kagesi ekhula unyaka nonyaka futhi kakade ibeka inselele enkulu yezempilo, ezemvelo kanye nezomnotho.
Sikhuluma ngamafoni, ama-laptop, amathelevishini, ama-consoles emidlalo, kanye nezinto zasekhaya esizishintsha ngokushesha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngenxa yesifiso noma isidingo. Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi okusheshayo kanye nengcindezi yokuba "nezakamuva" kushiya izigidi zamathani emfucuza kagesi , equkethe izinsimbi eziyigugu, amapulasitiki, kanye nezinto eziyingozi ezidinga ukuphathwa okukhethekile uma sifuna ukugwema umonakalo omkhulu emanzini, emoyeni nasenhlabathini.
Sisho ukuthini ngemfucuza kagesi futhi kungani ikhula kangaka?
I-OECD ibheka noma iyiphi idivayisi esebenza ngogesi efinyelela ekupheleni kwesikhathi sayo sokusebenza njengemfucuza kagesi. Lesi sigaba esibanzi sihlanganisa konke kusukela eziqandisini namafoni aphathwayo kuya kuma-router, amathoyizi kagesi, namaphaneli elanga . Umthamo womhlaba wonke usuvele udlula amashumi ezigidi zamathani ngonyaka, futhi imibiko ehlukahlukene ikhombisa ukuthi, uma izitayela zamanje ziqhubeka, zingafinyelela cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-120 ngo-2050.
Kunezici eziningana ezibangela lokhu kwanda: imijikelezo yokushintsha emfushane kakhulu, ukulungiswa okungabizi ngaso sonke isikhathi, kanye nemiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi eyenza ukuthuthukiswa kube nzima. Ngo-2015, kwathengiswa ama-laptop angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-160, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwawo kwakuhilela ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwamanzi, uphethiloli, namakhemikhali - "umthwalo wemvelo" esingavamile ukuwubona kodwa ohambisana nayo yonke imishini.
Ama-elekthronikhi ayinkimbinkimbi aqukethe izinto ezifika kumashumi amahlanu ezivela etafuleni le-periodic. Kanye nezinsimbi ezibalulekile neziyigugu (igolide, isiliva, i-palladium, noma ithusi), sithola izinto eziyingozi (i-mercury, i-lead, i-cadmium, i-chromium, i-arsenic, noma i-antimony) ezidinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile ekupheleni kwesikhathi sazo sokusebenza.
Uma sibheka isidingo somhlaba wonke sezinto zokwakha, ukuhlaziywa okuhlukahlukene kuxwayisa ngokucindezela okukhulu kwezinsizakusebenza ezifana nensimbi, usimende, kanye nokhuni. Ukwanda kwezinto zikagesi zabathengi kwelula ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha kuze kufike emazingeni okuzodinga amaplanethi amaningana, uma echazwe kabanzi - ubufakazi bokuthi ukujikeleza akuyona into yokunethezeka, kodwa kuyisidingo.
Izinhlobo ze-e-waste nezibonelo zansuku zonke
Ukuze uphathe kahle, kufanele uqale ukhombe imfucuza. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-WEEE (Imishini Kagesi Neye-elekthronikhi) kusiza ukuhlukanisa imifudlana yemfucuza nokusebenzisa ukwelashwa okufanele , okwandisa ukubuyiswa nokuphepha.
Imishini yekhompyutha nezokuxhumana
Amakhompyutha edeskithophu nama-laptop, omakhalekhukhwini, amaphilisi, amaphrinta, kanye nezikena amadivayisi anamabhodi wesekethe, ama-chip, namabhethri—lapho kunenqubo yokuvuselela amabhethri —aqukethe izinto ezibiza kakhulu kanye nezingxenye eziyingozi , futhi ukuvuselela kwawo kudinga izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
- Ama-laptops nama-PC: Ziphelelwa yisikhathi ngenxa yezinkinga zokusebenza noma ukuntula ukusekelwa.
- Omakhalekhukhwini namathebulethi: Ukuqamba okusha okusheshayo kwenza amamodeli aphelelwe yisikhathi eminyakeni embalwa nje.
- Amaphrinta nezikena: Aqukethe ama-circuitry kanye namapulasitiki agaywa kabusha.
Ama-elekthronikhi wabathengi
Amathelevishini (i-CRT, i-LCD, i-LED), imisakazo, izidlali zomculo, ama-consoles emidlalo, kanye nezinhlelo zomsindo kuyizinto zasekhaya ezitholakala yonke indawo, kanti ukushintshwa kwazo njalo kwandisa kakhulu inani lemfucuza.
- Amathelevishini: Ukwelashwa kwayo kuyehluka kuye ngobuchwepheshe kanye nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.
- Amakhonsoli nomsindo: amapuleti nama-alloys anezinsimbi ezibalulekile ezitholakalayo.
