- Amasistimu wokucutshungulwa okuningi avumela ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle.
- Kukhona izakhiwo zenkumbulo ezabiwe futhi ezisatshalaliswa, ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo kanye nokubi.
- Basebenzisa ukufana nokuvumelana ukuze bandise ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza.
- Zibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezifana namaseva ewebhu, ukucutshungulwa kwedatha, nezifaniso zesayensi.
Ezweni lokubala, izinhlelo zokucubungula okuningi ( izinhlelo zokwenza izinto ngesikhathi esifanayo ) zishintshe indlela amakhompyutha aphatha ngayo imisebenzi. Lezi zinhlelo zivumela amaprosesa amaningi ukuthi asebenze ngasikhathi sinye, okuholela ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokusebenza kahle okukhulu. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezinhlelo zokucubungula okuningi, izinzuzo zazo, nokuthi zisebenza kanjani.
Ayini amasistimu wokucutshungulwa okuningi?
Amasistimu okucubungula okuningi yilawo anamaphrosesa angaphezu kweyodwa ukuze enze imisebenzi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bangakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuholela ekusebenzeni okungcono nesivinini sokucubungula ngokushesha.
1. Multiprocessing architectures
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo ze-multiprocessing, ngayinye enezici zayo kanye nezinzuzo zayo:
- Isakhiwo senkumbulo esabiwe: Kulolu hlobo lwezakhiwo, wonke amaphrosesa abelana ngenkumbulo efanayo eyinhloko. Lokhu kuvumela ukuxhumana okusheshayo phakathi kwamaphrosesa, kodwa kungaholela ezinkingeni lapho amaphrosesa amaningi ezama ukufinyelela indawo yememori efanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa.
- Isakhiwo sememori esabalalisiwe: Kulesi simo, iphrosesa ngayinye inememori yayo yendawo futhi ixhumana nabanye abaprosesa ngenethiwekhi yokuxhumana. Lesi sakhiwo siyakala futhi sigwema izithiyo zenkumbulo ezabiwe, kodwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaphrosesa kuhamba kancane.
2. Ukufana nokuvumelana
Amasistimu okucubungula okuningi asebenzisa ithuba lokuhambisana nokuvumelana ukuze athuthukise ukusebenza:
- Ukufana: Isho ukwenziwa kanyekanye kwemisebenzi eminingi kumaphrosesa ahlukene. Lokhu kuvumela izingxenye eziningi zohlelo ukuthi zisebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa, kunciphisa sonke isikhathi sokwenza.
- Ukuvumelana: Isho ikhono lesistimu lokusingatha imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa, nakuba ingasebenzi kanyekanye. I-Concurrency ivumela isistimu ukuthi ishintshane phakathi kwemisebenzi, inikeze inkohliso yokufana.
Izinzuzo zamasistimu okucubungula okuningi
Amasistimu okucubungula okuningi anikeza izinzuzo eziningi:
- Ukusebenza okuphezulu: Ngokusebenzisa amaphrosesa amaningi, amasistimu okusebenzisa ngesikhathi esisodwa angenza imisebenzi ngokushesha okukhulu futhi asingathe imithwalo esindayo yomsebenzi.
- Ukusetshenziswa okungcono kwezinsiza: Amasistimu wokucutshungulwa okuningi avumela ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsiza zekhompiyutha, ngoba angakwazi ukusabalalisa imisebenzi phakathi kwamaphrosesa ahlukene.
- Ukuthembeka okukhulu: Uma iphrosesa eyodwa yehluleka, amanye amaphrosesa angaqhubeka nokusebenza, okwandisa ukwethembeka kwesistimu.
- Ukwehluka: Amasistimu wokucutshungulwa okuningi angakala kakhulu, njengoba amaphrosesa amaningi angangezwa ukwandisa ukusebenza njengoba kudingeka.
Izinselelo zezinhlelo zokucubungula okuningi
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zabo, amasistimu okucubungula okuningi abuye abe nezinselelo ezithile:
- Izinhlelo ezifanayo: Ukubhala izinhlelo ezisebenzisa ngokugcwele izinhlelo ze-multiprocessing kungaba yinkimbinkimbi. Abahleli bohlelo kumele bacabangele ukuvumelanisa, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaphrosesa, nokusabalalisa umsebenzi.
- Ingqikithi Yokuxhumana: Ukuxhumana kwe-Interprocessor kungethula i-overhead eyengeziwe, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwememori esabalalisiwe.
- Ukulinganisa komthwalo: Ukusabalalisa imisebenzi ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amaphrosesa kungaba inselele, ikakhulukazi uma imisebenzi inezidingo ezahlukene zensiza.
