Amarobhothi asemkhathini amadivayisi azenzakalelayo aklanyelwe ukusebenza endaweni yasemkhathini. Lawa marobhothi angalawulwa kude eMhlabeni noma asebenze ngokuzimela, esebenzisa izinzwa nama-algorithms ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. Amarobhothi asemkhathini ayingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlola isikhala, njengoba engenza imisebenzi eyingozi noma eyisicefe engaba nzima noma engenakwenzeka kubantu.
Umkhathi ongaphandle uyindawo eyingozi futhi engamukeleki kubantu, kodwa amarobhothi angasiza ukuyihlola. Eminyakeni yamuva, amarobhothi asetshenziselwe ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi emkhathini, kusukela ocwaningweni lwesayensi kuya ekulungiseni iziphuphutheki nokuhlola amanye amaplanethi.
Amarobhothi asemkhathini anezinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kwabantu. Angakwazi ukumelana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, njengemisebe yendawo yonke kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu, ngaphandle kwengozi yokugula noma ukufa. Ayakwazi futhi ukwenza imisebenzi enembile kakhulu ngaphandle kokukhathala noma iphutha lomuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amarobhothi angalawulwa eMhlabeni, okusho ukuthi asikho isidingo sokuthutha amaqembu abantu baye emkhathini.
Ingemuva
Amarobhothi aye asetshenziswa emkhathini kusukela ngawo-1960, iSoviet Union yethula isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziwe ngabantu, iVostok 1961, kodwa kwaze kwaba ngo-1 lapho yethula khona isathelayithi yokuqala engenamuntu, iSputnik 1963. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amarobhothi abe yingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlola umkhathi nokucwaninga kwesayensi.
Enye yezinto zokuqala ezisetshenziswa amarobhothi emkhathini kwakuwukuhlola amaplanethi. Ngo-1971, umkhankaso we-NASA we-Apollo 15 wawuhlanganisa imoto yokuqala yenyanga esetshenziswa ukude, iLunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). I-LRV ivumele osomkhathi ukuthi bahlole izindawo ezinkulu nezikude kakhulu enyangeni kunalokho obekungenzeka uma behamba ngezinyawo.
Ngo-1977, i-Voyager probes yathunyelwa emkhathini ukuze ihlole amaplanethi angaphandle. Ihlome ngamakhamera nezinye izinsimbi zesayensi, abakwaVoyager bathumele ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana neJupiter, iSaturn, i-Uranus neNeptune babuyela eMhlabeni. Kusukela lapho, imisebenzi eminingi yamarobhothi ithunyelwe emkhathini ukuze ihlole amaplanethi, ama-asteroids kanye nezinkanyezi ezinomsila.
Ngaphezu kokuhlola amaplanethi, amarobhothi asetshenziswe nasemkhathini ukulungisa nokunakekela ama-satellite. Ngo-1984, i-NASA yethula i-space shuttle yokuqala enabasebenzi, eyaklanywa ukwenza imisebenzi yokulungisa nokulungisa ama-satellite. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, osomkhathi baye benza ukuhambahamba emkhathini okuningi ukulungisa, ukuthuthukisa nokunakekela ama-satellite azungezayo.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwamarobhothi esikhaleni ucwaningo lwesayensi. Amarobhothi angasetshenziswa ukwenza izivivinyo zesayensi esikhaleni, ezinganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nefiziksi, ikhemistri , kanye nebhayoloji endaweni engenamandla adonsela phansi. I-International Space Station (ISS) iyilabhorethri ejikeleza esetshenziselwa ukwenza izivivinyo zesayensi ezahlukahlukene, eziningi zazo ezenziwa amarobhothi.
Amarobhothi emkhathini namuhla
I-NASA ingenye yezinhlangano ezihamba phambili ezisebenzisa amarobhothi esikhaleni. I-Curiosity rover ingenye yamarobhothi adumile athunyelwa eMars ukuyohlola ubuso bayo nendawo ezungezile. Yasungulwa ngo-2011, i-rover ibilokhu isebenza eMars kusukela ngo-2012, ihlola ubuso bayo futhi iqoqa idatha yesayensi mayelana nePlanethi Ebomvu. I-Curiosity iyirobhothi elithuthuke kakhulu , elihlonyiswe ngezinsimbi zesayensi nezinhlelo zokuzulazula eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivumela ukuthi ihambe ngaphesheya kobuso beMars futhi ithumele idatha emuva eMhlabeni.