Amadivayisi
Ezinkulu nezincane. Amafriji, amafriji, imishini yokuwasha, imishini yokomisa, ama-oven noma ama-microwave adinga izindlela zokusebenzisa amagesi okuqandisa, ama-compressor kanye nezingxube zezinto.
- Iziqandisi nama-air conditioner: ukuphatha ngokucophelela amafriji.
- Imishini yokuwasha nezomisi: amandla aphezulu okubuyisela insimbi nepulasitiki.
- Idivayisi encane: ama-toaster, izinto zokuhlanza i-vacuum, abenzi bekhofi, ama-ayina, njll.
Ukukhanyisa nokunye
Ama-bulb okukhanya akhanyayo nezibani ze-LED, aqukethe izinto ezidinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile, ahlanganisa amabhethri ashajwayo, amathuluzi, amathoyizi, amathuluzi okulawula, imishini yezokwelapha, namaphaneli e-photovoltaic. Amaphaneli elanga ekupheleni kwesikhathi sawo sokusebenza nawo ayi-WEEE futhi adinga imigqa yokuvuselela ezinikele kanye nezixazululo zokugcina amandla.
Imithelela yezemvelo nempilo
Inkinga akuyona nje ivolumu: kodwa ukwakheka kwayo. Izinsimbi ezisindayo njenge-mercury, i-lead, ne-cadmium, kanye namakhemikhali anobuthi, zingangena enhlabathini nasemanzini noma ziwohloke emoyeni uma zingaphathwa kahle . Lokhu kuthinta imvelo kanye nempilo yabantu.
Ukuze sibeke ingozi endaweni efanele, ake sicabangele izibonelo ezivamile: ithubhu elikhanyayo lingalimaza izinkulungwane zamalitha amanzi; ibhethri lefoni ephathekayo le-nickel-cadmium landa ngamaphesenti angamashumi ezinkulungwane ; futhi ithelevishini engaphathwanga kahle inezela amandla amaningi okungcola.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imfucuza eminingi kagesi igcina ishisiwe noma igcinwe ezindaweni zokulahla udoti, ngezinye izikhathi emazweni anengqalasizinda encane yemvelo. Emadolobheni ase-Afrika afana ne-Accra, eGhana, izimakethe zesekendi nezokulungisa zihambisana nezindawo zokulahla udoti kanye namabhizinisi angakahleleki , lapho ukuntuleka kwemishini yokuzivikela kanye nezinqubo ezifanele kuveza abasebenzi kanye nemiphakathi entuthwini eyingozi kanye nokuvuza.
Umthelela awugcini nje ngendawo. Lapho imfucuza kagesi ihlakazeka ngokungalawuleki, izinto eziyingozi zihamba emoyeni nasemanzini, futhi izinto eziyigugu ziyalahleka , okuphoqa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezintsha zokusetshenziswa kanye nezindleko zokukhishwa kwegesi kanye nezemvelo.
Imfucuza yedijithali: uhlangothi olungabonakali oluphinda lube nesisindo esikhulu
Ngaphandle kwemfucuza ebonakalayo, "imfucuza" yedijithali nayo ishiya uphawu lwayo. Umthamo wedatha ukhula kakhulu, futhi kanye nawo, amandla adingekayo yizikhungo zedatha namanethiwekhi . Izilinganiso zakamuva zikhuluma ngamakhulu ama-zettabytes asakazwayo esikhathini esifushane.
Ezweni lezinkampani, imibiko efana ne-Databerg ikhombisile ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yolwazi olugciniwe ayinezeli lutho. Lo "doti wedijithali" uphindaphinda amakhophi, ama-imeyili, amafayela, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhohliwe, okwenza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungabonakali - okungeyona into encane uma ucabanga ukuthi izikhungo zedatha kakade ziqukethe cishe u-1% kagesi womhlaba wonke futhi zingandisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo ngamaphesenti amaningana ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle.
Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili: i-WEEE ebonakalayo (amadivayisi nezingxenye) kanye nemfucuza yedijithali (idatha eyengeziwe kanye nesofthiwe) . Zombili zidinga izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo: ukuphinda usebenzise kanye nokuklama okujikelezayo endaweni yokuqala; ukuphathwa kwedatha, ukuhlanza njalo, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusebenzayo endaweni yokugcina.
Kuphi futhi kanjani kabusha i-WEEE
Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi kunezinketho eziseduze. Izikhungo zokuvuselela kabusha zikamasipala (zombili ezihlala njalo nezihambayo) zamukela i-WEEE mahhala futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi iyalandelelwa ezindaweni ezigunyaziwe . Hlola amahora okuvula kanye nezinhlobo ezamukelekayo endaweni yakini.