Izicelo zamasistimu wokucutshungulwa okuningi
Amasistimu wokwenza ngesikhathi esisodwa asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza:
- Amaseva ewebhu kanye yolwazi: Amasistimu okucubungula okuningi avumela amaseva ukuthi aphathe izicelo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, athuthukise ukusebenza nokuphendula.
- Ukucutshungulwa komthamo omkhulu wedatha: Amasistimu okucubungula okuningi abalulekile ekucubunguleni amasethi amakhulu edatha, njengalawo asetshenziswa ekufundeni komshini kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa.
- Ukunikezwa kwezithombe namavidiyo: Amasistimu okucubungula okuningi asheshisa ihluzo nokunikezwa kwevidiyo, okubaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini zokuzijabulisa nemidlalo yevidiyo.
- Ukulingisa nokumodela kwesayensi: Amasistimu okucubungula okuningi anika amandla ukulingisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokumodela emikhakheni efana ne-physics, chemistry, kanye ne-biology.
Imibuzo ebuzwa njalo
- Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesistimu ye-multiprocessing kanye nesistimu ye-single-processor? Isistimu yokucubungula okuningi inamaphrosesa amaningi asebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa, kuyilapho isistimu ye-uniprocessor inephrosesa eyodwa eyenza imisebenzi ngokulandelanayo.
- Ingabe zonke izinhlelo zingazuza ezinhlelweni zokucubungula okuningi? Akuzona zonke izinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukusizakala ngamasistimu wokucutshungulwa okuningi. Izinhlelo kufanele zibhalwe ngokuqondile ukuze kusetshenziswe ukuhambisana nokuvumelana ukuze kuzuze izinzuzo zezinhlelo zokucubungula okuningi.
- Ingabe izinhlelo zokusebenzisa ngesikhathi esisodwa zibiza kakhulu kunezinhlelo ze-single-processor? Yebo, amasistimu okucubungula okuningi ngokuvamile abiza kakhulu ngenxa yezindleko ezengeziwe zamaphrosesa nengqalasizinda edingekayo ukusekela amaphrosesa amaningi.
- Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-parallelism ne-concurrency? Ukufana kubhekisela ekusebenzeni ngesikhathi esisodwa kwemisebenzi eminingi kumaphrosesa ahlukene, kuyilapho ukuvumelana kubhekisela ekhonweni lesistimu lokusingatha imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngisho noma ingasebenzi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
- Isatshalaliswa kanjani imisebenzi phakathi kwamaphrosesa ohlelweni lokucutshungulwa okuningi? Imisebenzi isatshalaliswa phakathi kwamaphrosesa kusetshenziswa ama-algorithms wokuhlela nokulinganisa umthwalo. Lawa ma-algorithms afuna ukwaba imisebenzi ngokuphumelelayo ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokungenzi lutho kwe-processor.
- Ingabe amasistimu okusebenzisa ngesikhathi esisodwa asekelwa yiwo wonke amasistimu okusebenza? Iningi lezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje, njengeWindows, Linux, ne-macOS, zisekela ukucutshungulwa okuningi. Nokho, abanye izinhlelo ezisebenzayo Ezindala noma ezikhethekile zingase zingakusekeli ngokugcwele ukucubungula okuningi.
Isiphetho
Amasistimu wokucutshungulwa okuningi aguqule indlela amakhompuyutha aphatha ngayo imisebenzi, ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okukhulu, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokulinganisa. Ngokusebenzisa ithuba lokuhambisana nokuvumelana, lezi zinhlelo zivumela amaphrosesa amaningi ukuthi asebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuholela ekusebenzeni ngokushesha kohlelo nokusetshenziswa okungcono kwezisetshenziswa. Nakuba bethula izinselelo ezithile, njengokuhlela izinhlelo ezifanayo nokulinganisa ukulayisha, izinzuzo zezinhlelo zokucubungula okuningi zizenza ithuluzi elibalulekile kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, kusukela kumaseva ewebhu kuye ekufanisweni kwesayensi.
Njengoba isidingo sokusebenza kahle siqhubeka nokukhula, izinhlelo zokusebenza ngasikhathi sinye cishe zizoqhubeka nokukhula futhi zidlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wekhompyutha . Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unguchwepheshe we-IT noma umane unesithakazelo endleleni amakhompyutha asebenza ngayo , ukuqonda izinhlelo zokucubungula okuningi kubalulekile ukuze uhlale usesikhathini ngezitayela zakamuva kanye nobuchwepheshe.