Ngaphezu kwe-Curiosity rover, i-NASA isebenza nasesizukulwaneni esisha samarobhothi asemkhathini abizwa ngokuthi i-Astrobee. Lawa marobhothi aklanyelwe ukuzimela futhi asetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi efana nokuhlola imishini nokwenza izivivinyo zesayensi. Enye yezinhloso ze-NASA ngamarobhothi e-Astrobee ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwabasebenzi e-International Space Station (ISS) nokuvumela osomkhathi ukuthi bagxile emisebenzini ebaluleke kakhulu, ebaluleke kakhulu.
Elinye irobhothi elithuthukile emkhathini irobhothi laseYurophu i-ExoMars. Leli robhothi liyingxenye yomsebenzi ohlanganyelwe phakathi kwe-European Space Agency (ESA) kanye ne-Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos) ukuphenya ubuso be-Mars.
I-ExoMars iyi-rover eklanyelwe ukucinga ukuphila eplanethini ebomvu, ibhoboze phezu kwe-Mars futhi ibheke ubufakazi bamanzi nezinye izakhi. I-rover futhi inochungechunge lwamathuluzi esayensi athuthukile, okuhlanganisa i-spectrometer nesihlaziyo segesi, esivumela ukuthi iqoqe futhi ihlaziye idatha yokwakheka kwendawo ye-Martian.
Elinye irobhothi emkhathini yiCanadarm2, ingalo yerobhothi etholakala ku-ISS. I-Canadarm2 isetshenziselwa ukulungisa nokunakekela isiteshi sasemkhathini, kanye nokumisa kanye nokuhlehlisa imikhumbi-mkhathi. Ingalo yerobhothi ilawulwa osomkhathi phakathi kwe-ISS futhi isetshenziselwa ukuhambisa izinto zokusebenza nokwenza imisebenzi engaba yingozi noma engenzeki kubantu.
Ngaphezu kwamarobhothi okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla, kunamanye amarobhothi amaningi asemkhathini enza imisebenzi ebalulekile. Iningi lala marobhothi aklanyelwe ukuzimela, okusho ukuthi angakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sokungenelela komuntu njalo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emkhathini, lapho ukuxhumana noMhlaba kungase kulinganiselwe nalapho osomkhathi bengase babe matasa neminye imisebenzi.
I-Perseverance, eqanjwe ngegama elithi Percy, irobhothi elathunyelwa yi-NASA eMars ukuyohlola iJezero Crater njengengxenye yomsebenzi weMars 2020. Lathulwa lisuka eCape Canaveral eFlorida ngoJulayi 30, 2020, lafika eMars ngoFebhuwari 18, 2021. Umklamo walo ufana kakhulu nowe-Curiosity rover.
Ukuphikelela kunamathuluzi ayisikhombisa esayensi ayivumela ukuthi ifunde indawo ye-Martian ngokuningiliziwe. Lezi zinsimbi zihlanganisa amakhamera, ama-spectrometers kanye ne-laser yokuhlaziya amatshe ase-Martian nomhlabathi. Iphinde ithwale amakhamera angamashumi amabili nantathu nemibhobho emibili ukuze ososayensi bakwazi ukulalela imisindo ye-Mars. Iphinde ibe nengalo yerobhothi enamathuluzi okuqoqa amasampula amatshe nenhlabathi ye-Martian.
Indiza enophephela emhlane ye-Ingenuity rover nayo ibambe iqhaza kulo msebenzi. Le helicopter ingumbonisi wezobuchwepheshe ozosiza i-Perseverance ithole izindawo ezingase zibe khona zokutadisha nokuqoqa amasampula. I-Ingenuity iyinqola yokuqala ukundiza ngempumelelo kwenye iplanethi futhi yenze izindiza ezimbalwa eziyimpumelelo emkhathini we-Mars.
Ngokubambisana, i-Perseverance kanye ne-helicopter ye-Ingenuity benza izinto ezibalulekile ku-Mars futhi banikeza ososayensi ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nomlando we-geological we-Red Planet. Umsebenzi wabo ubalulekile ekuqondeni kangcono isimiso sethu sonozungezilanga kanye nezindawo ezingaba khona lapho ukuphila kungaba khona.