Enye inketho izinkampani ezigunyaziwe zokuphatha imfucuza. Ukusebenza nenkampani yochwepheshe kuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho, ukuphepha, kanye nokubuyiselwa okuphezulu . Ezinhlanganweni ezinenani elikhulu, isevisi yokungena endlini ngendlu, izitsha ezinikezelwe, kanye nemibhalo yokulandelela kuyasheshisa inqubo.
Ukuthengisa nakho kubalulekile. ESpain, iRoyal Decree 110/2015 ibeka izibopho zokuqoqa lapho kuthengiswa idivayisi entsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezinkulu kune-400 m² kumele zamukele amadivayisi amancane (afinyelela ku-25 cm) ngisho nangaphandle kokuthenga , okwenza kube lula ukulahla amafoni amadala, amashaja, noma izinto ezisetshenziswayo ngendlela efanele.
Abakhiqizi, bona ngokwabo, kumele basungule amanethiwekhi okuqoqa. Umthwalo wemfanelo owengeziwe wabakhiqizi ukhuthaza izinhlobo nabasabalalisi ukuthi bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo kulo lonke umjikelezo wokuphila kwemishini , kusukela ekwakhiweni kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila.
Izinzuzo zemvelo nezomnotho zomnotho oyindilinga
Ukusebenzisa ama-3R (ukunciphisa, ukusebenzisa kabusha, nokuvuselela kabusha) kuma-elekthronikhi kunembuyiselo enkulu. Ukunciphisa kusho ukuthenga ngokuhlakanipha nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila; ukusebenzisa kabusha kusho ukulungisa nokuthuthukisa; kanye nokuvuselela kabusha kubuyisela izinsimbi namapulasitiki emjikelezweni wokukhiqiza , kugwema ukukhishwa kwezinsizakusebenza ezingakaqalwa.
Ngokwezinto zamandla, umphumela uba ngokushesha: ukuphinda usebenzise i-aluminium kusindisa cishe u-95% wamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa nge-ore . Ngokuphathelene nezinto zokwakha, izifundo zomhlaba wonke zilinganisela ukuthi imfucuza kagesi igcina inani lezomnotho lamashumi ezigidigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke uma ibuyiswa kahle.
Nokho, isimo samanje sibonisa indawo yokuthuthuka: izinga lokuvuselela kabusha emhlabeni wonke alimbozi ingxenye enkulu yenani eliphelele elikhiqizwe futhi, yize likhuphukile, lisalokhu likude kakhulu namandla alo. Okunye ukuhlaziya kuye kwalinganisa izinzuzo zezomnotho zezinsimbi ezitholiwe futhi kwagwema ukukhishwa komoya, kanye nezindleko zomphakathi nezemvelo ezihambisana nokuphathwa kabi.
Njengesikhumbuzo esikhuthazayo, amazwi emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe avame ukukhomba ukuthi ukusungula izinto ezintsha kufanele kuqhube impilo engcono ngaphandle kokuthwala umthwalo emhlabeni. Izinto zobuchwepheshe zingaba yingxenye yesisombululo uma sivala umjikelezo: ukuklama ukuze kuhlale isikhathi eside, kulungiswe kalula, futhi kusetshenziswe kabusha ekugcineni kosuku.
Izinselelo nezixazululo zezinkampani kanye nokuphatha
Kunezithiyo esesazi kakade ukuthi zikhona. Kunezikhala eziqhubekayo emininingwaneni yomphakathi, ingqalasizinda yokuqoqwa idinga ukuthuthukiswa, imithethonqubo iyinkimbinkimbi kuma-SME, futhi imikhiqizo ayilula ukuyisebenzisa uma kukhulunywa ngokudilizwa . Intuthuko esheshayo yezobuchwepheshe yengeza ingcindezi, futhi izitayela ezintsha (ama-drone, izimoto zikagesi, amakhaya ahlakaniphile) ziyavela ezidinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Yini esebenzayo? Ngasohlangothini lwebhizinisi, kunezindlela eziningana ezivelele: izinhlelo zokuthenga nokulungisa, izitsha ezikhethiwe emahhovisi nasezitolo, izinkontileka nabaphathi abagunyaziwe, ukuhlolwa kwedatha ukuze kuncishiswe "imfucuza yedijithali" kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuthenga ezivuza ukwakheka kwemvelo, ukuguquguquka kanye nokulungiswa.
ESpain, izinkampani eziningana ezikhethekile zinikeza izinsizakalo ze-turnkey WEEE: kusukela ekuqoqweni nasekuthuthweni ngemikhumbi yazo kuya ekwelashweni nasekubuyiselweni, okuhlanganisa ukuhlunga kobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhishwa kwezitifiketi zokulandelela . Lokhu kusekelwa kwenza kube lula ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo, kubuyisa inani, futhi kuthuthukise indawo ezungezile.
Kuziphathimandla zomphakathi, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisa izikhungo zokuvuselela kabusha, imikhankaso yokuqwashisa, kanye nokulawula ukulahlwa kwemfucuza okungekho emthethweni , kanye nokuvumelanisa izikhuthazo zokuklama imvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha. Isiqondiso se-European WEEE sibeka imigomo emikhulu yokuqoqa kanye nokuvuselela kabusha, ebalulekile ekuqiniseni uhlelo.
Ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele nokungqubuzana kwamaminerali
Umthelela wezinto zikagesi uqala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuvulwa kokuqala. Amaminerali afana ne-coltan noma i-cassiterite, abalulekile kuma-capacitor kanye ne-solder, akhishwa emazweni lapho ukumba kungadala khona izingxabano , njengoba kunjalo eDemocratic Republic of Congo.
Imiphumela isukela ekufudukeni ngenkani kuya ekulahlekelweni kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuzingela izinkawu ezinkulu. Ukuze siqede lesi sixhumanisi, sidinga ukulandelelwa kwezimayini, ingcindezi ezindleleni zokuhlinzeka, kanye nezinqumo zokuthenga eziqotho ezivela kubakhiqizi kanye nabathengi.
Umphakathi nawo uthatha isinyathelo. Kunemikhankaso ekhuthaza abantu ukuthi bathumele omakhalekhukhwini babo abadala besebenzisa amalebula akhokhelwa kusengaphambili, ukuxhasa imfundo kanye nokongiwa kwemvelo e-Afrika. Imizamo eholwa izinhlangano ezihamba phambili ibonisa ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kabusha kocingo kunganciphisa isidingo sezimbiwa futhi kusekele amaphrojekthi endawo , ngezikhuthazo zomusa kubanikeli.
Amazwe akhiqiza i-e-waste kakhulu nalapho iya khona
I-United States kanye ne-European Union ziphakathi kwabakhiqizi abakhulu bemfucuza kagesi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo okuphezulu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemishini; iShayina namanye amazwe asafufusa akhula ngokushesha njengoba eshintsha idijithali . Isilingo "sokuthumela" inkinga siyaqhubeka, yingakho kubalulekile ukuqinisa izilawuli kanye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe.
Okwamanje, amanethiwekhi asetshenzisiwe kanye nokulungisa ahambisana nokugeleza kwensimbi elahliwe egcina itholakala ezindaweni zokulahla udoti noma ezindaweni zokushisa. Isihluthulelo ukwenza uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka lube semthethweni: sebenzisa kabusha lokho okuwusizo, uvuselele lokho okudingeka kuphinde kusetshenziswe, futhi ususe ukuthunyelwa ezindaweni ezingenazo iziqinisekiso , ukuze kuvikelwe abantu kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo.
Imikhuba emihle yezakhamuzi: izinqumo ezincane, umthelela omkhulu
Ekhaya nasehhovisi, kunendawo yokuthuthukisa. Yandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwamadivayisi akho (izembozo, amabhethri asele, ukuhlanza, kanye nokulungisa), lungisa esikhundleni sokushintsha, bese unikela ngalokho okusasebenza . Yazisa izinhlobo ezinikeza izingxenye ezisele, izincwadi zemiyalelo, kanye nezibuyekezo ezinwetshiwe.
Uma ingasasebenzi, yiyise endleleni efanele yokulahla: isikhungo sokuvuselela kabusha, indawo yokuphatha imfucuza egunyaziwe, noma ibhizinisi elihlanganyelayo . Ukuze uthole indawo yedijithali, hlela "ukuhlanza" okuvamile: sula ama-imeyili, susa amakhophi, khipha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingasetshenziswanga, futhi ulungise izinqubomgomo zokugcina idatha yenkampani.
Ezinhlanganweni, ihlanganisa izinhloso ezilinganisekayo: iphesenti lemishini ephinde yasetshenziswa, evuselelwe ye-WEEE, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla esikhungo sedatha, kanye nokuthengwa okusekelwe ezimisweni zokuklama imvelo . Ukuqeqesha nokukhulisa ulwazi phakathi kwethimba kwandisa umthelela.
Ama-elekthronikhi abathengi enza izimpilo zethu zibe lula, kodwa ukuthinteka kwawo kwemvelo kuncike kulokho esikwenzayo ngawo ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, nangemva kokusetshenziswa. Ngezinqumo zokuthenga ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa, izinsizakalo zokuphatha zobungcweti, amanethiwekhi okulungisa, izikhungo zokuvuselela ezifinyelelekayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okunesibopho komhlaba wedijithali , singaguqula inkinga ekhulayo ibe yithuba langempela lokonga izinsiza, ukunciphisa ukungcola, nokudala imisebenzi ngaphakathi komnotho ojikelezayo.
